How do Organisms Reproduce? (Organisms Reproduce Kaise Karte Hain?): Class 10 Science Chapter 7 Hinglish mein

Monsoon ke pehle hafte mein school ke paas ki ek khaali zameen lagbhag raaton-raat hari ho jaati hai. Gaddhe hilte-dulte tadpoles se bhar jaate hain, aur kitchen ki tokri mein bhoola hua ek aloo pale shoots nikaal deta hai. Yeh nayi life kahin se achanak nahi aayi. Ghaas ki har patti, har tadpole aur har shoot usi kind ki ek living thing se aaya jo pehle se wahan thi. Apne jaise naye individuals paida karna reproduction (प्रजनन) kehlata hai.

Class mein bahas karne layak ek puzzle hai. Ek aam ka ped jismein kabhi phool na aaye, phir bhi sau saal jee sakta hai, aur jis bakri ke kabhi bachche na hue, woh bhi jaldi nahi marti. Nutrition, respiration aur excretion alag hain: inmein se koi ek bhi ruk jaaye to life khatam. Phir bhi phool, seeds, eggs aur bachche bahut saara food aur energy lete hain. To living things reproduction par itna kharch kyun karte hain?

Khidki se bahar dekho aur kauve, neem ke ped aur houseflies gino. Hum in living things ko pehchaante hain kyunki har ek ke hazaaron hain, aur har kauva doosre kauve jaisa hi dikhta hai. Yeh milta-julta hona sanyog nahi hai: har kauva ek kauve ke diye egg se nikla. Reproduction duniya ko har kind ki copies se bhar deta hai, aur isi se hum kisi species ko pehchaan paate hain. Lekin kya copies bilkul exact hoti hain?

7.1 Kya Organisms Apni Exact Copies Banate Hain?

Ek species ke do members milte-julte dikhte hain kyunki unke bodies ek hi design follow karte hain. Ek darzi jo ek paper pattern se bees kurte kaatta hai, use ek hi shape ke bees kurte milte hain; pattern badlo to har kurta badal jaata hai. Living thing apna 'pattern' apne har cell ke andar rakhti hai.

Woh pattern DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) mein likha hai, jo cell ke nucleus ke chromosomes mein ek lamba molecule hai, jisse tum Class 9 mein mil chuke ho. DNA proteins ke liye ek recipe book ki tarah kaam karta hai, aur proteins hi cell ko banane aur chalane ka zyadatar kaam karte hain. Ek recipe badlo to alag protein banta hai; aise kaafi differences ho jaayein to body bhi alag ban sakti hai.

Naye individual ko recipe book ki apni copy chahiye, isliye har tarah ka reproduction DNA copy karne se shuru hota hai, jo cell chemical reactions ki ek series se karta hai. Lekin kitchen ke bina recipe book bekaar hai: akeli DNA copy kisi ko zinda nahi rakh sakti. Isliye cell apne working parts bhi double karta hai. Tabhi dono DNA copies alag hoti hain aur cell divide hota hai, aur do cells bante hain jinmein se har ek ke paas instructions ka poora set aur unhe use karne ka saaman hota hai (Fig. 7.1).

Lekin copying kabhi perfect nahi hoti. Ek lambi recipe haath se copy karne ki socho: kitna bhi dhyaan rakho, koi na koi letter galat ho hi jaata hai. DNA copy karne wali reactions bahut reliable hain, par poori tarah nahi, aur kabhi-kabhi ek chhota change aa jaata hai. Isliye copies original ke kareeb hoti hain, par hamesha usse match nahi karti. Aise bane differences ko variations (विभिन्नताएँ) kehte hain.

Ek galti serious bhi ho sakti hai aur maamuli bhi. Serious galti instructions ko itna bigaad deti hai ki naya cell unhe use nahi kar paata, aur woh turant mar jaata hai. Maamuli galti se aisa cell bachta hai jo zinda rehta hai, apne sister cell jaisa par poori tarah nahi. Kai generations mein yeh bache hue chhote differences jama hote jaate hain, aur yahi evolution ka raw material hain, yaani living things ka dheere-dheere badalna. Chapter 8 dekhta hai ki aise differences inherit kaise hote hain.

7.1.1 Variation Ki Importance

Har population ki ecosystem mein apni jagah aur jeene ka tareeka hota hai, jise uska niche kehte hain: woh kahan rehti hai, kya khaati hai aur kaun si conditions seh sakti hai. Barfile Himalayan stream ke liye bani trout garam gaon ke talaab mein zyada din nahi tikegi. Kyunki DNA imaandari se copy hota hai, trout ki har nayi generation apne parents jaisa hi cold-water design lekar paida hoti hai, aur population saal-dar-saal apni stream mein rehti rehti hai. Is sense mein, reliable reproduction populations ko stable rakhta hai.

Lekin niches achanak badal sakte hain, aur aise reasons se jin par kisi organism ka control nahi. 1999 mein ek super cyclone ne Odisha coast par sea water ko door andar tak dhakel diya; ek drought jheel ko phati hui mitti bana sakta hai. Socho ek population jiske saare members identical hain: jo cheez ek ko maaregi, woh sabko maaregi. Ab socho ek population jiske members thode alag hain. Jo change zyadatar ko khatam kar de, woh shayad un kuch ko chhod de jo sanyog se alag hain, aur woh kuch population ko phir se bana sakte hain (Fig. 7.2).

Do baatein dhyaan do. Pehli, koi creature pond ke salty hone ki wajah se nahi badla; bache hue creatures mein unka variation flood se pehle hi tha. Doosri, zyadatar variations apne individual ke liye na faydemand hote hain na nuksaandeh, aur kuch nuksaan bhi karte hain. To variation har individual ko nahi bachata. Yeh population ke level par kaam karta hai, aur isse yeh likely hota hai ki change ke baad kuch individuals bach jaayein, aur species khatam na ho.

7.2 Akele Organisms Dwara Use Kiye Jaane Wale Reproduction Ke Modes

Ek bacterium, ek mould, ek aloo aur ek insaan, sab apna DNA copy karte hain, lekin use bahut alag tareekon se aage dete hain, aur iska reason hai body design. Ek single cell bas split ho sakta hai; fixed jagahon par organs wali body aisa nahi kar sakti. Neeche ki do activities do jaani-pehchaani living things ko do bahut alag tareekon se multiply hote dikhati hain.

7.2.1 Fission

Single-celled organism ke paas sabse simple tareeka hai: woh divide hota hai, aur jahan ek individual tha wahan ab do hain. Aise splitting ko fission kehte hain. Zyadatar bacteria aur kai protozoa beech se do barabar daughter cells mein split hote hain, yeh binary fission (द्विखंडन) hai.

Amoeba mein pehle nucleus divide hota hai aur phir cytoplasm beech se dab kar do mein bant jaata hai. Amoeba ki koi fixed shape nahi hoti aur na aage-peeche ka hissa, isliye yeh split cell ke across kisi bhi direction mein ho sakta hai (Fig. 7.3).

Leishmania, kala-azar ka parasite (jo sandfly ke kaatne se failta hai), ki ek fixed, patli shape hoti hai aur aage ke end par ek lamba, hilta hua flagellum hota hai. Kyunki iski body ka ek tay layout hai, yeh kahin se bhi split nahi ho sakta: yeh hamesha flagellum ki line mein lengthwise divide hota hai, taaki har daughter ko apna flagellum mile.

Malaria ka parasite, Plasmodium, alag tarah se kaam karta hai. Iska nucleus pehle baar-baar divide hota hai, jisse ek cell mein bahut saare nuclei ho jaate hain. Phir har nucleus apne aas-paas thoda cytoplasm jama karta hai, aur cell ek saath bahut saare daughter cells chhod deta hai. Yeh multiple fission (बहुखंडन) hai. Yeast, jaisa Activity 7.1 ne dikhaya, iski jagah budding se reproduce karta hai.

7.2.2 Fragmentation

Yahi clue Spirogyra ka tareeka samjhata hai. Poora bada filament bas chhote tukdon mein toot jaata hai, aur har tukda badhta aur divide hota rehta hai jab tak ek complete filament na ban jaaye. Body ko aise tukdon mein todna jinmein se har ek naya individual ban jaaye, fragmentation (खंडन) kehlata hai. Yeh sirf isliye kaam karta hai kyunki Spirogyra ka har cell har kaam kar sakta hai (Fig. 7.4).

Yahi trick kutte ya aam ke ped ke saath try karo to fail ho jaayegi. Unke cells specialists hain, tissues aur organs mein grouped, jinhe bilkul sahi jagah par hona chahiye: dil chest mein, roots zameen ke neeche. Ek akela heart cell ya leaf cell poora arrangement dobara nahi bana sakta, isliye aise organisms ko doosre methods chahiye.

Aisi bodies mein reproduction ka kaam khaas cells ko diya jaata hai, jaise digestion ya movement ka. Yeh cells jo bhi hon, inmein ek special power chahiye: multiply hona aur phir naye body ke liye zaroori har tarah ke cell mein badal jaana. Agle methods mein aise cells kaam karte dikhte hain.

7.2.3 Regeneration

Planaria ek chhota flatworm hai, lagbhag ek centimetre lamba, jo saaf streams mein pattharon ke neeche sarakta hai. Ise kai tukdon mein kaato, aur lagbhag do hafte mein har tukda jo kami thi use dobara bana leta hai aur ek complete worm ban jaata hai. Hydra, jellyfish ka ek chhota freshwater rishtedaar, mein bhi yahi talent hai. Body ke ek tukde se poora organism dobara banana regeneration (पुनरुद्भवन) kehlata hai (Fig. 7.5).

Ek tukde ko kaise pata chalta hai ki kya ugana hai? Yeh kaam special cells ka ek reserve karta hai jinmein multiply hone ki power bachi rehti hai. Cut ke baad yeh ghaav par ikattha hote hain aur divide hokar naye cells ki ek chhoti gaanth banate hain. Phir gaanth ke cells ek ke baad ek, ek tay order mein, us cheez mein specialise hote hain jo tukde mein nahi hai: naye sir ke liye aankhein aur brain, nayi tail ke liye gut aur muscle. Body ke is orderly banne ko development kehte hain.

Regeneration reproduce karne ka tareeka kam aur ek repair kit zyada hai: stream mein koi Planaria multiply karne ke liye katne ka intezaar nahi karta. Lizard yeh farak achhe se dikhati hai. Woh apni giraayi hui tail dobara uga sakti hai, lekin giri hui tail kabhi nayi lizard nahi banti.

7.2.4 Budding

Hydra in multiply hone wale cells ko normal reproduction ke liye bhi use karta hai, bina kisi chot ke. Jab khana bharpoor hota hai, to body wall ke ek point par cells divide hote rehte hain, aur ek ubhaar bahar nikalta hai: bud. Kuch dinon mein yeh ubhaar lamba hota hai, ek mouth kholta hai aur apne tentacles ugata hai, to bade Hydra ke side se ek chhota Hydra latakta hai. Phir woh alag ho jaata hai aur akele jeeta hai (Fig. 7.6).

Yeh budding (मुकुलन) hai. Activity 7.1 ka yeast bhi bud karta hai, haalaanki uski body ek single cell hai aur uska bud ek chhota naya cell. Dono cases mein offspring parent ke ek outgrowth ke roop mein shuru hota hai.

7.2.5 Vegetative Propagation

Money plant ka ek pattedar tukda kaato, use paani mein khada karo, aur do hafte mein usmein roots aa jaati hain: woh ek naya plant ban raha hai. Root, stem ya leaf se, bina seed ke, naye plants ugana vegetative propagation (कायिक प्रवर्धन) kehlata hai; bahut kam animals aisa kuch kar paate. Kuch plants yeh khud hi karte hain. Bryophyllum (patharchatta) ki moti, gudedar leaf ke kinaare ke notches mein chhote buds hote hain, aur jab aisi leaf nam mitti par girti hai, to buds roots nikaal kar naye plants ban jaate hain (Fig. 7.7).

Kisaan aur maali isi kaabiliyat ka jaan-boojh kar use karte hain. Sugarcane stem ke chhote tukdon ke roop mein lagaya jaata hai, jinhe setts kehte hain, har ek mein kuch nodes hote hain. Roses aur grapevines stem cuttings se ugaye jaate hain. Layering mein chameli ya bougainvillea ki neechi daal ko jhuka kar mitti se dhak dete hain jab tak usmein roots na aa jaayein, aur tabhi use parent se kaata jaata hai. Grafting mein achhi mango variety ka ek shoot ek mazboot variety ke roots wale stem par joda jaata hai, aur dono ek plant ki tarah badhte hain (Table 7.4).

Seeds hi kyun na bo dein? Ek mango grower ki tarah socho. Grafted paudha teen se paanch saal mein phal dene lagta hai, jabki guthli se uga ped do guna samay le sakta hai. Graft ke aam bilkul parent ped jaise lagte hain, kyunki uska DNA lagbhag same hai, jabki seedling do parents ke features mila deta hai aur nirash kar sakta hai. Aur jo plants ab seeds nahi banate, jaise humare khareede hue kele aur seedless angoor, unke liye vegetative propagation hi akela option hai.

7.2.6 Spore Formation

Activity 7.2 ka bread mould Rhizopus naam ka fungus hai, aur yeh kaam ka bantwara dikhata hai. Iske safed, cotton jaise threads, hyphae, bread mein fail kar use digest karte hain: yeh feeding part hain. Reproduction special structures ka kaam hai, yaani gol sir wale chhote khade stalks.

Har sir ek sporangium (plural sporangia) hai, ek case jismein saikdon microscopic spores (बीजाणु) bhare hote hain. Jab woh phat jaata hai, to spores hawa mein ud jaate hain. Har spore ki ek moti, mazboot wall hoti hai jo use sookhne se bachaati hai, isliye woh lambe samay tak intezaar kar sakta hai. Jab woh food wali nam surface par girta hai, jaise geeli bread, to germinate hokar naye hyphae banata hai (Fig. 7.8).

Is section ka har method, fission se lekar spores tak, sirf ek parent chahta hai, aur offspring ko us parent ke DNA ki copies milti hain. Aise ek hi individual se reproduction ko asexual reproduction (अलैंगिक जनन) kehte hain (Table 7.7).

7.3 Sexual Reproduction

Bahut se organisms akele reproduce nahi kar sakte. Sirf female trees wale papaya orchard mein bahut kam ya bilkul phal nahi lagte jab tak paas mein kuch male trees na hon. Monsoon mein male frogs females ko bulaane ke liye taraate hain, aur eggs tabhi diye jaate hain jab ek pair mil chuka ho. In aur anginat doosri species mein naya individual tabhi shuru hota hai jab do parents, ek male aur ek female, dono kuch contribute karte hain. Yeh sexual reproduction (लैंगिक जनन) hai.

Partner dhoondhne ki mehnat kyun, jab Amoeba, Hydra aur aloo akele kaam chala lete hain? Sexual mode aisa kya de sakta hai jo asexual nahi de sakta? Jawab hume wapas DNA copying aur variation par le aata hai.

7.3.1 Sexual Mode of Reproduction Kyun?

Ab tak ki kahani yaad karo. Copying ki galtiyan variation banati hain, aur variation badalti duniya ke khilaaf population ka insurance hai (Section 7.1.1). Agar aisa hai, to species ko aise tareeke se fayda hoga jo zyada variation, aur tezi se, banaye.

Sirf copying ki galtiyan ek dheema source hain, kyunki cells DNA ko bahut dhyaan se copy karte hain aur har generation mein bas kuch hi naye changes aate hain. Laaparwaahi se copy karna bhi jawab nahi hai: zyadatar buri tarah copy hua DNA bilkul kaam nahi karega, aur use rakhne wale cells mar jaayenge.

Hal hai pehle se maujood variations ko reshuffle karna. Do card players socho, har ek ke haath mein kai games mein bana alag hand hai. Agar har ek apne aadhe cards ek naye player ko de, to us player ke paas aisa hand hoga jo pehle kisi ke paas nahi tha, phir bhi uska har card pehle bina kisi museebat ke khela ja chuka hai. Isi tarah, har living individual ke paas kai generations mein jama hua variations ka apna collection hota hai; kyunki individual zinda aur healthy hai, inmein se koi bhi seriously harmful nahi ho sakta. Sexual reproduction aise do individuals ke DNA ko milata hai, isliye har offspring ek bilkul naya combination hota hai.

Ek pench hai. Maan lo har parent bas apna poora DNA de deta. To bachche mein kisi bhi parent se do guna DNA hota, grandchild mein chaar guna, aur aise hi aage. Instructions ke badhte sets ke saath cells theek se nahi chal sakte (Example 7.1).

Hal hai milane se pehle aadha karna. Reproductive organs ke special cells meiosis (अर्धसूत्री विभाजन) se divide hote hain, ek aisa division jo har naye cell ko chromosomes ki normal sankhya ka sirf aadha deta hai, aur isliye aadha DNA. Yeh half-sets germ cells, ya gametes (युग्मक) hain. Ek male aur ek female gamete ke fusion se phir se poore set wala ek cell banta hai, zygote (युग्मनज) (Fig. 7.10).

Ek cell se poori body banane mein energy lagti hai, isliye zygote ko shuru karne ke liye ek bhara hua tiffin chahiye. Kuch algae jaise simple organisms do ek jaise dikhne wale gametes banate hain. Zyada complex organisms mein dono ne kaam baant liya hai. Ek gamete food store rakhta hai: woh bada hota hai, hilta nahi, aur use female gamete, ya egg, kehte hain. Doosre mein DNA ke alawa bahut kam hota hai: woh chhota hota hai, tair sakta hai ya egg tak le jaaya ja sakta hai, aur use male gamete, ya sperm, kehte hain. Aise do alag gametes banana hi wajah hai ki male aur female reproductive organs alag hote hain aur, kai species mein, male aur female bodies bhi alag hoti hain.

7.3.2 Flowering Plants mein Sexual Reproduction

Gudhal (hibiscus) ke phool ke andar dekho to tumhe flowering plant, yaani angiosperm, ka poora reproductive system dikh jaayega. Bahar se andar ki taraf: hare sepals, phir chamkeele petals, phir stamens, aur beech mein pistil. Sirf stamens aur pistil germ cells banate hain, isliye yahi reproductive organs hain (Fig. 7.11).

Gudhal, matar aur gulab jaise flowers mein stamens aur pistil dono hote hain: yeh bisexual hain. Kuch plants unisexual flowers banate hain, jinmein sirf stamens ya sirf pistil hota hai. Papaya ke ped par aam taur par ek hi tarah ke flowers aate hain, isliye male trees aur female trees hote hain, jabki kheera aur karela ki belon par ek hi plant par dono tarah ke flowers hote hain.

Har stamen, jo male part hai, ek patla filament hai jiske tip par ek anther hota hai. Anther pollen grains banata hai, woh powder jaisi dhool jo lily soonghne par tumhari naak par peela-naarangi daag chhod deti hai.

Beech ka pistil female part hai. Ise upar se padho: stigma, ek tip jo aksar chipchipa hota hai aur pollen pakadta hai; style, ek stalk jo stigma ko upar thaame rakhta hai; aur ovary, phoola hua base. Matar ke phool ki ovary kaat kar kholo to tumhe chhote ovules milenge, har ek mein ek egg cell, jo female gamete hai.

Seed banne ke liye pollen grain ka ek male germ cell ovule ke andar egg cell se milna chahiye. Inke milan ko fertilisation (निषेचन) kehte hain, aur naya cell, yaani zygote, ek plant mein develop ho sakta hai. Lekin pehle ek doori paar karni hai: pollen anthers mein hai, aur eggs ovary ke andar band hain.

Is doori ko paar karne ka pehla step hai pollination (परागण): anther se pollen ko stigma tak pahunchana. Jab flower ka pollen usi ke stigma par girta hai, to hum ise self-pollination kehte hain. Jab pollen kisi doosre flower ke stigma tak jaata hai, to yeh cross-pollination hai, aur kyunki pollen khud nahi chal sakta, use ek carrier chahiye: makka aur ghaas ke liye hawa, kuch water plants ke liye paani, aur bahut se doosre plants ke liye bees, titliyan, sunbirds aur bats jaise animals.

Stigma par girna bas shuruaat hai. Pollen grain stigma se nami aur sugars soakhta hai aur ek patli pollen tube nikaalta hai. Tube male germ cell ko lekar style ke andar neeche badhti hai, jab tak ovary mein ek ovule tak na pahunch jaaye. Wahan woh male germ cell ko chhodti hai, jo egg cell se fuse ho jaata hai (Fig. 7.12).

Fertilisation ek makeover shuru karta hai, jiska summary Table 7.9 mein hai. Har ovule ke andar zygote divide hokar ek embryo banata hai, yaani ek chhota sa plant, aur ovule sakht hokar seed ban jaata hai. Seeds ke aas-paas ovary badi hokar pakti hai aur fruit banti hai: aam, matar ki phali aur tamatar, sab paki hui ovaries hain. Flower ke jo parts ab kaam ke nahi, woh murjha jaate hain, haalaanki kuch fruit par bache reh sakte hain; baingan ki hari topi aur anaar ka crown bache hue sepals hain.

Seed ek behtareen package hai. Ismein embryo ek food store ke saath ek coat ke andar hota hai jo use sookhne aur nuksaan se bachaata hai. Seed mahinon tak sahi conditions ka intezaar kar sakta hai, aur hawa, paani ya animals use parent se door le ja sakte hain. Jab use paani, hawa aur garmi milti hai, to embryo badh kar seedling banne lagta hai. Yeh germination (अंकुरण) hai.

7.3.3 Insaanon mein Reproduction

Humans sexually reproduce karte hain, aur yeh samajhne ke liye pehle apni body ko dekhna madad karta hai. Paanch saal ki umar ki apni photo ko aaj ki photo se compare karo: tum lambe aur bhaari ho gaye ho, tumhara shoe size baar-baar badha hai, aur pichhle saal ki school uniform ab fit nahi aati. Yeh sab growth hai: wahi body, bas badi.

Teens ki shuruaat ke aas-paas kuch alag shuru hota hai. Das saal ka bachcha jo das centimetre lamba hota hai, bas ek bada bachcha hai, lekin yeh naye changes body ki banawat hi badal dete hain aur naye features aur nayi feelings laate hain. Inmein se kuch boys aur girls dono mein hote hain, jabki kuch alag hote hain, jaisa neeche ki tulna dikhati hai.

Puberty koi switch nahi jo kisi birthday par on ho jaaye. Yeh kai saalon mein faila ek dheema process hai, aur iska order aur speed har insaan mein alag hota hai. Ek hi umar ke do dost saalon aage-peeche ho sakte hain: ek ki awaaz 12 mein bhaari ho sakti hai jabki doosre ki 15 mein bhi waisi hi rahe, aur dono normal hain. Bodies bhi alag dikhti hain, jaise heights aur awaazein alag hoti hain; body ke kisi bhi part ka koi ek 'sahi' size ya shape nahi hota. In sab changes ko milakar sexual maturation kehte hain.

Yeh teens mein hi kyun hota hai, paanch saal ki umar mein kyun nahi? Body ko ek budget par chalti hui socho. Bachpan mein iska zyadatar food aur energy badi body banane mein jaata hai. Germ cells banane ke liye apne special tissues chahiye, jaise plants ko pollen aur eggs ke liye special parts chahiye, aur body is mehenge project ko taal deti hai. Jab sabse tez growth khatam ho jaati hai, to resources free hote hain aur reproductive tissues mature hote hain. Adolescence ke is stage ko puberty (यौवनारंभ) kehte hain.

Inmein se har change body ko sexual reproduction ke kisi hisse ke liye taiyaar karta hai:

• Gametes ka milna zaroori hai. Flowering plants apne male germ cells ko pollen ke andar plant se bahar bhejte hain. Humans, bahut se animals ki tarah, sperms ko seedhe female ki body mein transfer karte hain, jiske liye aisa penis chahiye jo erect ho sake.
• Maturity pehchaani jaani chahiye. Mating se pehle individuals ko pata hona chahiye ki kaun sexually mature hai; baalon ke naye patterns jaise features signals ka kaam karte hain.
• Pregnancy aur feeding ke liye taiyaari chahiye. Maa apne baby ko lagbhag nau mahine apne andar rakhti hai aur phir use breast milk pilaati hai, isliye yeh mumkin banane ke liye puberty mein uterus aur breasts develop hote hain.

7.3.3(a) Male Reproductive System

Male system ko ek factory aur delivery route ki tarah socho: ek part sperms banata hai, aur tubes aur glands ka ek set unhe body se bahar le jaata hai (Fig. 7.14).

Do testes (singular testis) sperm factories hain. Zyadatar organs ke ulat, yeh abdomen ke bahar, skin ki ek thaili mein hote hain jise scrotum kehte hain. Reason hai temperature: sperms sirf normal body temperature se do-teen degree kam par hi theek se develop hote hain. Testes ka ek doosra kaam bhi hai. Yeh testosterone chhodte hain, Chapter 6 wala hormone, jo sperm production chalata rehta hai aur boys mein dikhne wale puberty changes laata hai.

Sperms har testis se ek lambi tube, vas deferens, se nikalte hain, jo ghoom kar body ke andar upar jaati hai. Bahar ke raaste mein do tarah ke glands fluid daalte hain: seminal vesicles aur prostate gland. Yeh secretions sperms ko aage le jaate hain aur unhe poshan dete hain. Har vas deferens aakhir mein urethra mein khulta hai, woh tube jo bladder se urine bhi nikaalti hai, aur urethra penis ke andar se bahar tak jaati hai. Isliye urine aur sperms route ka aakhri hissa share karte hain.

Sperm ek chhota tairne wala cell hai: ek head jismein uska DNA hota hai, aur ek lambi, chaabuk jaisi tail jo use egg ki taraf dhakelti hai.

7.3.3(b) Female Reproductive System

Do ovaries, uterus ke dono taraf ek-ek, eggs banati hain aur kuch hormones bhi. Testes ke ulat, jo naye sperms banate rehte hain, ovaries mein janm se pehle se hi lakhon immature eggs ka stock hota hai. Puberty ke baad har cycle mein kuch pakna shuru karte hain, aur aam taur par har mahine sirf ek egg nikalta hai, kabhi ek ovary se kabhi doosri se (Fig. 7.15).

Nikla hua egg sabse paas wale oviduct (fallopian tube) ke funnel jaise end mein khinch jaata hai. Dono oviducts andar ki taraf uterus (womb) tak jaate hain, jo ek khokhla, muscular organ hai, lagbhag mutthi ke size ka, aur pregnancy mein bahut zyada khinch sakta hai. Iski patli gardan, cervix, neeche vagina tak jaati hai, woh canal jo bahar khulti hai.

Sperms sexual intercourse ke dauraan female body mein aate hain, jab woh vagina mein release hote hain. Release hue laakhon mein se sirf kuch sau hi cervix aur uterus se tair kar oviducts tak pahunchte hain, aur sirf ek hi egg ko fertilise kar sakta hai. Isliye fertilisation oviduct mein hota hai, uterus mein nahi. Agle kuch dinon mein zygote oviduct mein neeche bahte hue baar-baar divide hota hai aur cells ki ek gend, embryo, ban jaata hai. Uterus pahunch kar woh moti lining mein dhans jaata hai: yeh implantation hai. Phir embryo apne organs develop karta hai, aur pregnancy ke lagbhag nauve hafte se use foetus kehte hain.

Embryo kha ya saans nahi le sakta, isliye woh poori tarah apni maa par depend karta hai. Dono ke beech ki kadi hai placenta (अपरा), ek chapta, gol organ jo wahan banta hai jahan embryo implant hua hai, aur kuch hissa embryo ke tissue se aur kuch uterine wall se banta hai (Fig. 7.16).

Placenta ki embryo wali side anginat chhote, ungli jaise villi se dhaki hoti hai. Yeh uterine wall mein maa ke blood ke pools mein doobe rehte hain, isliye har villus uske blood mein naha raha hota hai. Saare villi milkar bahut bada surface area dete hain. Iske across glucose aur oxygen maa ke blood se embryo ke blood mein jaate hain, jabki carbon dioxide aur doosre wastes wapas jaate hain taaki uski body unhe nikaal sake. Dono ka blood kabhi nahi milta: ek patla barrier hamesha unhe alag rakhta hai.

Lagbhag nau mahine baad (maa ke last period ki shuruaat se lagbhag 40 hafte) baby janm ke liye taiyaar hota hai. Tab uterus ki moti muscular wall lehron mein baar-baar kasti aur dheeli hoti hai, jab tak baby chaude hue cervix aur vagina se bahar na aa jaaye.

7.3.3(c) Jab Egg Fertilise Nahi Hota To Kya Hota Hai?

Har mahine uterus ek aise mehmaan ke liye taiyaari karta hai jo shayad kabhi na aaye. Uski lining moti aur naram ho jaati hai, blood vessels se bhari, embryo ko poshan dene ke liye taiyaar. Aam taur par koi sperm egg se nahi milta, aur unfertilised egg lagbhag ek din mein mar jaata hai. Tab taiyaar lining ka koi kaam nahi rehta, isliye body use nikaal deti hai: lining toot jaati hai, aur uska blood aur mucus kuch dinon mein vagina se bahar behta hai. Is monthly flow ko menstruation (ऋतुस्राव) kehte hain, jise aam taur par period bolte hain (Fig. 7.17).

Period aam taur par do se aath din chalta hai. Phir lining dobara banne lagti hai, ek aur egg release hota hai, aur cycle lagbhag mahine mein ek baar repeat hota hai: average mein lagbhag har 28 din, haalaanki lagbhag 21 se 35 din tak kuch bhi normal hai. Pregnancy ke dauraan cycle ruk jaata hai aur madhya umar mein hamesha ke liye band ho jaata hai.

7.3.3(d) Reproductive Health

Kyunki puberty saalon mein hoti hai jab body abhi badh hi rahi hoti hai, bade dikhna aur taiyaar hona ek baat nahi hai. Teenager ki body shayad abhi pregnancy ke laayak na ho, aur mann shayad sexual relationship ya bachcha paalne ki zimmedaari ke liye taiyaar na ho. Kab koi taiyaar hai, yeh tay karna kisi insaan ke sabse bade faislon mein se ek hai.

Dabaav har taraf se aa sakta hai: classmates jo tumhe bade hone ka 'saboot' dene ko uksaate hain, rishtedaar jo jaldi shaadi aur pote-potiyan chahte hain, aur public campaigns jo couples se chhota parivaar rakhne ko kehte hain. Alag-alag dishaon mein kheeche jaane par aise faisle kar lena aasaan hai jo sach mein tumhare apne nahi. Health ke baare mein bharosemand facts tumhe khud faisla karne mein madad karte hain, aur yaad rakho ki India mein child marriage kanoon ke khilaaf hai.

Sexual contact mein do bodies aur unke fluids ka sabse kareebi contact hota hai, isliye yeh germs ke liye ek aasaan raasta hai. Jo infections mainly is tarah failte hain unhe sexually transmitted infections (STIs) kehte hain. Gonorrhoea aur syphilis bacteria se hote hain; genital warts aur HIV, jo AIDS ka virus hai, viruses se hote hain. Kai STIs lambe samay tak koi sign nahi dikhate, isliye insaan bina jaane infection aage de sakta hai. Condom, ek patla sheath jo sex ke dauraan penis par pehna jaata hai, kai STIs ka risk kam karta hai, haalaanki koi bhi method use zero nahi karta.

Sexual intercourse ka koi bhi act pregnancy la sakta hai. Nau mahine baby ko andar rakhna, janm dena aur newborn ki dekhbhaal karna aurat ki body aur mann par bhaari padta hai, aur jo ladki ya aurat bahut chhoti ya taiyaar nahi hai, use gambhir nuksaan ho sakta hai. Pregnancy rokne ke tareekon ko contraception (गर्भनिरोधन) kehte hain; table unhe is hisaab se group karti hai ki woh kaise kaam karte hain (Table 7.11).

Doctors pregnancy khatam bhi kar sakte hain, jiski Indian law sirf sakht conditions mein ijaazat deta hai. Iska ek kroor misuse hai sex-selective abortion: kuch parivaar gair-kanooni tarah se foetus ka sex pata karte hain aur ladki ho to abortion karwa dete hain. Foetus ka sex jaanne ke liye testing par 1994 mein paas hue ek kanoon se ban laga, phir bhi 2001 aur 2011 ki census ke beech chhe saal se kam umar mein har hazaar ladkon par ladkiyon ki sankhya ghat gayi. Female foeticide ek crime aur gambhir anyay hai. Har gayab ladki samaj ko gareeb aur kam santulit bana deti hai, aur Beti Bachao Beti Padhao jaise campaigns ladkiyon ko bachaane aur padhaane ka kaam karte hain.

Population badhegi ya ghategi, yeh simple hisaab hai: births log jodte hain aur deaths log ghatate hain. India ki population 2023 mein 140 crore paar kar gayi, aur log iske matlab par alag-alag raay rakhte hain. Ek raay yeh hai ki har extra insaan sabke rehne ka standard upar uthana mushkil banata hai. Doosri raay kehti hai ki asli problem yeh hai ki zameen, paisa, schooling aur health care kitne asmaan tareeke se baante gaye hain, aur behtar bantwara head count se zyada matter karta hai.