Life Processes: Class 10 Science Chapter 5 Hinglish mein
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Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge
- Samjhao ki organisms ko nutrition, respiration, transportation aur excretion ki zaroorat kyun hai, aur bade bodies ko special organs kyun chahiye
- Photosynthesis ko describe karo aur experiment se dikhao ki chlorophyll, carbon dioxide aur light zaroori hain
- Autotrophic aur heterotrophic nutrition ki tulna karo aur Amoeba mein feeding describe karo
- Human alimentary canal mein digestion ko step by step follow karo, aur juices, enzymes aur end products ke naam batao
- Aerobic aur anaerobic respiration ki tulna karo aur human respiratory system describe karo
- Heart, double circulation, blood vessels, platelets aur lymph, aur xylem aur phloem mein transport describe karo
- Samjhao ki nephron urine kaise banata hai aur plants wastes se kaise chhutkaara paate hain
NCERT Science Class 10, Chapter 5, pp. 79–99 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.
Garam khidki par gol hokar soyi billi na shikaar kar rahi hai, na kha rahi hai, na koi aawaz kar rahi hai, phir bhi koi use stuffed toy nahi samajhta. Sookhe moong ke daanon ka packet mahino tak kitchen mein bina kisi badlaav ke pada reh sakta hai. Lekin ek mutthi daane raat bhar bhigo do, to subah tak chhote safed ankur nikal aate hain. Hum kaise tay karein ki kya zinda hai?
Dikhne wali movement ek kamzor test nikalti hai. Bargad ka ped mushkil se hilta hai, aur soya hua jaanwar bhi zara sa hi hilta hai. Biologists isse kahin gehraai mein, molecules ke level par dekhte hain. Har living cell ke andar molecules din ke har second ek jagah se doosri jagah le jaaye jaate hain, toote jaate hain aur phir se jode jaate hain. Door handle par baitha virus yeh koi activity nahi dikhata jab tak woh kisi cell ke andar na pahunche; yahi ek wajah hai ki scientists aaj bhi bahas karte hain ki viruses sach mein zinda hain ya nahi.
Molecules ko chalte kyun rehna padta hai? Living body bahut organised hoti hai: organs tissues se bane hain, tissues cells se, aur cells aur bhi chhote parts se. Aisi ordered arrangements samay ke saath bikharne lagti hain, bilkul waise hi jaise saaf kamra gandaa ho jaata hai jab tak koi cheezein wapas jagah par na rakhta rahe. Organism tabhi zinda rehta hai jab woh khud ko lagaataar repair aur rebuild karta rahe, aur kyunki har structure molecules se bana hai, is repair ka matlab hai molecules ko bina ruke idhar-udhar le jaana.
5.1 Life Processes kya hain?
Body ki dekhbhaal tab tak ruk nahi sakti jab tak hum free na ho jaayein. Yeh tab bhi chalti rehti hai jab tum class mein baithe ho, match dekh rahe ho, ya gehri neend mein ho. Woh saare kaam jo milkar ek organism ko zinda aur theek-thaak rakhte hain, uski life processes (जैव प्रक्रम) kehlaate hain.
Woh basic activities, jaise nutrition, respiration, transportation aur excretion, jo har organism khud ko maintain karne aur zinda rehne ke liye hamesha karta rehta hai.
ExampleSoya hua kutta bhi apna khana digest kar raha hota hai, saans le raha hota hai, blood pump kar raha hota hai aur urine bana raha hota hai.
Body ko achhi haalat mein rakhne se chaar practical sawaal uthte hain, aur har ek ka jawaab ek life process deta hai:
- Energy kahan se aati hai? Organism ke bahar se, food ke roop mein. Food andar lena nutrition (पोषण) hai. Food growth ke liye raw material bhi deta hai. Living things carbon compounds se bane hain, isliye foods bhi zyaadatar carbon compounds hi hote hain: kuch organisms ke liye simple, doosron ke liye complex; isi wajah se organisms itne alag-alag tareekon se khaana lete hain.
- Food use hone layak energy kaise banta hai? Food kai roop mein aata hai, lekin cell ko energy ek standard form mein chahiye jise woh kahin bhi kharch kar sake. Chemical reactions ki chains, jinmein se zyaadatar oxidation–reduction reactions hain, food ko tod deti hain, aur kai organisms iske liye hawa ki oxygen use karte hain. Oxygen andar lena aur use cells ke andar food todne mein use karna respiration (श्वसन) hai.
- Sab kuch har cell tak kaise pahunchta hai? Talaab mein tairta ek single cell har taraf se paani ko chhoota hai, isliye food aur oxygen seedhe andar diffuse ho jaate hain aur wastes bahar diffuse ho jaate hain (Fig. 5.1). Bade jaanwar mein zyaadatar cells andar gehraai mein hote hain, aur itni doori par diffusion bahut hi dheema hai. Isliye special organs yeh kaam sambhalte hain: gut food leta hai, lungs oxygen lete hain. Har cell ko dono chahiye, isliye ek delivery network, transportation, ko unhe in organs se baaki body tak le jaana padta hai.
- Waste ka kya hota hai? Energy release karne wali reactions aise by-products chhodti hain jinhe cells use nahi kar sakte, aur kuch to zehreele hote hain. Unhe ikattha karke body se bahar nikaalna excretion (उत्सर्जन) hai. Badi body mein yeh kaam bhi ek special tissue karta hai, aur transport system wastes ko us tak pahunchata hai.
3/3Special organs food aur oxygen lete hain aur wastes hataate hain; ek transport network unhe har cell se jodta hai.
Step 1 mein talaab ke paani mein ek gol cell chhote arrows ke saath dikhta hai: food aur oxygen uski surface se andar diffuse hote hain, carbon dioxide aur wastes bahar diffuse hote hain. Step 2 mein kai cells ka ek bada block dikhta hai; sirf kinaare wale cells bahar ko chhoote hain, aur andar gehraai mein mark kiye gaye cell par likha hai ki woh diffusion ke liye bahut door hai. Step 3 block par special organs jodta hai: food ke liye gut, oxygen ke liye lungs aur wastes ke liye kidney, jo tubes ke ek branching network se har cell se jude hain, jis par transport likha hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Bade jaanwar ke zyaadatar cells surface se bahut door hote hain
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
- Nutrition : energy aur materials ka source andar laata hai
- Respiration : energy release karne ke liye food todta hai
- Transportation : materials ko body mein idhar-udhar le jaata hai
- Excretion : harmful wastes hataata hai
Practice: life processes (NCERT ke in-text questions, p. 81): answers ke saath
Talaab ka chhota sa Hydra apni body surface se diffusion se kaafi oxygen le leta hai. Insaan aisa kyun nahi kar sakta?
Solution dikhao
AnswerZyaadatar human cells skin se itni door hain ki diffusion unhe kaafi tezi se oxygen nahi de sakta.
Diffusion sirf bahut chhoti dooriyon par tez hota hai. Patle Hydra ka har cell paani ke paas hota hai, lekin zyaadatar human cells badi body ke andar gehraai mein hain, aur skin se andar diffuse hoti oxygen unhe bahut dheere pahunchegi. Isliye humein oxygen andar lene ke liye lungs aur use har cell tak le jaane ke liye blood chahiye.
Tumhara dost kehta hai ki packet ka beej zinda nahi ho sakta kyunki woh hilta nahi. Kaun sa evidence batayega ki beej zinda hai ya nahi?
Solution dikhao
AnswerMolecules ke level par life processes ke signs: growth, repair, food ka use, respiration.
Dikhne wali movement bharose ka test nahi hai. Iske bajaaye aise signs dhoondho ki life processes chal rahi hain: food use karna aur energy release karna, gases ka exchange, badhna aur khud ko repair karna. Paani milne par beej respire karta hai, phoolta hai aur ankurit hota hai, aur yeh sab isliye kyunki uske cells ke andar molecules ko move aur rebuild kiya ja raha hai.
Organism apni body ke bahar se raw materials leta hai. Do cheezein batao jinke liye woh inhe use karta hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerEnergy ke source ke roop mein, aur growth aur repair ke material ke roop mein.
Yeh body ke saare dekhbhaal ke kaam ke liye energy dete hain, aur naye cells banane (growth) aur ghise-pite parts badalne (repair) ke liye raw material dete hain.
Kisi bhi organism ko zinda rakhne ke liye tum kaun si processes ko zaroori kahoge? Jitne sahi hon, sab chuno.
Saare sahi options chunoAnswer dekho
Answer- (A) Nutrition
- (C) Respiration
- (E) Transportation
- (F) Excretion
Nutrition, respiration, transportation aur excretion body ko maintain karte hain. Reproduction species ko aage badhata hai, lekin ek individual iske bina jee sakta hai, aur kai organisms kabhi daudte ya udte nahi.
5.2 Nutrition
Food har organism ke liye do kaam karta hai. Yeh fuel hai, jo cricket match se lekar aaraam karti body ki chupchaap dekhbhaal tak, har cheez ke liye energy deta hai. Yeh building material bhi hai, jo naye cells, naye proteins aur chhile hue ghutne ke bharne ke liye atoms deta hai.
Apni plate ke paneer ko ulta trace karo: woh doodh se aaya, doodh gaay se, aur gaay ki body us ghaas se bani jo usne khaayi. Ghaas ne kuch nahi khaaya. Usne sunlight use karke carbon dioxide aur paani se apna khaana khud banaya. Ghaas jaise organisms, jo simple inorganic substances se food banate hain, autotrophs (स्वपोषी) hain: green plants aur kuch bacteria. Gaay aur tumhare jaise organisms, jo doosron ka banaya complex food lete hain, heterotrophs (विषमपोषी) hain: saare animals aur fungi. Heterotroph ko complex food use karne se pehle use enzymes, yaani biological catalysts, se chhote tukdon mein todna padta hai. Aur aakhir mein har heterotroph autotrophs par hi depend karta hai.
Khaana paane ke do tareeke
Autotrophic nutrition
- Apna khaana khud banata hai
- Raw materials: carbon dioxide aur paani (simple, inorganic)
- Sunlight aur chlorophyll chahiye
- Examples: aam ka ped, ghaas, algae, kuch bacteria
Heterotrophic nutrition
- Doosre organisms ka banaya khaana leta hai
- Food complex hota hai aur enzymes se toda jaana zaroori hai
- Seedhe ya ghuma-phiraakar autotrophs par depend karta hai
- Examples: insaan, gaay, tiger, mushrooms, yeast
5.2.1 Autotrophic Nutrition
Sunlight mein ek leaf chhoti si food factory ki tarah kaam karti hai. Uske raw materials hain hawa se carbon dioxide aur mitti se paani. Uski power supply sunlight hai, jise green pigment chlorophyll pakadta hai. Uska product carbohydrate hai. Yahi photosynthesis hai, aur isi se autotrophs carbon aur energy, dono ki zaroorat poori karte hain. Plant kuch carbohydrate turant kharch kar deta hai aur baaki ko starch ke roop mein store karta hai, ek reserve jise woh baad mein use kar sake; isi liye aalu, chaawal ke daane aur gaajar itne pet bharne wale hote hain. Hum bhi reserve rakhte hain: hamara liver aur muscles carbohydrate ko glycogen ke roop mein store karte hain.
Woh process jismein green plants chlorophyll se absorb hui sunlight use karke carbon dioxide aur paani se carbohydrates banate hain, aur oxygen release karte hain.
ExampleSunlight mein leaf glucose banati hai aur apne stomata se oxygen bahar nikaalti hai.
- glucose, ek simple carbohydrate
Oxygen kahan se aati hai?
Equation (5.1) ke dono taraf har element ke atoms gino aur dikhao ki yeh balanced hai. Phir samjhao ki ise left mein sirf 6 ke bajaaye left mein 12 water molecules aur right mein 6 ke saath kyun likha jaata hai.
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Leaf cell ke andar asal mein kya hota hai? Teen events hote hain (Fig. 5.2):
- Chlorophyll light absorb karta hai.
- Light energy chemical energy ban jaati hai, aur water molecules hydrogen aur oxygen mein toot jaate hain. Oxygen gas ban kar nikal jaati hai.
- Hydrogen aur stored chemical energy use karke carbon dioxide carbohydrate mein reduce hoti hai.
4/4Event 3: carbon dioxide glucose mein reduce hoti hai; extra glucose starch ke roop mein store hota hai.
Leaf cell mein ek bada oval chloroplast, jiske left half mein chlorophyll ki discs ke stacks hain aur right half mein khuli jagah hai. Step 1 mein inputs aate dikhte hain: upar left se sunlight ki kiranein, neeche se paani aur right se carbon dioxide. Step 2 mein chlorophyll stacks light absorb karte hue chamakte hain, jis par event 1 likha hai. Step 3, event 2: toote paani se bane oxygen bubbles chloroplast se bahar nikalte hain, aur energy plus hydrogen likha ek dashed arrow right half ki taraf point karta hai. Step 4 mein carbon dioxide us hydrogen se milkar glucose banati hai, aur glucose units judkar storage ke liye starch chain banati hain, jis par event 3 likha hai.
Chlorophyll kahan hai? Leaf ke across kati ek bahut patli slice ko microscope mein dekho (Fig. 5.3). Kai layers dikhti hain. Bahut se cells mein chhoti green bodies hoti hain jinhe chloroplasts kehte hain, aur unmein chlorophyll hota hai. Yeh upper surface ke theek neeche ke lambe, paas-paas lage cells mein sabse zyaada bhare hote hain, jahan light sabse tez hoti hai. Agli activity test karti hai ki kya chlorophyll sach mein zaroori hai.
5/5Lower epidermis mein stomata hote hain: carbon dioxide andar aati hai, oxygen aur water vapour bahar jaate hain.
Leaf ke across ki ek patli slice, block ki tarah bani, paanch steps mein banti hai. Step 1 mein upper epidermis hai: chapte cells ki ek row jo patli waxy cuticle se dhaki hai. Step 2 uske neeche palisade layer jodta hai: lambe, paas-paas pack hue cells jo green chloroplasts se bhare hain. Step 3 spongy layer jodta hai: gol cells jinmein kam chloroplasts hain aur unke beech badi air spaces hain. Step 4 beech mein ek vascular bundle jodta hai, ek vein jiske upar xylem aur neeche phloem hai. Step 5 ek stoma ke saath lower epidermis jodta hai: ek pore ke chaaron taraf do guard cells, jo ek air space mein khulta hai, aur arrows dikhate hain ki carbon dioxide andar aa rahi hai aur oxygen aur water vapour bahar ja rahe hain.
Har leaf ke saamne ek trade-off hai. Food banane ke liye use carbon dioxide andar aane deni padti hai, lekin jo bhi opening gas ko andar aane deta hai, woh water vapour ko bahar bhi jaane deta hai. Leaf ka jawaab hai chhote-chhote adjustable pores ka ek set, stomata (रंध्र; singular stoma), jo zyaadatar uski neeche wali surface par hote hain. Photosynthesis ke liye zyaadatar gas exchange inhi se hota hai, haalanki stems aur roots bhi apni surfaces se kuch gases exchange karte hain. Jab carbon dioxide ki zaroorat nahi hoti, jaise raat mein, to plant pores band karke paani bachata hai.
Har pore ke chaaron taraf do sem ke beej jaise guard cells hote hain jo uske darwaazon ki tarah kaam karte hain (Fig. 5.4). Unmein paani jaane se woh phool kar door mud jaate hain, aur pore khul jaata hai. Paani khone par woh dheele pad jaate hain, paas aa jaate hain aur pore band kar dete hain.
3/3Phoole hue guard cells mud kar door hote hain: gas exchange ke liye pore khula hai.
Leaf surface ke ek chhote patch ka top view, jismein ek stoma ke chaaron taraf aam epidermal cells hain. Step 1 mein do patle, dheele guard cells paas-paas pade hain, isliye pore band hai. Step 2 mein arrows dikhate hain ki padosi cells se dono guard cells mein paani ja raha hai. Step 3 mein guard cells phool kar mud gaye hain aur door ho gaye hain, isliye pore khula hai, aur carbon dioxide ke arrows andar aur water vapour ke arrows bahar ja rahe hain.
Teen panels aamne-saamne, har ek mein iodine test ke baad ki leaf. Left panel, no chlorophyll: ek variegated leaf jismein sirf pehle ke green patches gehre blue-black hain aur pale kinaara halka bhoora rehta hai. Middle panel, no carbon dioxide: sealed bags mein do gamle wale plants; jiske paas potassium hydroxide ki pyaali hai uski leaf halki bhoori hai aur jiske paas nahi hai uski leaf gehri blue-black hai. Right panel, no light: ek leaf jis par black paper ki strip lagi thi, woh gehri blue-black hai, sirf us jagah halki bhoori patti hai jahan strip thi.
Carbohydrates mein sirf carbon, hydrogen aur oxygen hote hain, lekin plant body ko inke alaawa aur elements bhi chahiye. Proteins ko nitrogen chahiye, chlorophyll ko magnesium, aur phosphorus aur iron bhi zaroori hain. Yeh sab mitti se aate hain, jinhe roots paani ke saath absorb karti hain (Table 5.2). Plants hawa ki nitrogen gas ko seedhe use nahi kar sakte. Woh nitrogen ko nitrates ya nitrites ke roop mein lete hain, ya un organic compounds ke roop mein jo soil bacteria atmospheric nitrogen se banate hain, jaise chana aur moong ki root nodules wale bacteria.
| Raw material | Kahan se aata hai | Kahan se andar jaata hai | Kis kaam aata hai |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon dioxide | hawa | stomata | carbohydrates banana |
| Paani | mitti | roots, phir xylem | photosynthesis (tootkar oxygen deta hai) |
| Sunlight | Sun | chlorophyll absorb karta hai | photosynthesis ke liye energy |
| Nitrogen | mitti: nitrates, nitrites, bacteria ke banaye compounds | roots | proteins aur doosre compounds |
| Phosphorus, iron, magnesium | mitti ke minerals | roots | kai compounds; magnesium chlorophyll ka hissa hai |
Answer dekho
Answer (B) unmein chlorophyll nahi hai
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Ek bag se carbon dioxide hatakar use doosre se compare karne ke liye
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (1) starch, (2) glycogen
5.2.2 Heterotrophic Nutrition
Pahaadi par charti bakri aur uske upar mandraata eagle, dono heterotrophs hain, lekin dono bilkul alag tareeke se khaate hain. Bakri ka khaana ek jagah tikka rehta hai, isliye use bas peesne wale daant aur sakht pattiyon ko sambhalne layak lamba gut chahiye. Eagle ka khaana bhaag jaata hai, isliye use tez aankhein, speed, mude hue panje aur hook jaisi chonch chahiye. Organism kaise khaata hai, yeh is par depend karta hai ki uska khaana kya hai, khaana hilta hai ya nahi, aur uski apni body kaisi bani hai.
Heterotrophs teen broad strategies apnaate hain. Zyaadatar animals, hum bhi, khaane ko body ke andar lete hain aur wahin todte hain. Fungi ulta karte hain: mushroom ya bread mould apne khaane par enzymes chhodta hai, use body ke bahar digest karta hai aur jo ghul jaata hai use absorb kar leta hai. Ise aksar saprophytic nutrition kehte hain. Teesra group parasites ka hai, jo kisi living organism, yaani host, se khaana lete hain, aam taur par use maare bina. Amarbel (Cuscuta), woh peeli bina patti wali bel jo tumne shayad kisi jhaadi par chhaayi dekhi ho, ek parasitic plant hai. Aawaara kutte par ticks, sir ki joon, leeches aur tapeworms parasitic animals hain.
5.2.3 Organisms apna Nutrition kaise paate hain?
Single-celled organisms ke paas khaane ka sabse simple saamaan hota hai, kyunki poora cell aas-paas ke paani ko chhoota hai. Amoeba ka na mouth hota hai, na koi fixed shape (Fig. 5.6). Jab use khaane ka koi kan milta hai, to uska cytoplasm do temporary arms mein beh kar bahar nikalta hai, jinhe pseudopodia ('nakli pair') kehte hain, kan ke dono taraf ek-ek. Unke sire milkar jud jaate hain aur khaane ko ek chhote bubble, food vacuole, mein band kar dete hain. Vacuole mein chhode gaye enzymes complex food ko simple substances mein tod dete hain, jo diffuse hokar cytoplasm mein chale jaate hain. Bache hue undigested tukde cell surface tak le jaaye jaate hain aur bahar dhakel diye jaate hain.
3/4Enzymes khaana digest karte hain; simple substances cytoplasm mein diffuse hote hain.
Nucleus wala ek single Amoeba, chaar steps mein usi jagah dikhaya gaya, aur uske right mein ek chhota food particle. Step 1: do pseudopodia particle ke upar aur neeche phailte hain. Step 2: pseudopodia ke sire mil kar jud gaye hain, aur particle ek food vacuole mein band hai. Step 3: food vacuole cell ke andar hai, particle chhota ho gaya hai, aur chhote arrows dikhate hain ki digest hua khaana cytoplasm mein diffuse ho raha hai. Step 4: khaali vacuole cell surface tak pahunchta hai aur kuch undigested tukde bahar dhakel diye jaate hain.
Paramoecium mein ek hi cell ke andar specialisation ki pehli jhalak dikhti hai. Iski shape chappal jaisi fixed rehti hai aur yeh sirf ek hi jagah se khaana le sakta hai, ek groove ke end par ek tarah ka mouth. Hazaaron chhote baal jaise cilia cell ko dhake rehte hain, aur unke hilne se paani, usmein maujood bacteria ke saath, groove se hote hue us jagah tak pahunchta hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) bread ko body ke bahar digest karke aur use absorb karke
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
- Mushroom : khaana bahar digest karta hai, phir absorb karta hai
- Amarbel (Cuscuta) : living host plant se khaana leta hai
- Sher : poora khaana khaata hai aur andar digest karta hai
- Paramoecium : cilia khaane ko ek jagah tak le aate hain
- Nutrients diffuse hokar bahar jaate hain
- Food vacuole banta hai
- Pseudopodia khaane ko gherte hain
- Enzymes khaana digest karte hain
- Waste bahar phenka jaata hai
Answer dekho
- Pseudopodia khaane ko gherte hain
- Food vacuole banta hai
- Enzymes khaana digest karte hain
- Nutrients diffuse hokar bahar jaate hain
- Waste bahar phenka jaata hai
5.2.4 Insaanon mein Nutrition
Hamara digestive system alimentary canal ke around bana hai, ek lambi tube jo mouth se anus tak jaati hai (Fig. 5.7). Tube ke alag-alag hisse, unmein juices daalne wali glands ki madad se, alag-alag kaam karte hain. Chalo dal, chaawal aur thode ghee wale khaane ko is tube mein follow karte hain, shuruaat saliva par ek experiment se.
6/6Khaane ka raasta: mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus.
Digestive organs ka front view, chhe steps mein banta hai. Step 1: daant aur tongue ke saath mouth, ek salivary gland aur oesophagus. Step 2: body ke left (dekhne wale ke right) mein J-shape ka stomach. Step 3: body ke right mein liver aur uske neeche gall bladder, aur stomach ke neeche pancreas, jiski ek duct small intestine tak jaati hai. Step 4: beech mein kundli jaisi small intestine. Step 5: coils ko gherti large intestine, jiski shuruaat ke paas appendix hai, aur jo anus par khatam hoti hai. Step 6: ek dashed line khaane ka raasta dikhati hai.
Mouth ek saath chaar kaam karta hai:
- Daant khaane ko kaat kar aur pees kar lagbhag ek jaise size ke chhote tukdon mein badalte hain, taaki woh tube mein aasaani se aage badh sake.
- Salivary glands se aane wala saliva khaane ko geela aur naram karta hai, kyunki gut ki andar ki surface naazuk hoti hai. Koi pasand ki cheez soonghne par mooh mein jo paani aata hai, woh yahi hai.
- Saliva chemical digestion bhi shuru karta hai. Bade food molecules ko absorb hone se pehle chhote molecules mein todna padta hai, aur yeh kaam enzymes karte hain. Saliva mein enzyme salivary amylase hota hai, jo starch ko ek simple sugar mein tod deta hai.
- Muscular tongue khaane ko ulat-palat karti hai, use saliva ke saath milaati hai aur nigalne ke liye peeche dhakelti hai.
Khaana canal mein yun hi neeche nahi girta: astronauts space mein bhi nigal sakte hain, aur tum lete-lete bhi paani pee sakte ho. Canal ki deewar mein muscles hain jo lehron mein sikudti hain, ek ring ke baad doosri, aur khaane ko aage dabaati hain, bilkul waise jaise tum tube mein toothpaste aage dhakelte ho. In lehron ko peristalsis (क्रमाकुंचन) kehte hain, aur yeh poore gut mein khaane ko ek controlled speed se aage badhaati rehti hain, taaki har hisse ko apna kaam karne ka samay mile. Mouth se khaana food pipe, yaani oesophagus, se hote hue stomach tak jaata hai.
Iske baad aata hai stomach, muscle ka ek J-shape ka thaila jo poora khaana rakhne ke liye phail sakta hai. Kuch ghanton tak yeh khaane ko dabaata aur mathta hai, aur use apni lining ki gastric glands se aane wale gastric juice ke saath milaata hai. Gastric juice mein teen zaroori cheezein hoti hain:
- Hydrochloric acid, jo stomach ke andar ki cheezon ko strongly acidic bana deta hai. Protein digest karne wala enzyme sirf acid mein kaam karta hai, aur acid khaane ke saath nigle gaye zyaadatar germs ko bhi maar deta hai.
- Pepsin, ek enzyme jo proteins ka digestion shuru karta hai.
- Mucus, jo stomach ki lining par parat bana deta hai aur aam taur par use apne hi acid se bachaata hai.
Khaana stomach se thoda-thoda karke nikalta hai: uske exit par muscle ki ek ring, sphincter, thodi der ke liye khulti hai aur phir band ho jaati hai. Har hissa small intestine mein jaata hai, jo canal ka sabse lamba hissa hai aur pet mein kas kar kundli ki tarah mudi hoti hai. Iski lambai jaanwar ki diet ke hisaab se hoti hai. Gaay aur bakri ghaas khaati hain, jiska cellulose dheere digest hota hai, isliye unki small intestine lambi hoti hai. Tiger aur billi meat khaate hain, jo aasaani se digest hota hai, aur unki intestine chhoti hoti hai.
Small intestine carbohydrates, proteins aur fats ka digestion poora karti hai. Do badi glands, liver aur pancreas, apne juices isme bhejti hain, aur iski apni deewar teesra juice jodti hai:
- Bile, jo liver banata hai aur gall bladder mein store hota hai, mein koi enzyme nahi hota. Yeh stomach se aaye acidic khaane ko alkaline bana deta hai, jiski pancreatic enzymes ko zaroorat hoti hai. Iske bile salts bade fat globules ko bahut chhoti boondon, yaani emulsion, mein tod dete hain, bilkul waise jaise sabun chiknaai ko todta hai (Chapter 4). Chhoti boondein enzymes ko kaam karne ke liye kahin zyaada surface deti hain (Fig. 5.8).
- Pancreas se aane wale pancreatic juice mein trypsin hota hai, jo proteins digest karta hai, aur lipase, jo emulsified fats digest karta hai. Ismein ek amylase bhi hota hai jo starch ka digestion aage badhaata hai.
- Small intestine ki deewar ki glands se aane wala intestinal juice kaam poora karta hai: proteins aakhir mein amino acids ban jaate hain, complex carbohydrates glucose, aur fats fatty acids aur glycerol.
3/4Lipase boondon ko digest karke fatty acids aur glycerol bana deta hai.
Small intestine ke andar chaar steps. Step 1: ek bada peela fat globule aur kuch enzyme symbols jo sirf uske bahari kinaare tak pahunch sakte hain. Step 2: bile salts, jo chhote tadpole jaisi shapes mein bane hain, fat ko gher kar use kai chhoti boondon mein tod dete hain, jis par emulsion likha hai. Step 3: lipase enzymes kai chhoti boondon ki surface par kaam karte hain, jo sikud kar chhoti units ban jaati hain, jin par fatty acids aur glycerol likha hai. Step 4: yeh units intestine ki deewar par ungli jaise ek villus mein jaati hain, jismein beech mein ek lymph vessel aur blood capillaries ka network hai.
| Kahan | Juice | Enzyme ya agent | Kis par kaam karta hai | Kya banta hai |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouth | saliva | salivary amylase | starch | sugar |
| Stomach | gastric juice | pepsin (hydrochloric acid chahiye) | proteins | protein ke chhote tukde |
| Small intestine | bile | bile salts (koi enzyme nahi) | bade fat globules | chhoti fat boondein |
| Small intestine | pancreatic juice | trypsin | proteins | protein ke chhote tukde |
| Small intestine | pancreatic juice | lipase | emulsified fats | fatty acids aur glycerol |
| Small intestine | intestinal juice | kai enzymes | teeno foods | amino acids, glucose, fatty acids aur glycerol |
Agar digestion ke products blood tak na pahunchein to digestion bekaar hai. Small intestine ki andar ki lining isi kaam ke liye bani hai. Yeh mudi hui hai, aur in folds par laakhon chhote ungli jaise villi (दीर्घरोम; singular villus) hote hain, jo absorb karne wali surface ko bahut bada bana dete hain. Har villus ke andar blood capillaries ka jaal hota hai, aur ek chhoti lymph vessel jo fats leti hai. Glucose aur amino acids blood mein jaate hain aur poori body ke cells tak pahunchaaye jaate hain, jahan woh energy, growth aur repair ke kaam aate hain.
Jo khaana absorb nahi ho sakta, jaise fibre, woh aage large intestine mein jaata hai. Iska main kaam paani wapas lena hai, isliye bacha hua maal aage badhte hue sakht hota jaata hai. Yeh waste kuch der store rehta hai aur phir anus se bahar nikalta hai jab anal sphincter, muscle ki ek aur ring, dheeli hoti hai.
- Stomach
- Anus
- Mouth
- Large intestine
- Oesophagus
- Small intestine
Answer dekho
- Mouth
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Anus
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Bile
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Acid stomach ki lining ko nuksaan pahunchaane lagega
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Practice: nutrition (NCERT ke in-text questions, p. 87): answers ke saath
Neem ka ped aur bakri jis tarah apna khaana paate hain, unmein do fark batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerNeem ka ped simple substances se apna khaana khud banata hai; bakri bana-banaya complex khaana khaati hai aur use enzymes se digest karti hai.
Neem ka ped ek autotroph hai: woh sunlight aur chlorophyll use karke simple inorganic substances (carbon dioxide aur paani) se photosynthesis dwara carbohydrates banata hai.
Bakri ek heterotroph hai: woh doosre organisms ka banaya complex khaana (pattiyan) khaati hai aur use use karne se pehle enzymes se digest karna padta hai. Woh apne khaane ke liye plants par depend karti hai.
Photosynthesis ke har raw material ko us jagah se match karo jahan se aam ka ped use paata hai.
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
Answer- Carbon dioxide : hawa, stomata ke raaste
- Paani : mitti, roots ke raaste
- Light energy : Sun
- Nitrogen : mitti mein nitrates
Carbon dioxide stomata se andar diffuse hoti hai, paani aur nitrates roots absorb karti hain, aur energy sunlight se aati hai.Stomach hydrochloric acid kyun banata hai, iske do kaaran batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeh pepsin ko zaroori acidic medium deta hai, aur khaane ke germs ko maar deta hai.
Acid woh acidic medium deta hai jiski pepsin, stomach ke protein digest karne wale enzyme, ko zaroorat hai. Yeh khaane aur paani ke saath aaye zyaadatar germs ko bhi maar deta hai.
Body chapati ke starch ya paneer ke protein ko jaise ke taise use kyun nahi kar sakti? Digestive enzymes iske liye kya karte hain?
Solution dikhao
AnswerMolecules absorb hone ke liye bahut bade hain; enzymes unhe chhote, soluble molecules mein tod dete hain.
Starch aur proteins bahut bade molecules hain jo intestine ki deewar paar karke blood mein nahi ja sakte. Digestive enzymes, yaani biological catalysts, unhe chhote soluble molecules (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids aur glycerol) mein tod dete hain, jo absorb ho sakte hain aur cells unhe use kar sakte hain.
Small intestine ke teen features batao jo use digest hua khaana absorb karne mein madad karte hain, aur batao ki har ek kaise madad karta hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerBahut lambai, mudi hui lining par villi, bharpoor blood supply.
- Bahut lambai: khaana itni der rukta hai ki absorb ho sake.
- Villi wali mudi hui lining: absorption ke liye bahut badi surface.
- Har villus mein bharpoor blood supply: absorb hua khaana turant aage le jaaya jaata hai, isliye aur khaana andar diffuse hota rehta hai.
5.3 Respiration
Nutrition se liya gaya khaana sirf stored energy hai. Use use karne ke liye cells ko khaana todna padta hai, aur isse carbon dioxide nikalti hai. Do chhote experiments dikhate hain ki woh carbon dioxide kahan jaati hai.
Glucose todne ke teen tareeke
Organism koi bhi ho, glucose ek baar mein nahi toota jaata. Pehla stage yeast, bacteria, plants aur tumhare liye same hai (Fig. 5.9). Cytoplasm mein chhe carbon atoms wala glucose molecule teen-teen carbons wale do pyruvate molecules mein kat jaata hai, aur thodi energy release hoti hai. Uske baad raaste alag ho jaate hain, aur oxygen tay karti hai ki kaun sa raasta liya jaayega.
Pyruvate ke teen raaste yeh hain:
- Oxygen nahi, yeast mein: pyruvate ethanol, ek two-carbon molecule, aur carbon dioxide ban jaata hai. Yahi fermentation hai. Kyunki yeh hawa (oxygen) ke bina hota hai, ise anaerobic respiration (अवायवीय श्वसन) kehte hain.
- Bahut kam oxygen, hamari muscles mein: sprint ke dauraan muscle cells oxygen ko us speed se zyaada tezi se use karte hain jitni tezi se blood use la sakta hai. Tab pyruvate lactic acid mein badal jaata hai, jo ek aur three-carbon molecule hai. Muscles mein lactic acid jamne se cramps hote hain.
- Bharpoor oxygen, mitochondria mein: pyruvate poori tarah toot jaata hai, har molecule se carbon dioxide ke teen molecules aur paani banta hai. Yeh aerobic respiration (वायवीय श्वसन) hai. Yeh oxygen ke bina wale dono raaston se kahin zyaada energy release karta hai.
Saare stages jodne par, ek glucose molecule ke aerobic respiration ko aise likh sakte hain:
4/4Oxygen (mitochondria): pyruvate → carbon dioxide + paani + kahin zyaada energy.
Glucose ko chhe moti ki chain ki tarah banaya gaya hai. Step 1: cytoplasm mein chain teen-teen moti wali do pyruvate chains mein toot jaati hai, aur ek chhota energy bar dikhta hai. Step 2, bina oxygen wali yeast branch: har pyruvate do moti wala ethanol aur carbon dioxide ka ek moti ban jaata hai, saath mein chhota energy bar. Step 3, bahut kam oxygen wali muscle branch: har pyruvate teen moti wala lactic acid ban jaata hai, chhota energy bar aur koi carbon dioxide nahi. Step 4, oxygen wali mitochondria branch: har pyruvate toot kar ek-ek moti wale teen carbon dioxide molecules aur paani ban jaata hai, aur energy bar baaki sabse kai guna lamba hai.
Carbon ko follow karo
Glucose ke ek molecule se shuru karo. Teeno pathways mein se har ek ke liye pata karo ki carbon dioxide ke kitne molecules bante hain. Carbon count use karo: glucose mein 6 carbon atoms hain, pyruvate mein 3, ethanol mein 2, lactic acid mein 3 aur carbon dioxide mein 1.
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Aerobic aur anaerobic respiration
Aerobic
- Oxygen chahiye
- Pehle cytoplasm, phir mitochondria
- Glucose poori tarah carbon dioxide aur paani mein toot jaata hai
- Kahin zyaada energy release hoti hai (har glucose par 30 se zyaada ATP)
- Zyaadatar plants aur animals, aam taur par hamare cells bhi
Anaerobic
- Oxygen ke bina (ya bahut kam oxygen mein)
- Sirf cytoplasm
- Glucose sirf kuch had tak tootta hai: ethanol aur carbon dioxide mein, ya lactic acid mein
- Thodi energy release hoti hai (har glucose par lagbhag 2 ATP)
- Yeast, kuch bacteria, bhaari exercise ke dauraan hamari muscles
Cells is energy ko seedhe kharch nahi karte. Woh ise turant ek molecule banane mein use karte hain jise ATP (adenosine triphosphate) kehte hain. Phir ATP cell ko jahan bhi zaroorat ho, wahan energy ki ek fixed maatra deta hai, aur energy lene wali reactions ko chalaata hai.
Oxygen andar lena
Bahut log sochte hain ki plants carbon dioxide 'saans mein andar lete' hain aur oxygen 'bahar chhodte' hain. Asal mein har living plant cell hamesha respire karta hai, oxygen use karta hai aur carbon dioxide chhodta hai, bilkul hamare cells ki tarah. Din aur raat ke beech sirf balance badalta hai. Andhere mein sirf respiration chal raha hota hai, isliye leaf carbon dioxide chhodti hai. Tez light mein photosynthesis respiration se bani saari carbon dioxide, aur usse bhi zyaada, use kar leta hai, isliye leaf ka main output oxygen hota hai. Dono haalat mein gases bas diffuse hoti hain, stomata aur un air spaces ke raaste jo har leaf cell ko hawa se jode rakhte hain.
Animals saans lene ke kai tarah ke organs use karte hain: gills, lungs, yahaan tak ki mendhak ki geeli skin bhi. Kauwa ya gaay oxygen hawa se leti hai. Machhli ya jhinga ko use paani se lena padta hai, jahan woh ghuli hoti hai, aur paani mein utne hi volume ki hawa se lagbhag tees guna kam oxygen hoti hai.
Machhli mouth se paani andar leti hai aur use gills ke upar se dhakelti hai, jahan blood ghuli hui oxygen le leta hai. Phir paani gill slits se bahar nikal jaata hai.
Zameen par saans lene ke organs, jaanwar koi bhi ho, ek jaise plan par bane hote hain:
- Bade: bahut badi surface hawa ko chhooti hai, kyunki oxygen aur carbon dioxide wahin se paar hoti hain.
- Patle: surface bahut patli aur geeli hoti hai taaki gases jaldi paar hon, aur isi wajah se woh naazuk bhi hoti hai.
- Protected: kyunki woh naazuk hai, woh body ke andar chhupi rehti hai, aur tubes hawa ko us tak laati hain.
- Ventilated: muscles taazi hawa andar aur baasi hawa bahar pump karti rehti hain.
Human respiratory system
Chalo hawa ki ek saans ko body ke andar follow karte hain (Fig. 5.10):
- Hawa nostrils se andar aati hai. Nasal passage ki lining par baarik baal aur chipchipa mucus dhool aur germs ko pakad lete hain.
- Yeh throat (pharynx) aur voice box se hote hue trachea, yaani windpipe, mein jaati hai. Iski deewar mein cartilage ke rings airway ko pichakne se rokte hain.
- Trachea do bronchi mein bant jaati hai, har lung ke liye ek. Lungs ke andar yeh baar-baar shaakhaon mein bant kar aur patli tubes, bronchioles, ban jaati hain.
- Har bronchiole chhote balloon jaise air sacs ke ek guchhe par khatam hota hai, jinhe alveoli (कूपिका; singular alveolus) kehte hain. Inki patli deewaron par blood capillaries ka ghana jaal lipta hota hai. Gases ka exchange yahin hota hai.
4/5Bronchioles alveoli par khatam hote hain: oxygen blood mein jaati hai, carbon dioxide usse bahar aati hai.
Airway aur lungs ka front view, paanch steps mein banta hai. Step 1: baalon wala nasal passage, jo neeche throat mein jaata hai. Step 2: chest ke beech se neeche jaati trachea, jismein C-shape ke cartilage rings hain. Step 3: trachea left aur right bronchi mein bant kar do lungs mein jaati hai, jo gumbad jaise diaphragm ke upar hain, aur side mein ribs bani hain. Step 4: bronchi bronchioles mein bant jaati hain, aur ek gol zoom alveoli ka guchha dikhata hai jis par blood capillary lipti hai, jis par gas exchange likha hai. Step 5, saans andar lena: ribs upar aur bahar jaati hain, diaphragm chapta hota hai, lungs phailte hain aur arrows dikhate hain ki hawa naak se tezi se andar aa rahi hai.
Saans lena dhaunkni ki jodi ki tarah kaam karta hai. Saans andar lene ke liye ribs ke beech ki muscles rib cage ko upar aur bahar kheenchti hain, jabki diaphragm, lungs ke neeche muscle ki gumbad jaisi sheet, kas kar chapta ho jaata hai. Dono movements chest ko bada karti hain. Lungs extra jagah bharne ke liye phailte hain, aur hawa airways se neeche alveoli tak behti hai. Saans bahar chhodne ke liye muscles dheeli padti hain: ribs wapas girti hain, diaphragm phir gumbad ban jaata hai, chest sikudti hai aur hawa bahar dhakel di jaati hai.
Patli alveolar deewar ke across traffic ek saath dono taraf chalta hai: oxygen hawa se blood mein jaati hai, aur tissues se laayi gayi carbon dioxide bahar hawa mein jaati hai. Gehri saans bahar chhodne ke baad bhi ek litre se zyaada hawa andar reh jaati hai, jise residual volume kehte hain. Kyunki lungs kabhi khaali nahi hote, exchange ek saans aur agli saans ke beech ke pause mein bhi chalta rehta hai.
Oxygen paani mein mushkil se ghulti hai, isliye akela blood plasma bahut kam oxygen le ja sakta tha. Hamara blood is samasya ko haemoglobin (हीमोग्लोबिन) se hal karta hai, ek laal pigment jo red blood cells ke andar bhara hota hai. Haemoglobin oxygen ko wahan pakadta hai jahan woh zyaada hai, yaani lungs mein, aur wahan chhod deta hai jahan woh kam hai, yaani kaam karte tissues mein. Is tarah oxygen le jaane wale pigments ko respiratory pigments kehte hain, aur har bada jaanwar kisi ek par depend karta hai, kyunki lambi dooriyon par diffusion bahut dheema hai. Carbon dioxide ka case ulta hai: yeh kahin zyaada soluble hai, isliye iska zyaadatar hissa bas blood mein ghul kar wapas lungs tak pahunchta hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Ethanol, carbon dioxide aur thodi energy
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Cytoplasm
Answer dekho
Answer Sahi
- Nostrils
- Trachea
- Pharynx
- Alveoli
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
Answer dekho
- Nostrils
- Pharynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Practice: respiration (NCERT ke in-text questions, p. 91): answers ke saath
Machhli ko apne gills ke upar lagbhag bina ruke paani pump karte rehna padta hai, jabki aaraam karta kutta dheere saans leta hai. Oxygen paane mein zameen ke jaanwar ko kya fayda hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerHawa mein paani se kahin zyaada oxygen hoti hai, isliye zameen ke jaanwar ko kam aur dheemi saanson se hi kaafi oxygen mil jaati hai.
Paani mein utne hi volume ki hawa se lagbhag tees guna kam oxygen hoti hai. Isliye paani ke jaanwar ko apne gills ke upar se bahut saara paani tezi se guzaarna padta hai. Zameen ke jaanwar ko kam aur dheemi saanson se kaafi oxygen mil jaati hai aur woh saans lene par kam energy kharch karta hai.
Teen tareeke batao jinse alag-alag organisms (ya cells) energy paane ke liye glucose todte hain. Har ek ke liye batao ki yeh kahan hota hai aur end products kya hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerCytoplasm mein glucose → pyruvate, phir: ethanol + carbon dioxide (yeast); lactic acid (oxygen ki kami wali muscle); carbon dioxide + paani (mitochondria, oxygen ke saath).
Teeno cytoplasm mein shuru hote hain: glucose (6 C) → pyruvate (3 C). Phir:
- Yeast, oxygen nahi: ethanol + carbon dioxide + thodi energy.
- Oxygen ki kami wali muscle: lactic acid + thodi energy.
- Mitochondria, oxygen ke saath: carbon dioxide + paani + bahut saari energy.
Human blood mein oxygen aur carbon dioxide kaise le jaayi jaati hain? Inhe alag-alag tarah se kyun le jaaya jaata hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerOxygen ko red blood cells ka haemoglobin le jaata hai; zyaadatar carbon dioxide blood mein ghul kar jaati hai.
Oxygen paani mein mushkil se ghulti hai, isliye red blood cells ka haemoglobin use le jaata hai, jo lungs mein oxygen se judta hai aur tissues mein use chhod deta hai. Carbon dioxide kahin zyaada soluble hai, isliye iska zyaadatar hissa plasma mein ghul kar wapas lungs tak jaata hai.
Lungs chhaati ke andar fit ho jaate hain, phir bhi woh lagbhag badminton court jitni badi gas-exchange surface dete hain. Inhe aisa kaise design kiya gaya hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerAirways laakhon chhoti alveoli mein bant jaate hain, jinki milakar bahut badi surface hoti hai.
Bronchi baar-baar bant kar patli bronchioles banti hain, aur har ek chhoti alveoli ke guchhe par khatam hoti hai. Laakhon chhote sacs ki kul surface (lagbhag 80 m²) usi volume ke ek bade sac se kahin zyaada hoti hai, aur unki patli deewaron par capillaries lipti hoti hain.
5.4 Transportation
5.4.1 Insaanon mein Transportation
Blood body ka delivery fluid hai. Iska liquid hissa, plasma, zyaadatar paani hai jismein cheezein ghuli hoti hain: digest hua khaana, carbon dioxide, urea aur doosre nitrogen wale wastes, salts aur bhi bahut kuch. Plasma mein red blood cells tairte hain, jo oxygen le jaate hain, aur saath mein white blood cells aur platelets bhi. (Class 9 mein tum blood se ek fluid connective tissue ke roop mein mil chuke ho.) Lekin delivery service ko sirf parcels se zyaada chahiye. Body ko blood chalaate rehne ke liye ek engine, har tissue tak pahunchne wala road network, aur tooti sadkon ke liye ek repair team bhi chahiye: heart, blood vessels aur platelets.
Heart: hamara pump
Tumhara heart, band mutthi ke size ka ek muscular pump, chhaati mein dono lungs ke beech thoda left ki taraf jhuka hua baitha hai. Blood ko cells tak oxygen le jaani hai aur unse carbon dioxide door le jaani hai. Agar oxygen-rich aur carbon-dioxide-rich blood mil jaate, to body ko patli oxygen supply milti, isliye heart alag-alag chambers mein bata hai (Fig. 5.11). Ek moti deewar, septum, right side ko, jo deoxygenated blood sambhalti hai, left side se alag rakhti hai, jo oxygenated blood sambhalti hai. Har side par ek patli deewar wala upar ka chamber, atrium, blood leta hai, aur ek moti deewar wala neeche ka chamber, ventricle, use bahar pump karta hai.
3/4Left side: lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.
Kate hue heart ka schematic front view, jismein insaan ki right side dekhne wale ke left mein hai. Step 1: chaar chambers, dekhne wale ke left mein right atrium aur ventricle, right mein left atrium aur ventricle, beech mein septum; left ventricle ki deewar sabse moti hai. Step 2: dashed blue arrows dikhate hain ki body se blood do vena cavae ke raaste right atrium mein aata hai, right ventricle mein jaata hai aur pulmonary artery se lungs ki taraf nikalta hai. Step 3: solid red arrows dikhate hain ki lungs se blood pulmonary veins ke raaste left atrium mein aata hai, left ventricle mein jaata hai aur aorta se nikalta hai. Step 4 woh valves mark karta hai jo flow ko ek hi taraf rakhte hain.
Ek round follow karo, us blood se shuru karke jo abhi-abhi body se wapas aaya hai:
- Body se deoxygenated blood vena cava se hote hue dheele pade right atrium mein aata hai.
- Right atrium sikudta hai. Usi pal right ventricle dheela padta hai, isliye woh bhar jaata hai.
- Right ventricle sikudta hai aur blood ko pulmonary artery se lungs mein bhejta hai, jahan woh carbon dioxide chhodta hai aur oxygen leta hai.
- Oxygen-rich blood pulmonary veins se wapas dheele pade left atrium mein aata hai.
- Left atrium sikudta hai jabki left ventricle dheela hokar bharta hai.
- Left ventricle zor se sikudta hai aur blood ko aorta mein pump karta hai, jo use poori body tak le jaati hai.
Asli heartbeat mein dono sides saath kaam karti hain: dono atria ek saath sikudte hain, phir dono ventricles. Kyunki ventricles blood ko lungs ya poori body tak dhakelte hain, unki deewarein atria se kahin moti hoti hain, aur left ventricle ki deewar sabse moti hoti hai. Openings par lage valves chamber ke sikudne par blood ko ulta behne se rokte hain. Doctor stethoscope se jo 'lub-dub' sunte hain, woh valves ke jhatke se band hone ki aawaz hai.
Double circulation
Alag-alag vertebrates ke hearts ki tulna karo to ek pattern dikhta hai (Table 5.8).
| Animals | Chambers | Oxygenated aur deoxygenated blood | Har round mein heart se kitni baar guzarta hai |
|---|---|---|---|
| Machhli | 2 (ek atrium, ek ventricle) | heart mein sirf deoxygenated blood aata hai | 1 |
| Mendhak aur zyaadatar reptiles | 3 (do atria, ek ventricle) | thoda mil jaate hain | 2 |
| Birds aur mammals | 4 | poori tarah alag rakhe jaate hain | 2 |
Machhli mein heart blood ko gills tak pump karta hai. Wahan blood oxygen leta hai aur heart mein wapas aane se pehle seedhe poori body mein ghoomta hai (Fig. 5.12). Ek round, heart se ek baar: yeh single circulation hai. Hamari body mein har round ke do hisse hote hain: heart se lungs aur wapas, phir heart se body aur wapas. Har round mein blood ka heart se do baar guzarna double circulation (दोहरा परिसंचरण) hai.
Birds aur mammals ko chaar chambers aur poora alagaav kyun chahiye? Woh mausam kaisa bhi ho, apni body ko ek steady temperature par garam rakhte hain. Isme lagaataar fuel jalta hai aur oxygen ki bharpoor, bina mili supply chahiye. Mendhak ya chhipkali apni body ka temperature aas-paas ke hisaab se badalne dete hain, kahin kam energy kharch karte hain, aur dono streams ke thode milne ko jhel sakte hain.
Aisa circulation jismein har poore round mein blood heart se do baar guzarta hai: ek baar lungs ki taraf jaate hue (pulmonary circuit) aur ek baar baaki body ki taraf jaate hue (systemic circuit).
ExampleInsaanon, birds aur doosre mammals mein double circulation hota hai; machhliyon mein single circulation.
3/4Har poora round heart se do baar guzarta hai: double circulation.
Left mein human circulation ko aade aath (8) ke aakaar mein banaya gaya hai, jiske crossing par chaar chambers wala heart hai, left end par lungs aur right end par body organs. Step 1 lung loop ko highlight karta hai: dashed blue blood right ventricle se lungs ki taraf jaata hai aur solid red hokar left atrium mein lautta hai. Step 2 body loop ko highlight karta hai: solid red blood left ventricle se body ki taraf jaata hai aur dashed blue hokar right atrium mein lautta hai. Step 3 dono loops dikhata hai aur ek counter batata hai ki har round mein blood heart se 2 baar guzarta hai. Step 4 right mein machhli ka single loop jodta hai: do chambers wala heart blood ko gills tak pump karta hai, phir body tak aur wapas, aur counter batata hai ki har round mein heart se 1 baar.
Tubes: blood vessels
Blood teen tarah ki tubes ke ek band loop mein chalta hai, aur har tube apne pressure ke hisaab se bani hai (Fig. 5.14). Blood heart se zor ke jhatkon mein arteries mein nikalta hai, jo use heart se door le jaati hain. Inki moti, elastic, muscular deewarein har beat ke saath khinchti hain aur wapas sikudti hain; yahi wapas sikudna woh pulse hai jo tum apni kalaai par mehsoos karte ho. Kisi organ ke andar arteries baar-baar bant kar patli se patli vessels banati hain, aur aakhir mein capillaries banti hain jinki deewarein sirf ek cell moti hoti hain. Khaana, oxygen, carbon dioxide aur wastes in patli deewaron ke across cells tak aate-jaate hain.
Phir capillaries milkar veins banti hain, jo blood ko heart tak wapas laati hain. Ab tak pressure gir chuka hota hai, isliye veins ki deewarein patli hoti hain, aur unke andar flap jaise valves blood ko peeche khisakne se rokte hain, jo pairon mein sabse zyaada zaroori hai. Yaad rakho ki arteries aur veins ka naam unki direction se hai, oxygen se nahi: pulmonary artery deoxygenated blood le jaati hai, aur pulmonary veins oxygenated blood le jaati hain.
Teen cross-sections aamne-saamne, ek doosre ke hisaab se lagbhag scale par. Artery ek gol tube hai jiski deewar moti, layered, elastic aur muscular hai aur channel patla hai. Vein thodi chapti tube hai jiski deewar patli aur channel chauda hai, aur ek valve ke do flaps uske channel ke across milte hain. Capillary ek bahut chhoti tube hai jiski deewar chapte cells ki ek hi layer hai, aur chhote arrows dikhate hain ki substances deewar ke paar ja rahe hain.
| Artery | Vein | Capillary | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood le jaati hai | heart se door | heart ki taraf | arteries aur veins ke beech, organs ke andar |
| Deewar | moti, elastic, muscular | patli | ek cell moti |
| Pressure | high | low | low |
| Valves | nahi (heart ke paas chhod kar) | haan | nahi |
| Main kaam | organs tak blood pahunchaana | blood ko heart tak wapas laana | cells ke saath exchange |
Platelets se maintenance
Platelets cells ke chhote tukde hain jo blood mein tab tak bahte rehte hain jab tak koi vessel damage na ho. Tab woh chot ki jagah ikatthe hote hain aur blood ko clot hone mein madad karte hain, jisse gap band ho jaata hai. Yeh do wajah se zaroori hai: isse blood bachta hai, aur woh pressure bana rehta hai jise heart itni mehnat se banata hai, kyunki leak karta system theek se pump nahi kar paata. Isi liye chhota sa kat kuch hi minute mein khoon behna band kar deta hai.
Lymph
Har din capillaries se tissues mein jitna fluid bahar nikalta hai, utna wapas andar nahi aata, thoda zyaada bahar reh jaata hai. Agar koi drain na ho to tissues soojh jaayein. Yeh nikla hua fluid, jise tissue fluid ya lymph (लसीका) kehte hain, woh plasma hai jo capillary deewaron ke chhote pores se nichud kar nikla hai, aur apne saath thoda protein aur kuch white blood cells laata hai. Yeh rangheen hota hai aur ismein plasma se kam protein hota hai. Lymph patli lymphatic capillaries mein ikattha hota hai, jo judkar badi lymph vessels banti hain aur heart ke paas badi veins mein khaali hoti hain, isliye fluid wapas blood mein aa jaata hai. Lymph vessels ka ek doosra kaam bhi hai: har villus ke andar ki chhoti lymph vessel intestine mein absorb hua fat leti hai aur use blood tak le jaati hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Pulmonary artery
Answer dekho
- (A) Blood ko heart ki taraf le jaati hai
- (C) Andar valves
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Yeh blood ko sirf lungs tak nahi, poori body tak pump karta hai
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Ghaav par blood ko clot hone mein madad karte hain
5.4.2 Plants mein Transportation
Nariyal ka ped pachchees metre ooncha ho sakta hai. Iski pattiyan upar khaana banati hain, jabki iski roots neeche mitti se paani aur nitrogen aur phosphorus jaise minerals leti hain. Kuch centimetre oonche seedling mein diffusion yeh doori paar kar sakta hai, lekin pachchees metre kabhi nahi. Isliye plants ko ek transport system chahiye, jismein pipes ke do alag sets hain, woh tissues jinse tum Class 9 mein mile the (Fig. 5.15). Xylem paani aur ghule hue minerals ko roots se upar le jaata hai. Phloem pattiyon mein bana khaana baaki har hisse tak le jaata hai.
Plant ka transport dheema ho sakta hai. Plants chalte ya daudte nahi, aur unka bahut saara hissa, jaise lakdi, dead tissue hai, isliye unhe utne hi size ke jaanwar ke muqaable kam energy chahiye. Unka kaam doori ki wajah se mushkil hai: sabse oonche ped sau metre se bhi zyaada oonche hote hain.
3/5Pattiyon se evaporation column ko upar kheenchta hai: transpiration pull (din mein main force).
Roots, stem, teen pattiyon, ek fruit aur ek kali wala ek simple plant, jiske stem ke saath do tubes bani hain: left mein xylem aur right mein phloem. Step 1: root cells mitti se mineral ions lete hain aur paani unke peeche root mein aata hai. Step 2: xylem mein paani ka column neeche se upar dhakela jaata hai, jis par root pressure likha hai, zyaadatar raat mein. Step 3: water vapour stomata se pattiyon se bahar nikalti hai aur column upar se kheencha jaata hai, jis par transpiration pull likha hai, din mein main force. Step 4: phloem mein sugar ek patti se neeche root tak aur side mein fruit tak jaati hai. Step 5: root mein stored sugar phloem se upar ek khilti kali tak jaati hai.
Paani ka transport
Xylem ko pipes ka ek lamba, bina toota set samjho jo root ki nok se patti ki nok tak jaata hai: iski tube jaisi vessels aur tracheids roots, stem aur pattiyon mein end to end judi hoti hain. Paani neeche se osmosis ke ek chalaak istemaal se andar aata hai. Mitti ko chhoone wale root cells energy use karke mineral ions lete hain, isliye root mein aas-paas ki mitti se zyaada ions ka concentration ho jaata hai. Phir is fark ko barabar karne ke liye paani mitti se root mein jaata hai. Isse root xylem mein paani ka lagaataar inflow hota hai, aur yeh paani ke column ko upar dhakelta hai. Is dhakke ko root pressure kehte hain.
Akela root pressure paani ko sirf kuch metre utha sakta hai, oonche ped ki choti ke aas-paas bhi nahi. Plants ke paas paani upar le jaane ka ek doosra, kahin zyaada strong tareeka hai. Agli activity iska ishaara deti hai.
Pattiyan apne khule stomata se hamesha water vapour khoti rehti hain. Jab leaf cells se paani evaporate hota hai, to woh patti ke xylem se aur paani kheench lete hain. Kyunki xylem mein paani ek bina toota column banata hai, yeh kheench stem se hote hue roots tak pahunchti hai, bilkul waise jaise lambi straw se drink choosna. Plant ke zameen se upar wale hisson se paani ka vapour ke roop mein nikalna transpiration (वाष्पोत्सर्जन) kehlaata hai.
Plant ke zameen se upar wale hisson se, zyaadatar pattiyon ke stomata se, paani ka vapour ke roop mein nikalna.
ExampleSunlight mein gamle wale plant par bandhe polythene bag ke andar ki dhundh.
Paani khona bekaar lagta hai, lekin transpiration apna kaam karta hai. Yahi woh engine hai jo paani, aur usmein ghule minerals, ko roots se pattiyon tak uthata hai, aur evaporation garam din mein pattiyon ko thanda karta hai, bilkul waise jaise sookhta paseena tumhari skin ko thanda karta hai. Root pressure aur transpiration din ke samay ke hisaab se uthaane ka kaam baant lete hain. Raat mein, jab zyaadatar stomata band hote hain, root pressure zyaada kaam karta hai. Din mein, jab stomata khule hote hain, transpiration pull main force ban jaata hai.
Khaane aur doosre substances ka transport
Har meetha aam, har aalu aur gehun ka har daana us khaane se bhara hai jo pattiyon se phloem ke raaste aaya. Photosynthesis ke soluble products ko plant mein idhar-udhar le jaana translocation (स्थानांतरण) kehlaata hai. Phloem sugar ke alaawa amino acids aur doosre substances bhi le jaata hai. Iske conducting cells sieve tubes hain, aur har ek ke saath companion cells hote hain jo use kaam karne mein madad karte hain, aur flow upar ya neeche, dono taraf ho sakta hai, khaas kar un hisson tak jo khaana store karte hain (roots, fruits, seeds) aur jo badh rahe hain.
Xylem ke ulat, phloem ke liye plant ko energy kharch karni padti hai. Loading teen steps mein hoti hai:
- Sugar, zyaadatar sucrose, ATP ki energy use karke sieve tubes mein load ki jaati hai.
- Andar itni ghuli hui sugar hone se sieve tube ka osmotic pressure badh jaata hai aur paas ke xylem se paani andar aata hai.
- Yeh pressure meethe sap ko phloem mein un tissues ki taraf dhakelta hai jahan pressure kam hai, kyunki wahan sugar use ya store ho rahi hai.
Kyunki plant control karta hai ki sugar kahan load aur unload ho, woh khaana wahan bhej sakta hai jahan us waqt zaroorat ho. Jaise, jab kitchen mein pada purana aalu ankurit hota hai, to tuber mein stored khaana badhte shoots mein bheja jaata hai.
Xylem aur phloem
Xylem
- Paani aur ghule hue minerals le jaata hai
- Unhe ek hi taraf le jaata hai: roots se upar
- Vessels aur tracheids (dead cells)
- Root pressure aur transpiration pull se chalta hai; koi ATP use nahi hota
Phloem
- Khaana le jaata hai: sugars, amino acids aur doosre substances
- Unhe upar aur neeche, dono taraf le jaata hai
- Companion cells ke saath sieve tubes (living)
- Sugar load karne ke liye ATP ki energy use karta hai
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Transpiration pull
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Woh hilte nahi aur unke kai cells dead hain, isliye energy ki zaroorat kam hai
Practice: transportation (NCERT ke in-text questions, p. 96): answers ke saath
Human transport system ke teen main parts ke naam batao aur har ek ka ek kaam batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerHeart (blood pump karta hai), blood vessels (use har jagah le jaati hain), blood (substances le jaata hai).
- Heart: woh pump jo blood ko chalaata rehta hai.
- Blood vessels: arteries blood ko heart se door le jaati hain, veins use wapas laati hain, capillaries cells ke saath exchange hone deti hain.
- Blood: plasma ghula hua khaana, carbon dioxide aur wastes le jaata hai; red blood cells oxygen le jaate hain; platelets clotting mein madad karte hain.
Gauraiya sardi ki thandi subah mein bhi apni body lagbhag 41 °C par rakhti hai. Samjhao ki use apna oxygenated aur deoxygenated blood poori tarah alag kyun rakhna padta hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerBody ko garam rakhne mein bahut energy, yaani bahut oxygen lagti hai; alagaav se body ko sabse zyaada oxygen-rich blood milta hai.
Body ka temperature constant aur garam rakhne mein bahut saari energy lagti hai, isliye cells ko oxygen ki bharpoor supply chahiye. Mixing se body tak pahunchne wali oxygen patli ho jaati. Chaar chambers wala heart dono tarah ke blood ko poori tarah alag rakhta hai, isliye body ko hamesha poora oxygenated blood milta hai.
Flowering plant ke do conducting tissues ke naam batao aur har ek kya le jaata hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerXylem paani aur minerals le jaata hai; phloem khaana le jaata hai.
Xylem paani aur ghule hue minerals ko roots se upar le jaata hai. Phloem pattiyon mein bani sugars, aur amino acids, ko doosre hisson tak, dono taraf le jaata hai.
Samjhao ki oonche nariyal ke ped ki choti ki pattiyon tak paani aur minerals kaise pahunchte hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerRoot pressure neeche se paani andar dhakelta hai; transpiration pull upar se lagaataar xylem column ko upar kheenchta hai.
Root cells mineral ions lete hain, isliye paani unke peeche roots mein aata hai; yeh inflow paani ko xylem mein upar dhakelta hai (root pressure). Oonche nariyal ke ped ke liye yeh bahut kamzor hai, isliye main lift transpiration se aati hai: pattiyon se evaporate hota paani xylem ke bina toote paani ke column ko kheenchta hai. Minerals paani mein ghul kar jaate hain.
Ganna apne stem mein sugar store karta hai, jabki sugar uski pattiyon mein banti hai. Sugar wahan kaise pahunchti hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerPhloem mein translocation se, jo sugar load karne ke liye ATP use karta hai aur phir use pressure se aage badhaata hai.
Phloem mein translocation se. ATP ki energy use karke sucrose sieve tubes mein load hota hai; osmotic pressure badhta hai, paani andar aata hai, aur pressure sap ko stem tak dhakelta hai, jahan sugar unload hokar store hoti hai.
5.5 Excretion
Har kaam karta cell waste banata hai. Respiration se bani carbon dioxide se chhutkaara paana aasaan hai, jaise humne dekha: yeh lungs ya stomata se nikal jaati hai. Asli problem nitrogen hai. Jab body proteins aur amino acids todti hai, to nitrogen ammonia, urea ya uric acid mein pahunchti hai, aur agar yeh jama ho jaayein to sab zehreele hain. Body ki apni chemistry se bane harmful wastes se chhutkaara paana excretion (उत्सर्जन) hai.
Body ki apni chemical reactions se bane harmful waste products, jaise urea aur carbon dioxide, ko body se bahar nikaalna.
ExampleKidneys urine mein urea excrete karti hain. (Undigested khaana bahar nikaalna excretion nahi hai: woh khaana kabhi body ke cells ka hissa bana hi nahi.)
Yeh kaise hota hai, yeh size par depend karta hai. Talaab ka Amoeba apne wastes ko bas apni surface se paani mein diffuse hone deta hai. Bade, multicellular animals ko aise organs chahiye jo sirf yahi kaam karein.
5.5.1 Insaanon mein Excretion
Hamare excretory system ke chaar parts hain (Fig. 5.16): sem ke beej jaisi do kidneys, do patli tubes jinhe ureters kehte hain, ek muscular thaila, urinary bladder, aur bahar jaane wali ek tube, urethra. Kidneys pet ke peeche upar ki taraf, reedh ki haddi ke dono taraf ek-ek baithi hain. Wastes wala blood har kidney mein renal artery se aata hai aur saaf hokar renal vein se nikalta hai. Kidneys urine banati hain, jo ureters se neeche bladder mein jaata hai, wahan store hota hai aur aakhir mein urethra se body se bahar nikalta hai.
4/4Urethra urine ko body se bahar le jaati hai.
Excretory organs ka front view, beech mein reedh ki haddi bani hai. Step 1: sem ke beej jaisi do kidneys, reedh ki haddi ke dono taraf ek-ek. Step 2: aorta aur vena cava reedh ki haddi ke saath chalti hain; ek renal artery har kidney mein blood le jaati hai aur ek renal vein saaf blood bahar laati hai. Step 3: har kidney se ek ureter neeche bottom par urinary bladder tak jaata hai. Step 4: bladder se urethra bahar jaati hai, aur dashed arrows urine ka raasta kidneys se ureters hote hue bladder tak aur bahar tak dikhate hain.
Urine banana asal mein blood saaf karne ka tareeka hai. Har kidney mein lagbhag das laakh microscopic filtering units bhari hain jinhe nephrons (वृक्काणु) kehte hain. Ek nephron ke parts follow karo (Fig. 5.17):
- Glomerulus. Renal artery ki ek branch patli deewar wali capillaries ki ek kasi hui gaanth mein bant jaati hai. Yahan blood pressure blood se paani aur chhote ghule hue substances ko nichod kar bahar nikaalta hai.
- Bowman's capsule. Nephron ki tube ki cup jaisi shuruaat glomerulus ke chaaron taraf lipti hoti hai aur is liquid, filtrate, ko ikattha karti hai. Ismein urea hota hai, lekin kaam ke glucose, amino acids aur salts bhi, aur bahut saara paani.
- Tubule. Jaise-jaise filtrate lambi, mudi hui tube mein behta hai, kaam ke substances aas-paas ki capillaries mein wapas le liye jaate hain: saara glucose aur amino acids, kai salts aur zyaadatar paani. Yeh selective reabsorption hai.
- Collecting duct. Jo bachta hai, urea aur extra salts wala paani, woh ab urine hai. Yeh kai nephrons se collecting ducts mein aur phir ureter mein jaata hai.
4/5Glucose, amino acids, salts aur zyaadatar paani blood mein reabsorb hote hain.
Left se right phaila ek nephron. Step 1: renal artery ki ek branch left se aati hai aur capillaries ki gaanth, glomerulus, banati hai. Step 2: cup jaisa Bowman's capsule glomerulus ko gherta hai, aur filtrate ke chhote dots blood se cup mein jaate hain. Step 3: capsule ek lambi tubule mein khulta hai jo mudti hai, U-shape ke loop mein neeche jaati hai aur phir mudti hai, aur uske saath-saath capillaries chalti hain. Step 4: arrows tubule se capillaries ki taraf jaate hain, jin par glucose, amino acids, salts aur water likha hai, jo reabsorption dikhate hain. Step 5: tubule right mein ek collecting duct se judti hai, aur urine usmein neeche ureter ki taraf behta hai, jabki saaf blood renal vein ki ek branch mein nikal jaata hai.
Kidney ki basic filtering unit: Bowman's capsule ke andar capillaries ka glomerulus, jo ek lambi tubule mein khulta hai jahan kaam ke substances reabsorb hote hain aur urine banta hai.
ExampleHar human kidney mein lagbhag das laakh nephrons hote hain.
Tubules tay karti hain ki kitna paani wapas lena hai. Jab body mein paani kam hota hai to woh zyaada rakhti hain, aur jab paani zyaada ho to zyaada jaane deti hain, saath mein yeh bhi dhyaan rakhti hain ki kitna ghula hua waste bahar bahaana hai. Garam din mein lambe cricket match ke baad bahut kam paani bachta hai, isliye tubules lagbhag saara paani wapas le leti hain aur tum thoda sa gehra, concentrated urine paas karte ho. Kai glass nimbu-paani peene ke baad kam paani wapas liya jaata hai aur tum bahut saara halka urine paas karte ho. Isi tarah body apne paani ki maatra steady rakhti hai.
Kidney kitna wapas leti hai?
Healthy adult ki kidneys din mein lagbhag 180 L filtrate banati hain, lekin woh insaan sirf lagbhag 1.5 L urine paas karta hai.
- Filtrate ka kitna percentage reabsorb hota hai?
- Jis din bahut paani piya, us din urine badh kar 3.5 L ho jaata hai jabki filtrate 180 L hi rehta hai. Ab kitna percentage reabsorb hota hai?
- Yeh tulna urine ke volume ke control ke baare mein kya batati hai?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Tum toilet pahunchne tak ruk kyun sakte ho? Bladder ek khinchne wala, muscular thaila hai. Jaise-jaise yeh bharta hai, khinchaav mehsoos karne wali nerves brain ko signal bhejti hain, aur tumhe urine paas karne ki ichchha hoti hai. Urine bahar jaane dene wali muscles nervous system ke control mein hain, isliye tum aam taur par sahi mauka milne tak rok sakte ho. Chapter 6 samjhata hai ki aisa control kaise kaam karta hai.
5.5.2 Plants mein Excretion
Plant ke paas kidneys nahi hoti, phir bhi woh apne waste ko achhe se sambhal leta hai. Gases aasaan hissa hain. Oxygen, jo photosynthesis ka by-product hai, aur respiration se bani carbon dioxide stomata se bahar diffuse ho jaati hain, aur extra paani transpiration se nikal jaata hai. Baaki sab ke liye plant hataane ke bajaaye store karne par bharosa karta hai. Woh aisa kar sakta hai, kyunki uski body ka bahut saara hissa dead tissue hai aur woh poore parts gira sakta hai. Waste yahan jaata hai:
- Vacuoles mein: kai wastes living cells ki badi vacuoles mein band kar diye jaate hain, jahan woh koi nuksaan nahi kar sakte.
- Gums aur resins mein: yeh khaas kar tane ke beech ke purane, dead xylem mein jama hote hain. Babool ke ped ka khaane layak gum (gond) aur pine ke pedon ka resin iske examples hain.
- Purane parts ke saath bahar: wastes un pattiyon mein jama hote hain jo baad mein gir jaati hain, aur us chhaal mein jo utar jaati hai.
- Mitti mein: roots kuch wastes aas-paas ki mitti mein chhod deti hain.
- Urethra
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Kidney
Answer dekho
- Kidney
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Glucose
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Yeh reabsorption nahi karti
Practice: excretion (NCERT ke in-text questions, p. 98): answers ke saath
Nephron ke parts ke naam us order mein batao jismein filtrate unse guzarta hai, aur har ek ka kaam batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerGlomerulus (blood filter karta hai), Bowman's capsule (filtrate ikattha karta hai), tubule (kaam ke substances reabsorb karti hai), collecting duct (urine ko ureter tak le jaati hai).
- Glomerulus: patli deewar wali capillaries; paani aur chhote molecules blood se nichod kar nikaale jaate hain.
- Bowman's capsule: filtrate ikattha karta hai.
- Tubule: glucose, amino acids, salts aur zyaadatar paani blood mein reabsorb hote hain.
- Collecting duct: urine ko ureter tak le jaati hai.
Teen tareeke batao jinse plants apne waste products se chhutkaara paate hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerWastes ko vacuoles mein store karna; waste wali pattiyan aur chhaal girana; purane xylem mein gums aur resins store karna (aur bhi: wastes mitti mein chhodna, gases stomata se, paani transpiration se).
Inmein se koi teen: gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) stomata se bahar diffuse hoti hain; extra paani transpiration se nikalta hai; wastes cell vacuoles mein store hote hain; wastes un pattiyon aur chhaal mein jama hote hain jo baad mein gir jaati hain; wastes purane xylem mein gums aur resins ke roop mein store hote hain; kuch wastes mitti mein chhode jaate hain.
Kai glass paani peene ke baad tumhara urine halka aur zyaada kyun hota hai, lekin garam din mein khoob khelne ke baad gehra aur kam kyun?
Solution dikhao
AnswerBody mein extra paani hone par kidneys kam paani reabsorb karti hain, aur paani kam hone par zyaada.
Urine ka volume is par depend karta hai ki tubules kitna paani reabsorb karti hain. Body mein extra paani ho to kam reabsorb hota hai aur bahut saara patla urine paas hota hai. Bahut paseena aane ke baad tubules jitna ho sake utna paani wapas le leti hain, aur thoda sa concentrated urine bachta hai.
Summary aur key points
- Dikhne wali movement life ka kamzor test hai; living things ko us lagaataar molecular activity se pehchaana jaata hai jo unhe maintain karti hai (Section 5.1).
- Organism ko theek rakhne wali life processes hain nutrition, respiration, transportation aur excretion; bade bodies ko special organs aur transport system chahiye kyunki diffusion bahut dheema hai (Section 5.1).
- Autotrophs sunlight aur chlorophyll use karke carbon dioxide aur paani se complex food banate hain; heterotrophs doosron ka banaya complex food lete hain aur use enzymes se digest karte hain (Section 5.2).
- Photosynthesis ke liye chlorophyll, carbon dioxide (jo stomata se andar aati hai), paani aur light chahiye; yeh paani se oxygen release karta hai, aur extra khaana starch ke roop mein store hota hai (Section 5.2.1).
- Heterotrophs khaane ko body ke bahar digest kar sakte hain (fungi), poora andar le sakte hain (zyaadatar animals) ya kisi living host se khaana le sakte hain (parasites); Amoeba khaane ko food vacuole mein pakadta hai (Section 5.2.2, Section 5.2.3).
- Insaanon mein khaana alimentary canal mein step by step saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice aur intestinal juice se digest hota hai, aur small intestine ki villi se absorb hota hai (Section 5.2.4).
- Respiration cytoplasm mein glucose ko pyruvate mein todta hai; oxygen ke saath mitochondria pyruvate ko carbon dioxide aur paani mein todte hain, aur ethanol ya lactic acid wale anaerobic raaston se kahin zyaada energy release karte hain (Section 5.3).
- Respiration ki energy ATP mein store hoti hai, jo cell ki baaki activities ko power deta hai (Glucose todne ke teen tareeke).
- Hawa naak, trachea, bronchi aur bronchioles se hote hue alveoli tak pahunchti hai; haemoglobin oxygen le jaata hai, aur zyaadatar carbon dioxide ghul kar jaati hai (Human respiratory system).
- Circulatory system (heart, blood aur blood vessels) oxygen, carbon dioxide, khaana aur wastes transport karta hai; chaar chambers wala heart birds aur mammals ko double circulation deta hai (Section 5.4.1, Double circulation).
- Plants mein xylem root pressure aur transpiration pull se paani aur minerals upar le jaata hai, aur phloem energy use karke khaane ko dono taraf translocate karta hai (Section 5.4.2).
- Kidneys ke nephrons blood se nitrogenous wastes filter karte hain aur kaam ke substances reabsorb karke urine banate hain (Section 5.5.1).
- Plants stomata aur transpiration se, wastes ko vacuoles, gums aur resins mein store karke, pattiyan aur chhaal gira kar, aur kuch wastes mitti mein chhod kar unse chhutkaara paate hain (Section 5.5.2).
Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)
Ek aadmi ki left kidney se uske bladder tak urine le jaane wali tube ko ek kidney stone ne block kar diya hai. Isse kis process ka organ system affect hua hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (B) excretion
Kidneys, ureters, bladder aur urethra milkar excretory system banate hain, jo nitrogenous wastes ko urine ke roop mein hataata hai.Ek white carnation raat bhar blue ink wale paani mein khada rehta hai, aur subah tak uski pankhudiyon par blue dhaariyan aa jaati hain. Jis tissue ne ink ko upar pahunchaya, woh mainly kya transport karta hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (A) paani aur ghule hue minerals
Rang wala paani xylem se upar chadha, jo paani aur ghule hue minerals ko upar le jaata hai. Khaana aur amino acids phloem mein chalte hain.Dhoop wali balcony par gamle mein ek gulaab rakha hai. Apna khaana khud banane ke liye uske paas inmein se kya hona zaroori hai? Jitne sahi hon, sab chuno.
Saare sahi options chunoAnswer dekho
Answer- (A) Carbon dioxide
- (C) Paani
- (D) Chlorophyll
- (E) Sunlight
Photosynthesis ke liye carbon dioxide, paani, chlorophyll aur sunlight chahiye. Andhera sirf activities mein test se pehle stored starch khatam karne ke liye use kiya gaya tha.Marathon runner ki pair ki muscle mein pyruvate poori tarah carbon dioxide aur paani mein toot jaata hai, aur bahut energy release hoti hai. Cell mein yeh kahan hota hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Mitochondria
Pyruvate ka poora, oxygen use karne wala breakdown mitochondria mein hota hai. Cytoplasm sirf glucose ko pyruvate mein todta hai, aur muscle cells mein chloroplasts nahi hote.Ravi ghee mein bana paratha khaata hai. Batao ki ghee kaise digest aur absorb hota hai: kaun se juices shaamil hain, har ek kya karta hai, aur yeh kahan hota hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerSmall intestine mein: bile fat ko emulsify karta hai, pancreatic juice ka lipase aur intestinal enzymes use fatty acids aur glycerol mein todte hain, jinhe villi absorb karti hain.
Ghee ek fat hai, jo lagbhag poori tarah small intestine mein digest hota hai. Liver se aaya bile khaane ko alkaline banata hai, aur iske salts bade fat globules ko chhoti-chhoti boondon mein todte hain (emulsification). Pancreatic juice ka lipase, phir intestinal enzymes, fat ko fatty acids aur glycerol mein badalte hain, jinhe villi apni lymph vessels aur blood mein absorb kar leti hain.
Saadi roti ka chhota tukda bina nigle do minute chabao, to woh thoda meetha lagne lagta hai. Samjhao kyun, aur saliva ke do aur kaam batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerSalivary amylase starch ko sugar mein todta hai; saliva khaane ko geela aur naram bhi karta hai aur use neeche phisalne mein madad karta hai.
Roti mein zyaadatar starch hota hai, jiska swaad meetha nahi hota. Saliva mein enzyme salivary amylase hota hai, jo starch ko simple sugar mein tod deta hai, aur sugar meethi lagti hai.
Saliva khaane ko geela aur naram bhi karta hai taaki use chabaaya ja sake, gola banaya ja sake aur aasaani se nigla ja sake, aur khaane ke guzarte samay yeh canal ki naazuk lining ko bachaata hai.
Ek classmate kehta hai, "Plant ko apna khaana banane ke liye sirf sunlight chahiye, aur woh kuch bhi kaam ki cheez bahar nahi deta." Is statement ke dono hisse sudhaaro.
Solution dikhao
AnswerIse carbon dioxide, paani, sunlight aur chlorophyll chahiye; glucose ke alaawa yeh oxygen (aur paani) bahar deta hai.
Autotrophic nutrition ko carbon dioxide, paani, sunlight aur chlorophyll (aur sahi temperature) chahiye. Akeli sunlight kaafi nahi hai.
Iska main product glucose hai, jiska bahut saara hissa starch ke roop mein store hota hai. Iske by-products hain oxygen, jiski lagbhag saare living things ko respiration ke liye zaroorat hai, aur paani.
Aerobic aur anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic aur anaerobic respiration ki teen tarah se tulna karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerOxygen chahiye ya nahi; poora ya adhoora breakdown; zyaada ya kam energy.
Oxygen: aerobic respiration oxygen use karta hai; anaerobic respiration iske bina (ya bahut kam oxygen mein) hota hai.
Products: aerobic respiration glucose ko poori tarah carbon dioxide aur paani mein todta hai; anaerobic respiration ethanol aur carbon dioxide (yeast) ya lactic acid (muscle) par ruk jaata hai.
Energy aur jagah: aerobic respiration kahin zyaada energy release karta hai aur mitochondria mein poora hota hai; anaerobic respiration thodi energy release karta hai aur sirf cytoplasm mein hota hai.
Do organisms, ya cells ki do kismein, batao jo anaerobic respiration use karte hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeast; bhaari exercise ke dauraan hamare muscle cells (kuch bacteria bhi).
Yeast (fermentation), kuch bacteria, aur hamare apne muscle cells jab bhaari exercise mein unhe oxygen kam padti hai.
Yeast mila aata garam jagah par chhodne par phool kyun jaata hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeast anaerobically respire karta hai aur jo carbon dioxide woh chhodta hai woh bubbles ke roop mein phans jaati hai.
Yeast aate ki sugar ko anaerobically todta hai, jisse ethanol aur carbon dioxide bante hain. Gas aate mein phanse bubbles banati hai, jisse aata phool jaata hai. Garmi yeast ke enzymes ko tez kar deti hai.
Alveoli ke teen features batao jo gas exchange ko tez banate hain, aur batao ki har ek kaise madad karta hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerLaakhon alveoli bahut badi surface dete hain; deewarein ek cell moti aur geeli hain; har ek capillaries se lipti hai.
- Laakhon chhote sacs: bahut badi surface (lagbhag 80 m²).
- Bahut patli, geeli deewarein: gases bahut chhoti doori tak diffuse hoti hain.
- Capillaries ka ghana network: blood lagaataar oxygen le jaata hai aur carbon dioxide laata rehta hai, isliye diffusion kabhi rukta nahi.
Ek 15 saal ki ladki ke blood test mein haemoglobin 8 g/dL aata hai, jabki uske liye normal value lagbhag 12 g/dL hai. Woh jaldi thak jaati hai aur seedhiyan chadhte hue uski saans phool jaati hai. In symptoms ko samjhao, aur uski diet mein ek badlaav suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerBahut kam haemoglobin ka matlab hai ki uske cells tak bahut kam oxygen pahunchti hai, isliye aerobic respiration se kam energy release hoti hai; use zyaada iron wala khaana chahiye.
Haemoglobin lungs se tissues tak oxygen le jaata hai. Iske bahut kam hone par (anaemia) uske cells ko kam oxygen milti hai aur aerobic respiration se kam energy release hoti hai, isliye woh jaldi thak jaati hai; mehnat ke dauraan uski muscles ko oxygen kam padti hai aur uski saans phoolne lagti hai.
Haemoglobin banane ke liye iron chahiye, isliye use iron wale foods khaane chahiye, jaise hari pattedar sabziyan, gud aur daalein (iron absorb karne mein madad ke liye amla ya nimbu ke saath), aur doctor ko dikhaana chahiye.
Left ventricle se nikle blood ka raasta uske wapas left ventricle tak lautne tak trace karo, chambers aur main vessels ke naam batao. Ise double circulation kyun kehte hain, aur birds aur mammals ko iski zaroorat kyun hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerLeft ventricle → aorta → body → vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle. Har round mein blood heart se do baar guzarta hai; alagaav garam khoon wale jaanwaron ko zaroori high oxygen supply deta hai.
Body loop: left ventricle → aorta → body capillaries (oxygen pahunchaayi) → vena cava → right atrium. Lung loop: right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lung capillaries (oxygen li) → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle.
Har round mein blood heart se do baar guzarta hai, isliye yeh double circulation hai. Dono sides kabhi milti nahi, isliye body ko hamesha poora oxygenated blood milta hai, jiski birds aur mammals ko garam rehne mein kharch hone wali energy ke liye zaroorat hai.
Xylem mein transport aur phloem mein transport ke beech chaar fark likho.
Solution dikhao
AnswerPaani aur minerals banaam khaana; sirf upar banaam dono taraf; vessels aur tracheids banaam sieve tubes aur companion cells; physical forces banaam ATP ki energy.
- Kya: xylem paani aur ghule hue minerals le jaata hai; phloem khaana (sugars), amino acids aur doosre substances le jaata hai.
- Direction: xylem materials ko roots se upar le jaata hai; phloem unhe upar aur neeche, dono taraf le jaata hai.
- Cells: xylem vessels aur tracheids (dead cells) use karta hai; phloem companion cells ke saath sieve tubes (living) use karta hai.
- Force: xylem ka flow root pressure aur transpiration pull se chalta hai; phloem sugar load karne ke liye ATP ki energy use karta hai, aur usse bana pressure sap ko aage badhaata hai.
Lung ki alveolus aur kidney ka nephron, dono blood ke saath materials exchange karte hain. Structure aur function mein unki tulna karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerDono chhoti, patli deewar wali units hain jo capillaries se kas kar lipti hain aur bahut badi ginti mein hoti hain; alveolus diffusion se gases exchange karta hai, jabki nephron blood filter karta hai aur kaam ke substances reabsorb karke urine banata hai.
Same kya hai: dono microscopic units hain jo bahut badi ginti mein hoti hain, aur unki bahut patli deewarein blood capillaries se sati hoti hain, jisse badi surface milti hai.
Structure mein fark: alveolus bronchiole ke end par ek air sac hai; nephron glomerulus ke chaaron taraf ek Bowman's capsule hai, jo ek lambi tubule mein khulta hai.
Function mein fark: alveolus mein oxygen blood mein aur carbon dioxide bahar diffuse hoti hai, dono ek saath. Nephron pressure se blood ke paani aur chhote molecules filter karta hai, phir kaam ke molecules reabsorb karta hai, taaki urea aur extra paani urine ke roop mein nikal jaayein.
Right ventricle se nikalti blood ki boond ke liye stops ko sahi order mein lagao.
- Aorta
- Left atrium
- Pulmonary artery
- Left ventricle
- Pulmonary vein
- Lungs
Answer dekho
Answer- Pulmonary artery
- Lungs
- Pulmonary vein
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
- Aorta
Right ventricle se blood lungs tak jaata hai aur heart ki left side mein lautta hai, jo use aorta mein pump karti hai.Har substance ko us cheez se match karo jis par woh kaam karta hai.
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
Answer- Salivary amylase : starch
- Pepsin : proteins, acid mein
- Bile salts : bade fat globules
- Lipase : emulsified fats
Amylase starch digest karta hai, pepsin stomach ke acid mein proteins digest karta hai, bile salts fat ko emulsify karte hain, aur lipase emulsified fat digest karta hai.Assertion (A): Left ventricle ki deewar right ventricle ki deewar se moti hoti hai. Reason (R): Left ventricle blood ko poori body mein pump karta hai, jabki right ventricle sirf lungs tak.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) A aur R dono sahi hain, aur R, A ko samjhaata hai
Dono sahi hain, aur poori body mein blood pump karne ke liye kahin zyaada force chahiye, isi liye left ventricle ki deewar sabse moti hoti hai.Assertion (A): Machhli ka heart do chambers wala hota hai. Reason (R): Machhli mein har round mein blood heart se do baar guzarta hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) A sahi hai, lekin R galat hai
A sahi hai, lekin R galat hai: machhli mein single circulation hota hai. Blood heart → gills → body → heart jaata hai, aur har round mein heart se ek baar guzarta hai.Assertion (A): Plants raat mein carbon dioxide chhodte hain. Reason (R): Plants sirf raat mein respire karte hain.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) A sahi hai, lekin R galat hai
A sahi hai, lekin R galat hai. Plants hamesha respire karte hain; raat mein carbon dioxide use karne ke liye photosynthesis nahi hota, isliye woh bahar nikal jaati hai.Nephron mein capillaries ki gaanth ko kehte hain, aur use gherne wale cup ko capsule kehte hain.
Answer dekho
Answer (1) glomerulus, (2) Bowman's
Blood glomerulus mein filter hota hai, aur Bowman's capsule filtrate ikattha karta hai.Human heart ke section ka saaf diagram banao. Chaar chambers, septum, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery aur pulmonary veins ko label karo, aur arrows se blood flow ki direction dikhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerLabels aur arrows ke liye Fig. 5.11 dekho.
Right atrium aur right ventricle apne left mein banao, left chambers apne right mein, beech mein septum; left ventricle ki deewar sabse moti banao. Vena cava ko right atrium se, pulmonary artery ko right ventricle se, pulmonary veins ko left atrium se aur aorta ko left ventricle se jodo, aur usi order mein arrows lagao. Fig. 5.11 se compare karo.
Nephron ka label kiya hua diagram banao. Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, tubule, collecting duct, aur renal artery aur renal vein ki branches ko label karo. Mark karo ki filtration aur reabsorption kahan hote hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerFig. 5.17 dekho.
Cup jaise Bowman's capsule ke andar glomerulus (jise renal artery ki branch blood deti hai) banao aur wahan filtration mark karo. U-shape loop wali ek lambi mudi hui tubule jodo, jo renal vein ki branch mein jaane wali capillaries se lipti ho, aur uske saath reabsorption mark karo. Tubule ko ek collecting duct se jodo jis par urine likha ho. Fig. 5.17 se compare karo.
Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo
Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.
Quick check: MCQs
- 5.1 Life Processes kya hain?3 questions
- 5.2.1 Autotrophic Nutrition4 questions
- 5.2.3 Organisms apna Nutrition kaise paate hain?3 questions
- 5.2.4 Insaanon mein Nutrition4 questions
- Human respiratory system4 questions
- Lymph4 questions
- Khaane aur doosre substances ka transport3 questions
- 5.5.2 Plants mein Excretion4 questions
Key terms (English + Hindi)
- aerobic respirationवायवीय श्वसनvaayaveeya shvasan
- Oxygen use karke khaane ka breakdown, jo mitochondria mein poora hota hai aur carbon dioxide, paani aur bahut saari energy deta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- alveoliकूपिकाkoopika
- Bronchioles ke end par chhote, patli deewar wale air sacs, jo capillaries se lipte hote hain, jahan lungs mein gases ka exchange hota hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- anaerobic respirationअवायवीय श्वसनavaayaveeya shvasan
- Oxygen ke bina khaane ka breakdown, jo ethanol aur carbon dioxide (yeast) ya lactic acid (muscle) aur sirf thodi energy deta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- autotrophस्वपोषीsvaposhi
- Aisa organism jo simple inorganic substances se apna khaana khud banata hai, jaise green plants photosynthesis se banate hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- double circulationदोहरा परिसंचरणdohra parisancharan
- Aisa circulation jismein har poore round mein blood heart se do baar guzarta hai, ek baar lungs ke liye aur ek baar body ke liye.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- enzymeएंजाइमenzyme
- Biological catalyst, aam taur par ek protein, jo living thing mein chemical reaction ko tez karta hai, jaise amylase starch ko todta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- excretionउत्सर्जनutsarjan
- Body ki apni chemical reactions se bane harmful wastes, jaise urea aur carbon dioxide, ko hataana.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- haemoglobinहीमोग्लोबिनheemoglobin
- Red blood cells mein laal, oxygen le jaane wala pigment; yeh lungs mein oxygen leta hai aur tissues mein chhod deta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- heterotrophविषमपोषीvishamposhi
- Aisa organism jo doosre organisms ka banaya complex khaana leta hai, jaise koi animal ya fungus.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- life processesजैव प्रक्रमjaiv prakram
- Woh basic activities, jaise nutrition, respiration, transportation aur excretion, jo organism ko maintain aur zinda rakhti hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- nephronवृक्काणुvrikkaanu
- Kidney ki filtering unit: Bowman's capsule ke andar glomerulus, uske baad ek tubule jahan kaam ke substances reabsorb hote hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- photosynthesisप्रकाश संश्लेषणprakaash sanshleshan
- Green plants ka chlorophyll se absorb hui sunlight use karke carbon dioxide aur paani se carbohydrates banana, jismein oxygen bahar nikalti hai.
- stomataरंध्रrandhra
- Chhote pores, zyaadatar pattiyon ki neeche wali surface par, jinse gases andar aati aur bahar jaati hain; har ek ko do guard cells kholte aur band karte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- translocationस्थानांतरणsthaanaantaran
- Pattiyon mein bane khaane aur doosre substances ka phloem se plant ke doosre hisson tak jaana.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- transpirationवाष्पोत्सर्जनvaashpotsarjan
- Plant ke zameen se upar wale hisson se, zyaadatar stomata se, paani ka vapour ke roop mein nikalna; yeh xylem mein paani ko upar kheenchta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →