Living Creatures: Exploring their Characteristics (Living Creatures: Unki Characteristics ki Khoj): Class 6 Science Chapter 10 Hinglish mein

School trip par guava ke baagh mein Kavya ne ek patte par padi patli bhoori tehni uthane ke liye haath badhaya. Tehni chhe pairon par khadi hui aur chal di! Yeh ek stick insect tha, ek aisa animal jo bilkul sookhi lakdi jaisa dikhta hai.

Usi shaam uske cousin Rohan ne apna naya robot dog dikhaya. Woh kamre mein daud kar gaya, poonch hilayi aur Rohan ke taali bajane par bhaunka. Kavya hans padi. “Jo tehni mari hui lag rahi thi, woh zinda thi. Jo dog zinda lagta hai, woh nahi hai. To hum pehchaanein kaise?”

Is chapter mein hum un signs ko dhoondhenge jo har living thing dikhata hai. Phir hum seeds ko jaagte dekhenge, aur dekhenge ki roots aur shoots apni direction kaise chunte hain. Aakhir mein hum mosquitoes aur frogs ke saath chalenge, jab woh bade hote hue apni shape badalte hain.

10.1 Living ko Non-living se Alag kya Banata hai?

Gauraiya, neem ke ped aur tum mein aisa kya common hai jo cycle, baadal aur patthar mein nahi hai? Yeh chalna nahi ho sakta, kyunki cycle bhi ludhakti hai aur baadal bhi tairta hai. Size ya rang bhi nahi hai. Jawab hai cheezon ka ek poora set jo living bodies karti hain.

Scientists in signs, yaani characteristics, ki list banate hain jo saari living things mein hoti hain. Chalo, inhe ek-ek karke dekhte hain. Hum har sign ko ek puppy aur ek ceiling fan par test karenge (Fig. 10.1).

Move karna

Animals chalte, udte, tairte, rengte aur sarakte hue ek jagah se doosri jagah jaate hain. Par sirf movement humein dhokha de sakta hai. Ceiling fan ghoomta hai, nadi behti hai aur bus highway par daudti hai. Inmein se koi bhi zinda nahi hai.

Plants ek jagah ruke hue lagte hain. Plant chal kar kisi behtar jagah nahi ja sakta. Phir bhi plant ke kuch parts move karte hain, bas animals se dheere (Fig. 10.2).

• Phool khulte aur band hote hain. Lotus subah ki dhoop mein khulta hai aur shaam hote-hote band ho jaata hai. Four o’clock plant (गुलअब्बास gul-abbas) apne phool dopahar dhalne par kholta hai.
• Climbers pakad bana lete hain. Bitter gourd (करेला karela) ki bel mein patle, ghunghraale dhaage hote hain jinhe tendrils kehte hain. Tendril jis bhi lakdi ya taar ko chhoota hai, uske chaaron taraf dheere-dheere lipat jaata hai.
• Kuch plants insects pakadte hain. Ek cheenti chhote se sundew plant par chadh jaati hai, chamakti os jaisi cheez dekhkar khinchi chali aati hai. Par har chamakti boond asal mein gond hai, ek laal baal ke sire par. Cheenti chipak jaati hai! Agle lagbhag ek ghante mein baal band hoti ungliyon ki tarah us par jhuk jaate hain. Phir plant dheere-dheere apna khaana digest karta hai. Is tarah insects khaane wale plants ko insectivorous plants kehte hain. Sundews geeli, retili zameen par ugte hain, jaise Western Ghats ke kuch hisson mein.

Food aur growth

Kai gharon mein har birthday par darwaaze ki chaukhat par pencil se bachche ki height ka nishaan lagaya jaata hai. Saal dar saal nishaan upar chadhte jaate hain. Tumhara body grow hua hai. Tumhare dada-dadi ka lagaya aam ka chhota paudha ab shayad tumhare ghar se bhi lamba ho gaya ho.

Living things andar se grow karti hain, apne body ka aur hissa banakar. Ret ka dher tabhi bada hota hai jab koi us par aur ret daal de. Woh growth nahi hai.

Grow karne ke liye living things ko food chahiye. Food unhe energy deta hai, aur body banane ka material bhi. Food lena aur use use karna nutrition (पोषण) kehlata hai. Green plants apna food khud apni leaves mein banate hain. Animals plants khaate hain, ya doosre animals.

Breathing aur respiration

Apni chhaati par haath rakho aur chupchaap baitho. Use upar-neeche hota mehsoos karte ho? Yahi breathing hai. Tum yeh din mein bees hazaar se zyaada baar bina soche karte ho. Kya yeh hamesha ek hi speed se hoti hai? Gin kar pata karo (Fig. 10.3).

Kisi chhajje par baithe kabootar ko dekho: uski pankhon wali chhaati baar-baar phoolti aur wapas baith jaati hai. Chhipkali ka naram gala bhi isi tarah dhadakta hai. Saare animals kisi na kisi tarah hawa andar lete hain. Fish paani mein ghuli hawa apne gills se leti hai.

Busy body ko zyaada hawa kyun chahiye? Tumhara body khaaye hue food se energy nikaalne ke liye hawa use karta hai. Wahi energy tumhe daudne, sochne aur sapne dekhne tak deti hai. Food se energy paane ke liye hawa ke is use ko respiration (श्वसन) kehte hain. Breathing ka kaam hai taazi hawa andar laana aur use hui hawa bahar bhejna, taaki respiration chalti rahe. Yeh kabhi nahi rukti, chahe tum jaage ho ya so rahe ho.

Plant ki na naak hoti hai, na lungs. To hawa uske andar kaise jaati hai? Roots aur seeds mitti ke daanon ke beech ki khaali jagah se hawa lete hain. Leaves ke apne darwaaze hote hain: hazaaron chhote pores, itne chhote ki microscope ke bina nahi dikhte (Fig. 10.4). In pores ko stomata (bolo STOH-ma-ta) kehte hain. Hawa inke zariye andar-bahar aati-jaati hai, aur plant tumhari tarah hi din-raat respire karta hai.

Wastes se chhutkaara

Har busy body wastes banata hai, aur use unse chhutkaara paana padta hai. Tumhara body blood mein se wastes chhaan kar unhe urine ke saath bahar bhejta hai. Garam din mein tumhari skin bhi madad karti hai. May ki garmi mein cricket match ke baad apna upar wala hoth chaato: woh namkeen lagta hai! Paseena paani hai jismein woh salts hain jinki tumhare body ko zaroorat nahi. Wastes ko is tarah bahar nikaalne ko scientists excretion (उत्सर्जन) kehte hain.

Plants ko bhi wastes bahar nikaalne hote hain. Thandi subah jaldi uth kar arbi (colocasia) ke leaf ka nukeela sira dekho. Wahan ek chamakti boond latki ho sakti hai. Os poore leaf ko geela kar deti, par yeh boond sirf sire par baithi hai. Tomato ke leaves ke aari jaise kinaaron par chhoti boondon ki ek line ho sakti hai. Plant ghule hue minerals wala extra paani bahar dhakel raha hai. Kuch ped wastes ko purane leaves mein bhi jama karte hain, jo baad mein gir jaate hain.

Changes par response

Ek mosquito tumhari baanh par baithta hai, aur tumhare sochne se pehle hi doosra haath use maar deta hai. Paas mein pataakha phootta hai, aur tum uchhal padte ho. Garam jalebiyon ki khushboo se munh mein paani aa jaata hai. Har baar tumhare aas-paas kuch badla, aur tumhare body ne react kiya.

Jo change reaction shuru karta hai, use stimulus (उद्दीपन) kehte hain. Ek se zyaada hon to hum stimuli kehte hain. Jawab mein body jo karta hai, woh uska response hai. Biscuit ke packet ki chur-chur sunkar gali ka kutta kaan khade kar leta hai. Chur-chur ki awaaz stimulus hai, aur khade kaan response hain.

Aur plants ka kya? Touch-me-not (छुई-मुई chhui-mui ya lajwanti) ke leaf par dheere se ungli phiraao. Kuch hi seconds mein uske chhote leaflets jodon mein jhat se band ho jaate hain, aur poora leaf latak jaata hai (Fig. 10.5). Plants light aur andhere par bhi react karte hain. Sooraj dhalne par tamarind (imli) aur bade rain tree ke leaflets jodon mein band ho jaate hain. Ped jaise sone ki taiyaari kar raha ho. Subah ki roshni unhe phir khol deti hai.

Apne jaise aur banana

Murgiyon se chooze nikalte hain, gaayein bachhde ko janm deti hain, aur gira hua aam ka seed ek naya aam ka ped ban sakta hai. Har baar living things ne apne jaise young ones banaye. Ise reproduction (जनन) kehte hain. Scooter chahe kitna bhi purana ho jaaye, kabhi chhota scooter peeche nahi chhodta!

Socho agar phir kabhi koi billi ka bachcha, bachhda ya chhota paudha paida na ho. Har living thing sirf kuch samay tak hi jeeti hai. To ek din na billiyaan hongi, na neem ke ped, na log. Reproduction har tarah ki living thing ko pidhi dar pidhi chalaata rehta hai.

Jab life khatam hoti hai

Life ke signs hamesha nahi rehte. Khidki par chupchaap padi ek titli ke baare mein socho. Hawa, paani aur phool sab uske aas-paas hain, par uska body ab unhe use nahi kar sakta. Jab life ke saare signs hamesha ke liye ruk jaate hain, to living thing mar jaati hai. Sookha gira hua leaf aur pake chawal ka daana kabhi living things ke hisse the. Ab woh na grow kar sakte hain, na respire, na respond.

Ab Activity 10.1 mein apni table par wapas jao aur aakhri do columns bharo. Kya tumhara koi pehla andaaza badla?

10.2 Seed ke Germination ke liye Zaroori Conditions

Raat ko mutthi bhar moong paani mein bhigo do. Subah tak seeds mote aur naram ho jaate hain. Unhe geele kapde mein lapeto, aur ek din baad chhoti safed poonchh bahar jhaankti hai. Ghar par hum inhe sprouts kehte hain. Har seed ne ek naya plant banne ke liye grow karna shuru kar diya hai. Is shuruaat ko germination (अंकुरण) kehte hain.

Phir bhi sookhe moong ka jar mahino tak kitchen mein bina sprout hue pada reh sakta hai. To grow karna shuru karne se pehle seed ko asal mein kya chahiye? Chalo, kuch ideas ek-ek karke test karte hain.

Paani, hawa aur garmaahat kaise madad karte hain

Sookha seed chhota aur sakht hota hai. Uske andar ek chhota sa baby plant, jise embryo (भ्रूण) kehte hain, aaraam karta hai, saath mein stored food ka tiffin hota hai. Uske chaaron taraf ki sakht bahari skin seed coat hai. Paani do, aur seed use pee kar mota ho jaata hai. Uska coat naram hokar phat jaata hai. Ab embryo jaag kar grow karna shuru kar sakta hai (Fig. 10.8).

Aur light ka kya? Mitti mein gehraai par ghup andhera hota hai, phir bhi zyaadatar seeds wahan aaraam se sprout hote hain. Light ki zaroorat tab shuru hoti hai jab shoot zameen se bahar jhaankta hai, kyunki leaves ko food banane ke liye sunlight chahiye. Andhere cupboard mein rakhe sprouts peele, patle aur dheele ho jaate hain. Dhoop wali khidki par woh hare aur mazboot bante hain.

Jaagte seed ko hawa bhi chahiye, kyunki woh apne stored food se energy paane ke liye respire karta hai. Isiliye Cup 4 ke seeds mushkil se sprout hue: paani ne unke aas-paas ki har khaali jagah se hawa bahar nikaal di thi. Khet mein mitti ke daanon ke beech hawa ki chhoti-chhoti jagahein hoti hain. Kisaan bone se pehle hal chala kar mitti ko bhurbhura karte hain. Bhurbhuri mitti mein khoob hawa rehti hai, aur nayi roots usmein aasaani se ghus jaati hain.

Seeds ko sahi garmaahat bhi chahiye. Zyaadatar seeds fridge ke andar sprout nahi honge, aur bahut tez garmi unhe nuksaan pahuncha sakti hai. Yeh ek wajah hai ki kisaan har fasal uske apne season mein bote hain.

10.3 Plants mein Growth aur Movement

Sprout hota chana seed mitti par kaise bhi gira do. Kuch din baad uski root mitti mein neeche ja rahi hoti hai aur shoot upar. Seedling ko kaise pata chalta hai ki kaun si taraf kaun si hai? Aur isme light ka kya role hai?

Pehle roots ko dekho. Teeno cups mein har root ka sira aakhir mein neeche point karne laga, woh bhi jo shuru mein aasmaan ki taraf tha. Woh bas U-turn le kar mud gaya.

Ab shoots. Cups A aur B ke dono shoots aakhir mein upar point karne lage, isliye ulte wale ko bhi ghoomna pada. Sirf Cup C ka shoot side mein, apne box ki khidki ki taraf jhuka.

To root Earth ke pull, jise gravity kehte hain, ke saath neeche jaati hai. Isse woh mitti mein gehraai tak pahunchti hai, jahan paani aur minerals hain. Shoot us pull ke ulta, aur light ki taraf badhta hai. Uske leaves ko food banane ke liye light chahiye. Jo mudna hum dekhte hain woh ek dheemi tarah ka movement hai, jo ek side mein doosri side se zyaada grow karne se hota hai.

10.4 Plant ki Life Cycle

Seed sprout hota hai, aur seedling badhta hai. Uske baad kya hota hai? Kya plant bas hamesha badhta hi rehta hai? Pata karne ke liye tumhe sabr chahiye, aur ek plant diary jo lagbhag teen mahine chale.

Tumhari diary ek kahani sunaati hai (Fig. 10.12). Seed lagbhag ek hafte mein sprout hota hai. Leaves khulte hain aur plant lamba hota jaata hai. Lagbhag chhe hafte baad halke peele phool khilte hain. Har phool sirf ek din rehta hai. Uski pankhudiyaan girti hain, aur peeche bacha hissa phool kar hari pod ban jaata hai: woh bhindi jo hum pakaate hain. Plant par chhodi gayi pod bhoori aur sookhi ho jaati hai, phir phat kar gol seeds ki lines dikhati hai.

Apni diary ka pehla aur aakhri page dekho. Kahani ek seed se shuru hui thi, aur har sookhi pod mein darjanon seeds ke saath khatam hoti hai. Seeds plants banate hain, aur plants seeds banate hain, isliye kahani ek circle ki tarah ghoom kar wapas aati hai. Yeh loop plant ki life cycle (जीवन चक्र) hai. Aur purana plant? Pods sookhne ke baad woh peela hokar murjha jaata hai, chahe tum kitne bhi dhyaan se paani do. Uski life khatam ho gayi, par uske seeds life ko aage le jaate hain.

Har plant seeds banane ke baad nahi marta. Aam ka ped kai saal jeeta hai. Woh sardi ke aakhir mein phool deta hai aur garmi mein phal, saal dar saal. Har aam mein ek seed hota hai jo naya ped shuru kar sakta hai. Phir bhi aam ka ped bhi ek din boodha hokar mar jaata hai, jabki uski life cycle uske seeds ke zariye chalti rehti hai.

10.5 Animals ki Life Cycle

Animals bhi paida hote hain, bade hote hain, unke bachche hote hain aur woh marte hain. Bahut se baby animals apne parents ki chhoti copy jaise dikhte hain. Billi ka bachcha ek chhoti billi hai, aur bachhda ek chhoti, dagmagaati gaay. Par kuch babies apne parents jaise bilkul nahi dikhte, jaisa tum jaldi dekhoge.

Do baby animals ka sketch banao jo tumne dekhe hain, unke parents ke saath. Kaun se babies chhote adults jaise dikhte hain, aur kaun se bilkul alag?

10.5.1 Mosquito ki life cycle

Har monsoon mein kai shehron mein health workers ghar-ghar jaate hain. Woh gamle ki plates, coolers aur purane tyres mein ruka paani ulat dete hain. Thode se ruke paani par itni fikar kyun? Bzzzz! Jawab raat ko tumhare kaanon ke paas bhinbhina raha hai. Sirf female mosquitoes kaatti hain: unhe eggs banane ke liye blood ka khaana chahiye. Khaate waqt kuch tarah ki mosquitoes aise germs faila deti hain jo malaria, dengue ya chikungunya karte hain.

Yahi hai connection. Mosquito apne eggs ruke hue paani par deti hai. Kuch tarah ki mosquitoes unhe matke ya tank ki nam andar wali deewar par, paani ki line ke thoda upar deti hain. Jo bachche nikalte hain woh sirf paani mein hi reh sakte hain.

Kuch dinon se ruke paani wali baalti ya drum mein jhaanko. Patle, kulbulaate jeev surface ke theek neeche sir neeche kiye latke ho sakte hain. Yeh mosquito ke larvae (लार्वा) hain, jinhe aksar wrigglers kehte hain. Side par thapthapaane se kuch comma ke shape wale neeche ki taraf ludhak sakte hain. Yeh pupae (प्यूपा), yaani tumblers hain.

Ek wriggler ko ek minute dekho, tum dekhoge ki woh baar-baar upar aata hai. Woh hawa lene aa raha hai! Har baar woh apni poonchh wale end par ek chhoti breathing tube hawa mein bahar nikaalta hai. Tumbler bhi saans lene upar aata hai, apni peeth par do chhoti tubes se, jaise chhote trumpets ka joda (Fig. 10.13).

Hawa ki yeh zaroorat hi unki kamzori hai. Socho, ek wriggler saans lene upar tair raha hai. Agar paani par oil ki bahut patli film ho, to uski breathing tube hawa ki jagah oil mein jaati hai. Jaldi hi uska dam ghut jaata hai. Tumblers ke saath bhi yahi hota hai. Health workers kabhi-kabhi yeh trick naaliyon, gaddhon aur talaabon mein use karte hain jinhe khaali nahi kiya ja sakta. Ghar par sabse aasaan tareeka hai ki hafte mein ek baar paani ka har bartan khaali karo, ragdo ya dhak do.

Jar diary mein egg jod do, aur tumhare paas mosquito ki chaar stages hain: egg, larva, pupa aur adult (Fig. 10.14). Garam mausam mein egg se udne wale adult tak ka poora safar sirf lagbhag ek hafte se das din leta hai. Aakhri change surface par hi hota hai. Pupa ki skin peeth ke saath phat jaati hai, aur adult khud ko kheench kar bahar nikaalta hai. Woh khaali skin par santulan banaaye rakhta hai, jaise chhoti si naav par koi naavik, jab tak uske pankh sookh kar sakht na ho jaayein. Phir woh ud jaata hai.

Female mosquito lagbhag do hafte jee sakti hai, aur baar-baar eggs ke batch deti hai. Woh aksar har baar ruke paani ki nayi jagah chunti hai, aur har batch poora cycle phir se shuru kar sakta hai.

Har stage ka body uske apne kaam ke liye bana hai. Chhota kaala egg bas tairta aur intezaar karta hai. Baalon wala larva ek khaane ki machine hai jo tairta aur badhta hai. Muda hua pupa na khaata hai na badhta hai: uske andar adult ban raha hota hai. Adult ke pankh, lambe pair aur sui jaisa munh hota hai. Woh khaane aur mate dhoondhne ud jaata hai, aur har female naye eggs deti hai.

10.5.2 Frog ki life cycle

Monsoon ki pehli tez baarish ke baad raat frogs ki tarr-tarr se bhar jaati hai. Males females ko bula rahe hote hain. Jaldi hi talaabon, puddles aur dhaan ke kheton mein kuch naya dikhta hai.

Frog ke eggs aasaani se nazar se chhoot jaate hain. Pehle woh saaf, hilti-dulti jelly ka ek gola lagte hain. Paas se dekho to usmein saikdon, kabhi-kabhi hazaaron, chhote kaale dots bhare hote hain. Har dot ek egg hai. Jelly mein frog ke eggs ke gucchhe ko spawn kehte hain. Jelly eggs ko saath jode rakhti hai aur geela rakhti hai. Yeh unhe itna chikna bhi bana deti hai ki kai bhookhi fish unhe pakad nahi paatin. Kuch frogs apna spawn kam gehre paani mein tairta chhod dete hain; kuch use paani ki ghaas ke chaaron taraf lapet dete hain.

Har egg ke andar ek embryo badhta hai. Lagbhag ek hafte mein ek chhota tadpole (टैडपोल) kulbulaate hue bahar aata hai. Woh frog se zyaada ek chhoti fish jaisa dikhta hai. Uska bada sir, tairne ke liye lambi poonchh hoti hai aur pair bilkul nahi hote. Woh fish ki tarah paani ke neeche saans leta hai, aur naram paani ke plants kutarta hai.

Agle kuch mahino mein teen cheezon ko badalte dekho: pair, poonchh aur young animal ke saans lene ka tareeka (Fig. 10.15). Peeche ke pairon ka joda pehle nikalta hai aur aage ka baad mein. Poonchh hafton tak lambi rehti hai, phir dheere-dheere chhoti hoti hai. Animal surface par hawa gatakne ke liye bhi upar aane lagta hai.

Lagbhag teen mahine tak young frog ek froglet ban jaata hai: chaar pair, chhoti thunthi poonchh aur hawa ke liye taiyaar lungs. Ab ghar badalne ka samay hai. Woh chhoti trips ke liye geele kinaare par phudakta hai, phir lambi trips ke liye. Uska body dheere-dheere poonchh ka aakhri hissa bhi sokh leta hai. Bada frog apna samay do gharon mein baantta hai. Woh ghaas mein insects ka shikaar karta hai, aur thanda hone, chhupne ya eggs dene ke liye talaab mein utar jaata hai.

Frog ki har stage uske ghar ke hisaab se hai. Tadpole ki poonchh aur gills paani mein kaam karte hain, jabki adult ke mazboot pair aur lungs zameen par kaam karte hain. Sabse chhoti stage egg aur embryo ki hai, jo sirf lagbhag ek hafta chalti hai. Sabse lambi stage tadpole se frog banne ka dheema change hai.

Is chapter mein humne teen safar follow kiye: bhindi ka, mosquito ka aur frog ka. Har safar wahin khatam hota hai jahan se shuru hua tha, ek seed ya egg ke saath jo phir se shuru hone ko taiyaar hai. Isiliye yeh cycles hain. Talaab ko bhar dena ya ped kaat dena kai living things ke aise cycles tod deta hai. Unhe bachaane ki yeh ek aur wajah hai.