Chapter ke text par jao
CuriosityCh 11 Nature ke Khazaane

Nature’s Treasures (Nature ke Khazaane): Class 6 Science Chapter 11 Hinglish mein

Curiosity · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗

Published · Updated

  • 120 min
  • 1 simulation
  • 20 practice questions
  • 34 MCQs

Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge

  • Nature ke khazaanon ke naam batana, jaise hawa, paani, sunlight, forests, soil, rocks, minerals aur fossil fuels, aur roz ki cheezon ko unke source tak trace karna
  • Batana ki hawa kis cheez se bani hai aur chalti hawa, yaani wind, se kaam kaise liya ja sakta hai
  • Samjhana ki Earth ke paani ka sirf chhota sa hissa hi use karne layak freshwater kyun hai, aur use bachane, saaf rakhne aur baarish ka paani jama karne ke tareeke sujhana
  • Samjhana ki living things jo energy use karte hain, woh lagbhag saari Sun tak kaise trace hoti hai, aur Sun ki heat aur light use karne ke tareeke batana
  • Batana ki forests living things ka saath kaise dete hain aur soil ko kaise bachate aur upjaau banate hain
  • Batana ki rock se soil kaise banti hai, aur rocks aur minerals ke uses batana
  • Samjhana ki fossil fuels kaise bane aur unhe jalane se problems kyun hoti hain
  • Natural resources ko renewable aur non-renewable mein sort karna, aur unhe samajhdaari se use karne ke tareeke plan karna

NCERT Science Class 6, Chapter 11, pp. 207–230 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.

Hamare aas-paas khazaane

Aaj school se pehle tumne kya-kya use kiya? Shayad ek glass paani gatagat piya, garam roti khayi aur pencil chheeli. Phir bus ya auto mein baithe. Inmein se koi bhi cheez dukaan se shuru nahi hui. Har ek ki shuruaat nature mein hui.

4/4Bus us fuel se chalti hai jo zameen ke bahut neeche se nikale gaye oil se banta hai. Har source nature ka hissa hai.

Fig. 11.1Roz ki kisi bhi cheez ko kaafi peeche tak trace karo, to tum nature ke kisi khazaane tak pahunch jaoge.NCERT p. 207

Left mein school ki subah ki paanch cheezon ki list hai: ek gehri saans, ek glass paani, ek garam roti, ek pencil aur school bus. Pehle step mein sirf yeh list dikhti hai. Doosre step mein dashed arrows saans ko hawa se aur paani ko baarish aur rivers se jodte hain. Teesre step mein roti ko wheat, soil aur Sun se, aur pencil ko ek tree se joda jaata hai. Aakhri step mein bus ko zameen ke bahut neeche ke oil se joda jaata hai, aur ek dashed frame saare sources ko ek saath nature ke roop mein gherta hai.

Scientists nature ki aisi kaam ki cheezon ko natural resources kehte hain. Yeh nature ke khazaane hain. Sandook mein band sone ke sikkon ki tarah nahi, inmein se kai muft hain aur hamare chaaron taraf pade hain. Earth par har machhli, har fern aur har bachcha inhi se zinda hai. Aur hum nature ko sirf bahar se use nahi karte. Hum bhi uska hissa hain, bilkul har cheenti aur har banyan tree ki tarah.

Is chapter mein hum khazaane ki khoj par chalenge. Shuruaat teen aise khazaanon se karenge jinke bina hum ek din bhi nahi reh sakte: hawa, paani aur dhoop. Phir hum forests mein jaayenge, soil aur rocks mein khudaai karenge, aur pata karenge ki petrol kahan se aata hai. Aakhir mein hum khazaanon ko do groups mein sort karenge aur seekhenge ki unhe safe kaise rakhein.

Quick check
2 mein se 1
Rohan ka cricket bat willow wood se bana hai. Yeh lakdi sabse pehle kahan se aayi?
Answer dekho

Answer (B) Kisi khet ya forest mein ek tree

Market ne lakdi sirf bechi aur factory ne use sirf shape diya. Lakdi ko ek tree ne ugaya, sunlight, paani, hawa aur soil ki madad se.

11.1 Hawa

Apni hatheli munh ke saamne rakho aur saans bahar chhodo. Tum hawa ko mehsoos kar sakte ho, bhale hi use dekh nahi sakte. Tum din-raat saans lete aur chhodte ho, gehri neend mein bhi. Tum kabhi break kyun nahi le sakte?

Hawa kis cheez se bani hai?

Hawa koi ek akeli gas nahi hai. Yeh kai gases ka mixture hai, sab aapas mein mili hui. Socho ki tum hawa ka ek scoop pakad lo aur uske 100 chhote particles gino. Fig. 11.2 dikhata hai ki tumhe kya milega.

2/3Alag karne par 78 particles nitrogen aur 21 oxygen nikalte hain.

Fig. 11.2Hawa ke har 100 parts mein lagbhag 78 nitrogen, 21 oxygen aur 1 doosri gases ka mix hota hai.NCERT Fig. 11.1 · p. 209

Left mein ek gol scoop hai jismein teen tarah ke 100 chhote particles hain: nitrogen ke liye blue circles, oxygen ke liye orange diamonds aur doosri gases ke liye ek green triangle. Right mein teen khaali bars hain jin par nitrogen, oxygen aur baaki likha hai. Pehle step mein saare particles scoop mein mile hue hain. Doosre step mein scoop dhundhla ho jaata hai aur bars bharti hain: nitrogen 78 % tak, oxygen 21 % tak aur others sirf 1 % tak. Aakhri step mein akele green triangle aur patli 1 % bar par gola bana hai, aur ek note mein argon, carbon dioxide aur kuch aur gases ke naam hain.

Hawa ka sabse bada hissa nitrogen hai. Uske baad oxygen aati hai, woh gas jo humein saans lene ke liye chahiye. Aakhri chhote se hisse mein argon, carbon dioxide (COX2) aur kuch doosri gases hain. Itna chhota hone par bhi woh carbon dioxide zaroori hai: green plants apna khaana banane ke liye use lete hain.

Example

Balloon mein hawa

Party ka ek bada balloon 10 litre hawa rakhta hai. Us hawa mein lagbhag kitni oxygen hai, aur kitni nitrogen?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Chalti hawa

Hawa dikhti nahi, phir bhi har jagah clues chhod jaati hai. Makar Sankranti par patang apni dor ko khinchti hai. Auto-rickshaw ki khidki se dupatta lehraata hai. Garmi ki dopahar mein sookhe khet mein dhool ka bhanwar ghoomta hai. Har clue batata hai ki hawa chal rahi hai.

Definition
Wind

Woh hawa jo ek jagah se doosri jagah chal rahi ho (पवन).

ExampleHawa ke jhonke jo patang ko chhaton ke bahut upar utha dete hain.

Winds har strength ki hoti hain. Chennai ya Mumbai ki garam shaam mein samundar se thandi breeze aati hai. Cyclone mein hawa itni zor se garajti hai ki ped ukhaad de aur tin ki chhatein uda de. Halki ho ya tez, chalti hawa apne raaste ki har cheez ko push karti hai. Woh push energy hai jise hum use kar sakte hain.

3/3Tez hawa dono ko tez ghumati hai, aur bulb chamakdaar jalta hai.

Fig. 11.3Jo push firki ko ghumata hai, wahi wind turbine ko ghuma kar electricity bana sakta hai.NCERT p. 210

Left half mein ek table fan pencil par lagi paper ki firki par hawa phenk raha hai. Right half mein ek lamba wind turbine wire se ek chhote ghar se juda hai, jiski khidki mein bulb hai. Pehle step mein hawa nahi hai: firki aur turbine ruke hain aur bulb band hai. Doosre step mein halki breeze hai: dono tak hawa ki do lines pahunchti hain, dono dheere ghoomte hain aur bulb dheema jalta hai. Aakhri step mein tez hawa hai: hawa ki aur lines dikhti hain, dono tez ghoomte hain aur bulb chaaron taraf rays ke saath chamakdaar jalta hai.

Ab socho ki firki 30 manzil ki building jitni lambi ho. Woh hai ek modern wind turbine, jaisa Fig. 11.3 mein hai. Har blade cricket pitch se bhi lamba ho sakta hai. Hawa blades ko ghumati hai, aur blades upar wale box mein ek machine ko ghumate hain jo electricity banati hai. Jahan saal ke zyadatar time tez hawa chalti hai, wahan pahadiyon aur coasts par turbines ki lines saath khadi hoti hain. Aisi jagah ko wind farm kehte hain. Chhoti, purani windmills simple kaam karti thin, jaise kuon se paani nikaalna ya anaaj peesna.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Hawa ke har 100 parts mein se lagbhag kitne oxygen hote hain?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) 21

100 mein se lagbhag 21 parts oxygen hain. Sabse bada hissa, 78, nitrogen ka hai, aur baaki saari gases mil kar 1 part hain.

11.2 Paani

Tumhare ghar mein paani sabse busy khazaana hai. Naashte se pehle hi shayad yeh tumhare daant saaf kar chuka hai, chai ubaal chuka hai aur steel ke tumblers ka dher dho chuka hai. Ghar ke bahar yeh aur bhi zyada mehnat karta hai.

  • Kheton mein: chawal ke liye paani se bhare dhaan ke khet, pyaasa ganna, aur gaayon aur bhainson ke peene ka paani. India apni rivers aur kuon se jo freshwater nikaalta hai, uska sabse zyada hissa kheti mein jaata hai.
  • Factories mein: paper, kapda, dawaiyan, eentein aur steel banane mein.
  • Rivers aur lakes par: saamaan aur logon ko le jaati naavein, machhli pakadna, aur Kerala ki snake-boat races.
  • Ghar par: chai, dal-chawal, balti se nahaana, saaf bartan aur pochha laga farsh.

Earth ka paani kahan hai?

Space se hamara planet neela dikhta hai. Seas aur oceans iske zyadatar hisse par phaile hain, iski surface ke har 10 parts mein se lagbhag 7 par. To phir har garmi mein itne saare towns mein paani ki kami kyun ho jaati hai? Jawaab hai namak.

Socho ki Earth ka saara paani ek 1-litre ki bottle mein daal diya jaaye, jaise Fig. 11.4 mein. Lagbhag poori bottle samundar ka paani hai. Ise piyoge to tabiyat kharaab ho jaayegi aur pyaas aur badh jaayegi. Ise wheat ke khet mein daaloge to plants murjha jaayenge. Logon, faslon aur zyadatar zameen ke animals ko freshwater chahiye, jismein bahut kam namak hota hai.

4/4Poore litre mein se lakes aur rivers mein bas ek-do boond hai.

Fig. 11.4Agar Earth ka saara paani 1-litre ki bottle mein bhar diya jaaye, to lakes aur rivers ka paani bas ek-do boond hoga.NCERT p. 211

Pehle step mein ek bhari hui 1-litre ki bottle Earth ke saare paani ko dikhati hai. Doosre step mein bottle khaali hai: ek bade jug mein 975 mL khaara paani hai aur ek chhote cup mein 25 mL fresh water. Teesre step mein dashed arrows cup se ek ice cube tak jaate hain jis par karib 17 mL likha hai, aur geeli ret ke ek block tak jis par zameen mein, karib 8 mL likha hai. Aakhri step mein teesra arrow ek akeli boond tak jaata hai, jis par gola bana hai aur lakes, rivers, 1 ya 2 boond likha hai.

Ab figure mein fresh water ke chhote se cup ko dekho. Iska zyadatar hissa band pada hai. Sabse bada hissa jama hua hai, poles ke paas ki ice sheets mein aur Himalaya ke glaciers mein. Usse chhota hissa zameen ke neeche hai, ret aur rock mein sama hua. Kuein aur hand pumps is store ke sirf upari hisse tak pahunchte hain. Rivers, lakes aur talaab, yaani woh khula paani jahan tak hum aasaani se pahunch sakte hain, poore litre mein se bas ek-do boond hain. Har insaan, plant aur zameen ke animal ko isi ko baant kar use karna hota hai.

Definition
Freshwater

Aisa paani jismein bahut kam namak ho, jaise baarish, rivers, lakes, kuon, ice aur snow ka paani.

ExampleGaanv ke hand pump ka paani.

Check: Earth ka paani
2 mein se 1
Earth ke paani ke 1-litre model mein lagbhag kitna paani khaara hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) Lagbhag 975 mL

Litre mein se lagbhag 975 mL khaara samundari paani hai. Sirf lagbhag 25 mL fresh hai, aur uska bhi zyadatar hissa ice ya zameen ke neeche hai.

Leaks roko

Freshwater kam hai, phir bhi hum aksar use beh jaane dete hain. Brush karte waqt khula chhoda nal har minute kai litre paani baha deta hai. Tapakta nal ek din mein balti bhar sakta hai. Chalo, ghar par detective bante hain.

InteractiveGhar ka paani audit

Ghar ke paani ke use ka ek calculator. Roz ke aath kaamon ke liye, jaise daant saaf karna, nahaana, bartan dhona, plants ko paani dena aur tapakta nal, tum barbaad karne wala ya dhyaan wala tareeka chunte ho, aur har ek par uske litre per day likhe hain. Buttons se ghar ke logon ki ginti 1 se 8 tak badalti hai. Ek panel total litre per day ko 20-litre baltiyon ki line ke roop mein dikhata hai, aur yeh bhi ki dhyaan wale choices ek din aur ek saal mein kitna bachaate hain.

Fig. 11.5Har kaam ke liye paani barbaad karne wala ya dhyaan se use karne wala tareeka chuno, aur ghar ke logon ki ginti badlo. Har balti mein 20 litre aata hai.
Example

Woh nal jo Meera ke brush karte waqt chalta raha

Meera din mein do baar, 2 minute tak, nal chala kar daant saaf karti hai. Uska nal har minute 6 litre deta hai. Ek hafte mein kitna paani beh jaata hai? Agar woh har baar mug mein aadha litre le, to kitna use karegi?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Paani saaf rakho

Paani bachana sirf aadha kaam hai. Humein use saaf bhi rakhna hai. River mein woh sab jama ho jaata hai jo hum usmein jaane dete hain. Towns ka sewage, kuch factories ke chemicals, kheton se dhul kar aaya fertiliser aur plastic ke dher, sab aage beh kar wahin pahunchte hain.

Paani, hawa ya soil mein nuksaan wali cheezein milana pollution kehlata hai. Gande river ke paani ka ek glass bhi aise germs la sakta hai jo pet kharaab aur bukhaar karte hain. Usmein machhliyan bhi haanpti hain aur mar jaati hain. Gandi river ko saaf karne mein saalon lagte hain aur bahut kharcha hota hai, isliye shuru se hi use saaf rakhna kahin zyada samajhdaari hai.

Paani barabar baanta bhi nahi jaata. Kuch gharon mein nal din bhar chalta hai. Kuch ghante door ek sookhe gaanv mein ek ladki school se pehle ek ghanta paani ke matke uthaa kar ghar laane mein laga sakti hai. Garmi mein shehar ki galiyan plastic ke matkon ki lines se bhar jaati hain jo water tanker ka intezaar karte hain. Hum mein se koi jo bhi litre barbaad ya ganda karta hai, woh litre kisi aur ko nahi milta.

Baarish ko pakdo

Har monsoon mein chhaton, sadakon aur playgrounds par dher saari baarish girti hai. Iska zyadatar hissa naaliyon mein beh kar chala jaata hai. Kya ho agar hum ise jama kar sakein, jaise kisaan apni fasal jama karta hai? Yahi rainwater harvesting ka idea hai: baarish ko wahin pakadna jahan woh girti hai aur baad ke liye bacha kar rakhna.

Definition
Rainwater harvesting

Chhaton aur khuli zameen se baarish ka paani jama karna, phir use tanks mein store karna ya zameen mein samaane dena taaki baad mein use ho sake (वर्षा जल संग्रहण).

ExampleEk school jo apni chhat ki baarish ko zameen ke neeche ke tank mein store karta hai.

4/4Extra paani recharge pit mein chhalak kar zameen mein samaata hai, aur paas ke kuein ka paani upar aa jaata hai.

Fig. 11.6Ek chhat ki baarish ek tank bhar sakti hai aur zameen ke neeche ke paani ko bhi badha sakti hai.NCERT Fig. 11.4 (a) · p. 213

Left mein ek school building khadi hai, aur baadlon se uski chapti chhat par baarish gir rahi hai. Chhat ke kinaare se ek pipe neeche ek filter drum tak jaata hai jismein bajri, ret aur charcoal ki layers hain. Zameen ke neeche ek storage tank, kankadon se bhara recharge pit aur right mein ek kuaan hai. Pehle step mein baarish chhat ko geela karti hai. Doosre step mein neele dashes dikhate hain ki paani pipe se filter mein beh raha hai. Teesre step mein paani aage tank mein jaata hai aur tank bhar jaata hai. Aakhri step mein extra paani recharge pit mein chhalakta hai, har taraf soil mein samaata hai, aur kuein mein paani ka level upar uthta hai.

Tank ka paani kapde dhone, flush karne aur garden ke liye use ho sakta hai, aur theek se saaf karne ke baad peene ke liye bhi. Recharge pit se neeche samaaya paani zameen ke neeche ke paani ke store ko badhata hai. Phir paas ke kuein aur hand pumps garmi mein zyada der tak paani dete rehte hain. 2003 se Tamil Nadu mein buildings ke liye zaroori hai ki woh apne upar girne wali baarish ko jama karein. Kya tumhara school apni baarish jama karta hai?

Example

Ek chhat kitni baarish jama kar sakti hai?

Ek school ki chhat 20 m lambi aur 10 m chaudi hai. Monsoon ke ek bhaari din mein 50 mm baarish hoti hai. 1 square metre par girne wali har millimetre baarish se 1 litre paani milta hai. Us din chhat kitne litre paani jama kar sakti hai?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Nal aur tankers se bahut pehle, India ke sabse sookhe ilaakon ke logon ne pyaas ka apna hal nikaala: stepwell. Socho ki zameen mein gehra dhansa patthar ka ek bahut bada funnel hai, jiske kinaaron par seedhiyan neeche talaab tak jaati hain. Rajasthan mein ise baori ya bawadi kehte hain; Gujarat mein vav. Monsoon ki baarish upar se girti hai, aur aas-paas ki bhigi zameen se aur paani patthar ki deewaron ke gaps se side se riskar aata hai.

2/3Paani ka level neeche jaata hai, isliye log apne matke bharne ke liye seedhiyon se aur neeche utarte hain.

Fig. 11.7Stepwell mein log har level par paani tak pahunch sakte hain, labaalab bhare monsoon se sookhi garmi tak.NCERT Fig. 11.4 (b) · p. 213

Ek stepwell ko kaat kar dikhaya gaya hai, jismein dono taraf patthar ki seedhiyan neeche ek talaab tak jaati hain. Pehle step, monsoon, mein baarish girti hai, arrows dikhate hain ki zameen se paani ris raha hai, aur paani kuein ko lagbhag upar tak bhar deta hai; matka liye ek insaan upar ke paas khada hai. Doosre step, sardi, mein paani lagbhag aadhe tak neeche hai aur insaan kai seedhiyan neeche khada hai. Aakhri step, garmi, mein sun chamak raha hai, neeche sirf ek uthla talaab bacha hai, aur insaan bilkul neeche tak utar aaya hai.

Seedhiyan hi iski chaalaak baat hain. Sookhe mahinon mein jaise-jaise paani ka level girta hai, log bas aur neeche utar jaate hain. Rajasthan mein Abhaneri ki Chand Baori mein lagbhag 3,500 patli seedhiyan hain, aur Gujarat mein Patan ki Rani ki Vav par patthar ki saikdon moortiyan khudi hain. Ab kai towns apne purane stepwells aur talaabon ko saaf karke phir se zinda kar rahe hain.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Inmein se kis mein sabse zyada paani barbaad hota hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) 15 minute tak chalta chhoda hose pipe

Hose ek minute mein lagbhag 10 litre deta hai, isliye 15 minute mein lagbhag 150 litre barbaad hota hai. Nal chala kar brush karne mein lagbhag 12 litre barbaad hota hai, aur tapakta nal ek ghante mein sirf lagbhag 1 litre khota hai, haalaanki dinon mein yeh bhi jud jaata hai.

11.3 Sun se energy

Kerala aur Konkan coast ke beaches par machhuaare apni pakdi machhliyan chataiyon par dhoop mein sukhate hain. Punjab mein families sardi mein chhat par vadiyan sukhati hain. Kuch din ki tez dhoop, aur khaana itna sookh jaata hai ki mahinon tak rakha ja sake. Sun yeh kaise karta hai? Uski heat khaane ke paani ko evaporate kar deti hai, bilkul jaise woh puddles aur geele kapde sukhati hai.

SimulationSun aur hawa: nature ka dryer

Paani ka ek khula glass jo chalte particles ke roop mein bana hai, saath mein thermometer. Sliders se temperature 20 se 60 degree Celsius tak aur hawa ki strength set hoti hai. Ek counter dikhata hai ki pichhle badlaav ke baad kitne particles hawa mein nikal gaye, aur woh kitne seconds se gin raha hai.

Fig. 11.8Jab paani zyada garam ho aur breeze chale, to khule glass se paani ke particles tezi se nikalte hain.
Try karo
  • Wind slider ko Still par aur temperature ko 25 °C par rakho, jaise chhaaon wala kona. 20 seconds baad Escaped count padho.
  • Temperature ko 45 °C tak badhao, jaise dhoop wali chhat. Counter phir 0 se shuru hota hai. 20 seconds mein zyada particles nikalte hain ya kam?
  • 45 °C rakho aur tez breeze jodo. Ab count ka kya hota hai?

Sukhana to Sun ka bas ek kaam hai. Sun humein do tohfe bhejta hai, heat aur light. Fig. 11.9 subah se raat tak ek Indian chhat ko follow karta hai.

2/4Dopahar mein solar cooker dal pakata hai, aur solar water heater apne tank mein paani garam karta hai.

Fig. 11.9Ek chhat par padi dhoop khaana sukhati hai, lunch pakati hai, paani garam karti hai aur andhera hone ke baad lamp bhi jalati hai.NCERT p. 215

Ek chapti chhat par chaar cheezein line mein hain: chatai par sookhte papad, mirror wale dhakkan ka box solar cooker, battery aur lamp se wire se juda solar panel, aur tank wala solar water heater. Pehle step, subah, mein left mein neecha sun hai aur papad par gola bana hai. Doosre step, dopahar, mein sun upar hai, aur cooker aur water heater par gola bana hai, aur tank ab garam hai. Teesre step, dopahar baad, mein sun right mein hai, solar panel par gola bana hai aur bijli ka sign battery charge hote dikhata hai. Aakhri step, raat, mein sun ja chuka hai aur chaand aur taare nikle hain. Lamp battery se jalta hai, aur tank mein subah ke liye abhi bhi garam paani hai.

Definition
Solar energy

Woh energy jo Sun se heat aur light ke roop mein hum tak pahunchti hai (सौर ऊर्जा).

ExampleDhoop wali khidki par charge hui solar lantern.

Solar energy se chalne wali machines ya to uski heat pakadti hain ya uski light. Solar cooker, chamakdaar dhakkan aur glass cover wala ek box, heat ko rok kar dal dheere-dheere pakata hai. Solar water heater kaale pipes mein paani garam karta hai, subah nahaane ke liye taiyaar. Solar panel light pakadta hai aur use seedhe electricity mein badal deta hai. Kai gaanvon mein ab solar pumps kheton mein paani pahunchate hain. Kerala mein Kochi ka airport to apne hi solar panels ki bijli se chalta hai.

Sun hum sabka pet bharta hai

Dhoop chhipkali ki thandi body ko garam karti hai, taaki uske muscles tezi se kaam kar sakein. Lekin garmi khaana nahi hai. Chhipkali daudne aur shikaar karne ke liye jo energy use karti hai, woh un keedon se aati hai jinhe woh khaati hai. Un keedon ne pattiyan khayi thin, aur pattiyon ne sunlight se apna khaana banaya tha. To aakhir mein chhipkali ki energy ke peeche bhi Sun hi hai, dhoop sekne se nahi, balki khaane walon ki ek chain ke zariye.

4/4Kisi bhi arrow ke ulte chalo, tum Sun tak pahunch jaoge.

Fig. 11.10Plants Sun ki energy pakadte hain. Animals aur log ise plants khaa kar, ya plants khaane wale animals se mila khaana khaa kar, paate hain.NCERT p. 216

Sun upar left mein hai. Uske right mein ek wheat ka plant hai aur neeche ghaas ka ek guchha. Ghaas ke paas ek bhains khadi hai, aur right mein ek bachcha khada hai jis par tum likha hai. Pehle step mein sunlight likhe dashed orange arrows Sun se wheat aur ghaas tak jaate hain, jo chamakne lagte hain. Doosre step mein ek arrow ghaas se charti hui bhains tak jaata hai. Teesre step mein roti aur milk likhe arrows wheat aur bhains se bachche tak jaate hain. Aakhri step mein ek dotted arrow bachche se wapas Sun tak jaata hai, jis par sab Sun se likha hai.

Isiliye hum kehte hain ki Earth par life ki lagbhag saari energy Sun se aati hai. Plants uski light pakadte hain aur energy ko khaane mein store karte hain. Har animal, tum bhi, plants khaa kar ya plants khaane wale animals ko khaa kar energy paata hai. Sun zameen aur samundar ko garam bhi karta hai, hawaon ko chalata hai aur paani ko uthaa kar baadlon tak le jaata hai.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Ek bakri pattiyan khaati hai. Un pattiyon ki energy sabse pehle kahan se aayi thi?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) Sun

Pattiyan sunlight se khaana banati hain, isliye unmein store energy Sun se aayi. Soil, baarish aur hawa plant ko zaroori materials dete hain, lekin energy nahi.

11.4 Forests

Forest mein kadam rakho to hawa thandi aur nam lagti hai. Lambe trees upar hare rang ki chhat phailaate hain. Unke neeche shrubs, climbers, ferns aur chhoti herbs ugti hain. Chidiyan bolti hain, keede bhinbhinaate hain aur ek gilahri daali par se tumhe daantti hai.

Definition
Forest

Ek bada area jo trees, shrubs, herbs aur doosre plants se ghana dhaka ho, aur jahan kai tarah ke animals rehte hain (वन).

ExampleJharkhand ke sal forests, ya Nilgiris ke shola forests.

India mein kai tarah ke forests hain. Sundarbans ki khaari keechad mein mangroves ugte hain. Himalaya ki dhalaanon par pine aur deodar ke forests hain, aur Rajasthan mein jagah-jagah sookhe, kaanton wale forests hain. Western Ghats aur North-East mein evergreen rainforests saal bhar hare rehte hain. Har ek humein tohfe deta hai.

Compare

Forests kya dete hain

Logon ke kaam ki cheezein

  • Darwaazon, furniture aur paper ke liye lakdi
  • Tokriyon, chataiyon aur gharon ke liye bamboo
  • Phal, nuts aur shahad
  • Neem aur amla jaise medicinal plants
  • Gond, lac, aur pattal banane ke liye patte

Saari life ki zaroorat ki cheezein

  • Tigers, elephants, chidiyon aur keedon ke ghar
  • Har tarah ke animals ke liye khaana
  • Soil ko pakadne wali roots
  • Soil ko khaana dene wale gire hue patte
  • Chhaaon aur thandi hawa

Forest ek busy gaanv ki tarah kaam karta hai jahan har kisi ka ek kaam hai. Hiran ghaas charte hain, aur tigers hiran ka shikaar karte hain. Hornbills figs khaate hain aur seeds door gira dete hain, jahan naye trees ugte hain. Fungi gire hue latthon ko dheere-dheere wapas soil bana dete hain. Aur agar ek tarah ka khaana kam pad jaaye, to animals aksar doosra dhoondh lete hain.

Pichhle sau saalon mein forests ke bahut bade hisse kheton, mines, dams, sadakon aur towns ke liye, ya sirf lakdi ke liye, saaf kar diye gaye. Kaatna jaldi hota hai; dobara ugna dheere. Ek ghante mein kaata gaya teak tree 50 saal purana ho sakta hai. Agar hum naye trees ugne se tez trees kaatein, to forest saal dar saal chhota hota jaata hai.

Forests soil ki bhi raksha karte hain, jaise Fig. 11.11 dikhata hai. Tree ki roots hazaaron ungliyon ki tarah soil ko pakad kar rakhti hain. Gire hue patte zameen ko kambal ki tarah dhak lete hain, isliye tez baarish bhaag jaane ki jagah dheere-dheere zameen mein samaati hai. Jahan trees saaf kar diye jaate hain, wahan baarish kuch hi seasons mein soil ki upar wali layer bahaa le ja sakti hai.

3/3Ab baarish nangi dhalaan par tezi se behti hai aur soil ko stream mein le jaati hai, jo gandi ho jaati hai.

Fig. 11.11Tree ki roots soil ko apni jagah pakde rakhti hain. Unke bina tez baarish soil ko bahaa le jaati hai.NCERT p. 218

Ek pahadi left se right ki taraf ek chhoti stream tak dhalti hai, aur baarish ho rahi hai. Grey rock ke upar brown soil ki layer hai. Pehle step mein dhalaan par chaar trees khade hain jinki roots soil mein phaili hain, dashed arrows dikhate hain ki baarish zameen mein samaa rahi hai, aur stream saaf hai. Doosre step mein trees kaat diye gaye hain aur sirf thoonth bache hain. Aakhri step mein mote blue arrows dikhate hain ki baarish nangi dhalaan par brown soil ke dhele leke tezi se beh rahi hai, soil ki layer patli ho gayi hai, aur stream gandi ho gayi hai.

Forests apni soil ko khaana bhi dete hain. Mare hue patte, tehniyan aur phal forest ke farsh par jama hote rehte hain. Earthworms, fungi aur chhote living things unhe tod kar ek kaali, bhurbhuri layer bana dete hain jise humus kehte hain. Humus un nutrients se bhara hota hai jo chhote plants ko chahiye. Is tarah forest khud apna compost pit hai, aur kuch bhi barbaad nahi hota.

3/4Tukde humus ban jaate hain, soil ke upar ek kaali, upjaau layer.

Fig. 11.12Gire hue patte humus bante hain, aur humus naye plants ko khaana deta hai: nature ki apni recycling.NCERT p. 218

Zameen ka ek cross-section, left mein ek purana tree aur right mein ek chhota plant. Pehle step mein tree se patte girte hain aur zameen par jama hote hain. Doosre step mein ek earthworm soil mein rengta hai, patton ke paas fungus likha ek mushroom ugta hai, aur patte tukdon mein tootne lagte hain. Teesre step mein patte gaayab hain aur humus likhi ek moti, kaali layer soil ke upar hai. Aakhri step mein chhota plant lamba ho gaya hai, aur nutrients likhe green arrows humus se uski roots tak jaate hain.

Definition
Humus

Soil ka kaala, bhurbhura hissa jo sade hue patton aur plants aur animals ke doosre bache hisson se banta hai. Ismein bahut nutrients hote hain.

ExampleForest ke farsh par patton ke neeche ki kaali layer.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Saaf ki gayi pahadi ke neeche ki stream baarish ke baad gandi kyun ho jaati hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (D) Baarish dheeli soil ko usmein bahaa laati hai

Pakadne wali roots ke bina baarish soil ko dhalaan se bahaa le jaati hai aur woh stream mein pahunch jaati hai.

11.5 Soil, Rocks aur Minerals

Bone se pehle kisaan apne khet jotte hain aur maali apni kyaariyan khodte hain. Itni mehnat kyun? Sakht, dabi hui soil ke daanon ke beech kam jagah hoti hai. Dheeli soil chhoti-chhoti khaali jagahon se bhari hoti hai jinmein hawa aur paani rehte hain, aur chhoti roots aasaani se unmein ghus jaati hain.

To soil kai cheezon ka mix hai. Ismein rock ke chhote tukde hote hain jaise ret aur clay, aur sade hue plants aur animals se bana humus. Beech ki khaali jagahon mein hawa, paani aur dher saare living things hote hain. Ek soil laal aur doosri lagbhag kaali kyun hoti hai? Yeh mix par depend karta hai. Laal soil ko rang iron se milta hai, jabki kaali soil clay ki wajah se gehri aur chipchipi hoti hai.

Soil kaise banti hai?

Soil ki shuruaat rock se hoti hai. Garmi, thand, paani aur living things rock ko todte hain, itna dheere ki tum poori zindagi mein bhi notice nahi karoge. Fig. 11.13 main steps dikhata hai.

3/4Ek plant ki roots daraar mein ugti hain aur tukdon ko alag dhakelti hain.

Fig. 11.13Daraar dar daraar, hazaaron saalon mein ek bada rock toot kar soil ban jaata hai.NCERT p. 219

Ek bada rock chapti bedrock par rakha hai. Pehle step mein woh poora hai. Doosre step mein hot days likha ek sun aur cold nights likha ek chaand aate hain, rock mein tedhi-medhi daraarein padti hain aur baarish ki boondein unmein girti hain. Teesre step mein upar ek chhota plant ugta hai, uski roots ek daraar mein ghusti hain, rock teen tukdon mein phat kar alag hota hai, aur zameen par chhote tukde pade hain. Aakhri step mein, hazaaron saal baad, rock gaayab hai aur chhote kankadon, daanon, sadte tukdon aur chhote plants wali soil ki ek layer bedrock ko dhakti hai.

Definition
Soil

Zameen ki dheeli upar wali layer, jo rock ke chhote tukdon, humus, hawa, paani aur living things se bani hoti hai (मृदा).

ExampleSabzi ke garden ki kaali, bhurbhuri mitti.

Dheere matlab kitna dheere? Sirf 2–3 cm moti soil ki layer banane mein nature ko kuch sau saal, ya usse bhi zyada, lag sakte hain. Soil jagah-jagah alag bhi hoti hai. Kumhaar aur eent banane wale chipchipi clay khodte hain, kyunki geeli hone par use shape diya ja sakta hai aur pakaa kar sakht kiya ja sakta hai. Kisaan doosri soils ko keemti maante hain. Deccan ki kaali soil paani achchhe se rokti hai, isliye usmein cotton ugta hai. Rivers ne Ganga ke maidaanon mein naram, upjaau soil phaila di hai, jahan wheat aur chawal ugte hain.

Rocks

Apne town mein chaaron taraf dekho, tumhe har jagah rocks milenge, aksar bhes badle hue. Railway track ke neeche ki bajri rock hai. Kitchen sink ke paas ka slab, hotel lobby ka chamakdaar farsh aur chutney peesne wala patthar bhi rock hain. Purane mandir ke nakkaashi wale khambhe bhi rock hain.

Definition
Rock

Ek sakht, solid natural material jisse Earth ki bahari layer bani hai. Rock ek ya zyada minerals se banta hai (चट्टान).

ExampleGranite, marble aur sandstone.

Flash cards · 8

Kaam par rocks

1 / 8

Rocks bahut lambe time se logon ke kaam aa rahe hain. Das laakh saal se bhi pehle, aaj ke Chennai ke paas early humans ne sakht pattharon ko hand axes ka shape diya. Bahut baad mein logon ne shikaar ke liye chhote, nukeele arrowheads banaye. Aise stone tools India mein kai jagahon par khudaai mein mile hain.

Ek quarry kuch hi saalon mein poori pahadi kaat sakti hai. Uski jagah laakhon saalon tak koi nayi pahadi nahi uthegi. Rocks ek aisa khazaana hain jise dhyaan se use karna chahiye. Purani eenton aur pattharon ko nayi buildings mein dobara use karna unhe bachane ka ek achchha tareeka hai.

Minerals

Ek rock todo aur lens se use dhyaan se dekho. Tumhe alag-alag rangon ke chhote daane dikh sakte hain: kuch kaanch jaise, kuch gulabi, kuch kaale aur chamakdaar. Har tarah ka daana ek mineral hai. Rocks minerals se bane hote hain.

Definition
Mineral

Ek natural solid substance jisse rocks bante hain. Kai minerals ko khod kar nikaala jaata hai taaki unse metals nikaale ja sakein (खनिज).

ExampleBauxite, jisse aluminium banta hai.

Kai metals zameen se khode gaye minerals se aate hain. Iron Odisha, Jharkhand aur Chhattisgarh mein nikaale gaye minerals se aata hai, aur aluminium bauxite naam ke mineral se. Copper, silver aur gold ke apne minerals hote hain. Railway line ka steel aur paayal ki silver, dono ki shuruaat rocks ke andar hui. Kitchen ki ek shelf bhi minerals se bhari hai, jaise Fig. 11.14 dikhata hai.

3/3Steel iron ore se banta hai, aluminium bauxite se, copper copper ore se aur glass ret (sand) se.

Fig. 11.14Bartan, pateele aur glass ka jar bhi zameen se khode gaye minerals se shuru hue.NCERT p. 221

Ek shelf par chaar cheezein line mein hain, har ek ke neeche naam likha hai: steel ka tumbler, pressure cooker, copper ka gol lota aur achaar ka glass jar. Pehle step mein sirf cheezein aur unke naam dikhte hain. Doosre step mein har ek ke neeche ek bold word batata hai ki woh kis se bani hai: steel, aluminium, copper aur glass. Aakhri step mein dashed arrows har word se neeche rock ke ek dhele ya ret ke dher tak jaate hain, jin par iron ore, bauxite, copper ore aur ret likha hai.

Minerals bahut lambe time mein bante hain, aur zameen mein unki ek fixed matra hi hai. Jab purane phones, wires aur bartan recycle hote hain, to unke metals dobara use ho sakte hain, aur zyada rock khodne ki zaroorat nahi padti. Purane gadgets ko kabhi dustbin mein na phenkne ki yeh ek achchhi wajah hai.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Soil banne ke steps ko order mein lagao.
  1. Ek bada rock khule mein pada hai
  2. Roots tukdon ko alag dhakelti hain
  3. Garmi, thand aur paani usmein daraar daalte hain
  4. Chhote tukde humus se mil kar soil bante hain
Answer dekho
Answer
  1. Ek bada rock khule mein pada hai
  2. Garmi, thand aur paani usmein daraar daalte hain
  3. Roots tukdon ko alag dhakelti hain
  4. Chhote tukde humus se mil kar soil bante hain
Weathering garam aur thanda hone aur paani se padi daraaron se shuru hoti hai; roots unhe chauda karti hain; bahut lambe time baad chhote tukde humus se mil kar soil bante hain.

11.6 Fossil Fuels

Subah 8 baje apne school gate ke paas khade hokar dekho. School buses gadgadaati aati hain, scooters bhinbhinaate nikalte hain, ek hara-peela auto phat-phat karke rukta hai aur ek tractor trolley ke saath dhak-dhak karta guzarta hai. Har ek kisi na kisi fuel se chalta hai. Kya sab ek hi fuel use karte hain?

Petrol aur diesel cousins hain. Dono petroleum se bante hain, jo ek gaadha, kaala oil hai aur zameen ya samundar ke tale ke bahut neeche se pump karke nikaala jaata hai. Kerosene aur kitchen cylinders ki LPG bhi isi se bante hain. Petroleum ek ajeeb naam wali family ka hai, fossil fuels. Coal aur natural gas bhi isi family mein hain. Fig. 11.15 dikhata hai ki yeh naam kahan se aaya.

4/4Plants ke bache hisse coal ban gaye. Samundar ke bache hisse petroleum aur natural gas ban gaye, jin tak hum mines aur wells se pahunchte hain.

Fig. 11.15Fossil fuels un living things ke bache hisse hain jo dab gaye aur laakhon saalon mein dheere-dheere badal gaye.NCERT p. 222

Picture gehri rock ki ek patti ke upar do hisson mein bati hai: left mein zameen ke plants, aur right mein samundar ki life. Pehle step mein, laakhon saal pehle, left mein dal-dal mein lambe plants ugte hain aur right mein samundar mein chhote living things tairte hain. Doosre step mein unke bache hisse neeche patli layers ki tarah pade hain, keechad se dhake. Teesre step mein upar aur bahut si rock layers jamti hain, rock ke wazan wale arrows neeche dabaate hain aur heat wali lehardaar lines neeche se uthti hain. Aakhri step mein, aaj, plants ki layer coal ki patti ban gayi hai jahan tak ek mine shaft pahunchta hai, aur samundar wali layer oil ban gayi hai jiske upar gas hai, jo ek mudi hui rock layer ke neeche band hai aur jahan tak ek oil well pahunchta hai.

Fossil ke baare mein socho: bahut pehle ke kisi living thing ke bache hisse ya uski chhaap, jo rock mein safe rahi. Fossil fuels aise hi bache hisson se bane hain. Dabe hue dal-dal ke plants coal ban gaye. Samundar ke chhote jeev aur plants petroleum aur natural gas ban gaye. Har badlaav mein laakhon saal lage.

Definition
Fossil fuel

Coal, petroleum ya natural gas jaisa fuel, jo living things ke dabe hue bache hisson se laakhon saalon mein bana (जीवाश्म ईंधन).

ExamplePower station mein jalaya gaya coal.

Table 11.6Kaun sa fuel kaun sa kaam karta hai?
FuelYeh kahan milta hai
PetrolScooters, motorbikes aur zyadatar cars
DieselBuses, trucks, tractors aur generators
LPG aur piped gasKitchen ke stoves
CNG (yaani compressed natural gas)Kai shehron mein autos, buses aur taxis; yeh petrol ya diesel se zyada saaf jalti hai
CoalBijli banane wale power stations, aur steel plants

Fossil fuels ke saath do pareshaaniyan hain. Pehli pareshaani hai stock. Nature naya coal aur oil itna dheere banata hai ki hamare liye uska koi matlab nahi. Aaj jalaya gaya har litre petrol hamesha ke liye khatam. Neeche wali coal clock dikhati hai ki yeh kitna bematch hai. Doosri pareshaani hai dhuaan. Fossil fuels jalane se hawa kaalikh aur nuksaan wali gases se bhar jaati hai, aur extra carbon dioxide heat ko rok kar Earth ko garam karti hai. Isiliye log energy ke liye Sun, hawa aur behte paani ki taraf mud rahe hain.

Example

Coal clock

Jharkhand ki ek coal seam ka coal lagbhag 30 crore (300 million) saal pehle dal-dal ke plants ke roop mein shuru hua. Ek power station poori seam ko 50 saal mein jala sakta hai. Un 30 crore saalon ko 24 ghante ke ek din mein sama do. Us clock par jalane mein kitna time lagta hai?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Inmein se kaun fossil fuels hain?
Saare sahi options chuno
Answer dekho
Answer
  • (A) Coal
  • (C) Natural gas
  • (D) Petroleum
Coal, natural gas aur petroleum laakhon saal pehle dabe bache hisson se bane. Lakdi aaj ugne wale trees se aati hai, isliye woh fossil fuel nahi hai.

11.7 Natural Resources: Renewable aur Non-renewable

Apni khazaane ki khoj ko peeche mud kar dekho, tumhare lungs ki hawa se scooter ke petrol tak. Inmein se koi bhi khazaana logon ne nahi banaya. Yeh pehle se yahan the, aur humne inhe use karne ke tareeke dhoondhe. Nature ke aise saare kaam ke tohfon ka ek hi naam hai: natural resources.

Definition
Natural resource

Koi bhi kaam ki cheez jo humein nature se milti hai, jaise hawa, paani, sunlight, soil ya coal (प्राकृतिक संसाधन).

ExampleKheton ki sinchaai ke liye use hone wala river ka paani.

Log natural resources ko nayi cheezon mein badalte hain. Ret khidki ka glass banti hai, iron ore railway track banta hai, aur cotton school uniform banta hai. Is tarah logon ki banayi kaam ki cheezein human-made resources hain. Bridge, pressure cooker aur mobile phone, sab human-made hain, haalaanki har ek ki shuruaat nature ke materials se hui.

Definition
Human-made resource

Ek kaam ki cheez jo log natural resources se banate hain (मानव निर्मित संसाधन).

ExampleSteel ka bridge ya cotton ki shirt.

Kya nature ise dobara bhar sakta hai?

Nature kuch natural resources ko baar-baar bharta rehta hai. Baarish har monsoon mein talaab aur kuein bharti hai. Green plants har din hawa mein oxygen jodte hain. Agar hum ek baar mein sirf kuch trees lein, to forest seeds se naye trees uga leta hai. Jo resources nature ek theek-thaak time mein, lagbhag ek insaan ki zindagi ke andar, dobara bana deta hai, woh renewable resources hain.

Definition
Renewable resource

Aisa natural resource jise nature theek-thaak time mein dobara bhar deta hai ya uga deta hai, agar hum use samajhdaari se use karein (नवीकरणीय संसाधन).

ExampleHawa, paani, sunlight, wind aur forests.

Kai communities bahut pehle se jaanti hain ki renewable resources ko samajhdaari se kaise use karein. Nilgiri pahadiyon ke kuch paramparik shahad ikattha karne wale chhatte ka sirf ek hissa kaatte hain. Baaki woh chhod dete hain, taaki bees wahin rahein aur zyada shahad banayein. India ke coasts par machhli pakadne wali naavein har saal lagbhag do mahine kinaare par rehti hain, jab bahut si machhliyan ande deti hain. Is tarah agle saal bhi pakadne ke liye machhliyan hoti hain.

Baaki resources kisi theek-thaak time mein dobara nahi bhare ja sakte. Coal clock yaad karo: jo fuel laakhon saal mein banta hai, woh pal bhar mein jal sakta hai. Minerals aur rocks ko bhi banne mein hazaaron se laakhon saal lagte hain. Soil bhi itni dheere banti hai ki khoyi hui layer hamari zindagi mein wapas nahi aayegi. Yeh non-renewable resources hain. Fig. 11.16 dono groups ko is hisaab se line mein lagata hai ki nature kitna time leta hai.

Definition
Non-renewable resource

Aisa natural resource jise nature theek-thaak time mein dobara nahi bana sakta, isliye hamare paas jo stock hai, bas wahi hai (अनवीकरणीय संसाधन).

ExampleCoal, petroleum, natural gas, minerals, rocks aur soil.

Fig. 11.16Nature kuch resources ko ek zindagi ke andar dobara bhar deta hai (renewable) aur baakiyon ko kahin zyada dheere (non-renewable).NCERT p. 224

Ek chart jiska heading hai bharne ka time, aur jismein paanch rows hain. Har row mein left mein ek chhoti picture aur right mein time hai: baarish ek monsoon mein talaab bhar deti hai; kata hua bamboo kuch saalon mein wapas ug jaata hai; teak ka forest 50 saal ya usse zyada mein wapas ugta hai; 3 cm nayi soil kuch sau saalon mein banti hai; coal seam laakhon saalon mein banti hai. Lagbhag ek insaan ki umr likhi ek dashed line rows ko baantti hai. Upar ki teen rows renewable wale panel mein hain, aur neeche ki do non-renewable wale dashed panel mein.

Compare

Do tarah ke natural resources

Renewable

  • Hawa
  • Paani
  • Sunlight aur wind
  • Forests, plants aur animals
  • Nature dinon se dashakon ke andar dobara bhar deta hai

Non-renewable

  • Coal, petroleum aur natural gas
  • Minerals aur metals
  • Rocks
  • Soil
  • Banne mein hazaaron se laakhon saal lagte hain

Dhyaan do: renewable ka matlab kabhi khatam na hone wala nahi hai. Forest tabhi renewable rehta hai jab hum naye trees ugne se tez trees na kaatein. Lake tabhi renewable rehti hai jab hum baarish ke daale gaye paani se zyada paani na nikaalein, aur use saaf rakhein. Neeche khud try karke dekho.

InteractiveNature ka bank

40 saal tak resources use karne ka ek game, jismein teen tabs hain. Gaanv ka forest 100 trees se shuru hota hai aur jab tak kuch trees bache hain, saal mein 4 trees tak dobara ugaata hai; coal seam mein 100 tokriyan hain jinhe nature dobara nahi bharta; dhoop har din nayi milti hai. Ek slider set karta hai ki har saal kitna use ho. Trees, coal ke dhelon ya solar panels ka ek grid dikhata hai ki kitna bacha hai, aur ek line graph saal dar saal bachi matra dikhata hai, aur compare karne ke liye pichhla run dashed line mein rakhta hai.

Fig. 11.17Chuno ki har saal kitna use karna hai, phir 40 saal chalao. Gaanv ke forest, coal seam aur dhoop ko compare karo.
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Inmein se kaun renewable resources hain?
Saare sahi options chuno
Answer dekho
Answer
  • (A) Wind
  • (C) Paani
  • (E) Forests
Wind, paani aur forests ko nature dobara bhar deta hai. Coal aur iron ore ko banne mein laakhon saal lage aur woh wapas nahi bante.

11.8 Resources Jo Hum Use Karte Hain

Delhi mein sardi ki kuch subahon mein aasmaan grey ho jaata hai aur hawa se aankhein jalti hain. Gali ka doosra sira mushkil se dikhta hai. Yeh dhundh kahan se aati hai?

Gaadiyon, factories aur power stations ka dhuaan ise badhata hai. Kachra aur kheton mein bache fasal ke dandhal jalane ka dhuaan bhi. Gandi hawa se log khaanste hain, aur samay ke saath yeh lungs ko nuksaan pahuncha sakti hai, khaas kar bachchon aur buzurgon ke.

2/3Log ek CNG bus, cycles aur ek electric rickshaw par switch karte hain. Bahut kam dhuaan nikalta hai.

Fig. 11.18Kam dhuein wali gaadiyan matlab sadak par sabke liye saaf hawa.NCERT p. 224

Ek shehar ki sadak, jiske peeche buildings hain. Pehle step, dhuein wala rush hour, mein teen cars aur ek truck sadak par bhare hain, har ek ke peeche dhuein ke grey gubaar hain, aur grey dhundh buildings ko chhupa leti hai. Doosre step, saaf choices, mein cars aur truck ki jagah ek CNG bus, do cyclists aur EV likha ek electric rickshaw aa jaate hain, aur dhundh patli ho jaati hai. Aakhri step, saaf hawa, mein dhundh gaayab hai aur buildings ke upar Sun chamak raha hai.

Safar ke saaf tareeke badh rahe hain. Electric bus ya e-rickshaw mein exhaust pipe nahi hota, isliye woh sadak par dhuaan nahi chhodte. Haalaanki jo power station use charge karta hai, woh abhi bhi coal jala sakta hai. CNG buses aur autos diesel walon se kam pollution karte hain. Ek metro train ek saath hazaar se zyada logon ko le ja sakti hai. Aur sabse saaf trips hain paidal ya cycle se.

Hum har din ke har minute natural resources use karte hain, aksar bina notice kiye. Agli activity tumhe unhe pehchaanne mein madad karegi.

Is chapter ke har khazaane ki ek limit hai, renewable walon ki bhi. To rule simple hai: utna lo jitna zaroori hai, utna nahi jitna le sakte ho. Cheezein phenkne se pehle unhe theek karo aur dobara use karo, aur hawa, paani aur soil ko saaf rakho. Jo bachche aaj se sau saal baad tumhare town mein rahenge, woh tum par bharosa kar rahe hain.

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Inmein se kaun si trip hawa mein sabse kam dhuaan daalti hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (B) Cycle se school jaana

Cycle bilkul bhi fuel nahi jalati. Car, truck aur scooter, teeno fossil fuels jalate hain.

Aur aage seekho

Recap

Summary aur key points

  1. Hum jo kuch bhi use karte hain, khaane se fuel tak, woh nature ke khazaanon se aata hai, jinhe natural resources kehte hain (Hamare aas-paas khazaane).
  2. Hawa gases ka mixture hai: lagbhag 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen aur 1 % doosri gases jaise argon aur carbon dioxide. Humein har minute uski oxygen chahiye (Section 11.1).
  3. Chalti hawa wind hai. Yeh firkiyon, windmills aur bijli banane wale wind turbines ko ghumati hai (Chalti hawa).
  4. Earth ka zyadatar paani khaara hai. Sirf ek chhota sa hissa aasaani se milne wala freshwater hai, isliye humein use bachana aur saaf rakhna hai (Section 11.2).
  5. Rainwater harvesting baarish ko tanks mein store karta hai ya zameen mein samaane deta hai. Stepwells yeh karne ka ek purana Indian tareeka hain (Baarish ko pakdo).
  6. Living things jo energy use karte hain, woh lagbhag saari sunlight se shuru hoti hai. Plants use pakad kar khaana banate hain, aur animals aur log plants khaa kar energy paate hain (Section 11.3).
  7. Hum Sun ki heat aur light se khaana aur kapde sukhate hain, solar cookers mein pakaate hain, paani garam karte hain aur solar panels se bijli banate hain (Fig. 11.9).
  8. Forests humein lakdi, phal, shahad aur dawaiyan dete hain, kai animals ko ghar dete hain, apni roots se soil pakadte hain aur use humus se khaana dete hain (Section 11.4).
  9. Soil rock se saikdon se hazaaron saalon mein banti hai. Yeh rock ke tukdon, humus, hawa, paani aur living things ka mix hai (Section 11.5).
  10. Rocks building aur tools banane mein kaam aate hain, aur woh minerals se bane hote hain. Iron, copper aur aluminium jaise metals minerals se aate hain (Minerals).
  11. Coal, petroleum aur natural gas fossil fuels hain, jo dabe hue bache hisson se laakhon saalon mein bane. Inhe jalane se hawa pollute hoti hai, aur yeh khatam ho jaayenge (Section 11.6).
  12. Jo natural resources nature theek-thaak time mein dobara bhar deta hai, woh renewable hain; jinhe nahi bharta, woh non-renewable hain (Section 11.7).
  13. Zyada use karne par renewable resources bhi khatam ho jaate hain. Har resource ko samajhdaari se use karne se sabke liye kaafi rehta hai, aaj bhi aur aage bhi (Section 11.8).
Flash cards · 8

Zaroori words

1 / 8
Practice · 20 questions

Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Chalo, apni samajh aur badhayein”)

Questions 1 se 16 wahi skills practice karate hain jo NCERT exercises mein hain; 17 se 20 extra practice hain.

  1. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1

    Khazaane ki paheliyan.

    1. Har paheli ko uske jawaab se match karo.

      Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

      Answer dekho
      Answer
      • Main space mein aath minute ka safar karke har subah tum tak pahunchti hoon : sunlight
      • Mujhe kaale dhelon mein khod kar nikaala jaata hai aur power stations mein jalaya jaata hai : coal
      • Mujhmein keede surang banate hain aur seeds ugte hain : soil
      • Main trees ka jhund hoon jahan tigers aur hornbills rehte hain : forest
      • Mujhe gehre wells se pump karke nikaala jaata hai aur petrol banaya jaata hai : petroleum
      Sunlight ko hum tak pahunchne mein lagbhag aath minute lagte hain, coal power stations mein jalta hai, seeds soil mein ugte hain, tigers forests mein rehte hain aur petrol petroleum se banta hai.

    2. Paancho jawaabon mein se kaun renewable resources hain?

      Saare sahi options chuno
      Answer dekho
      Answer
      • (A) sunlight
      • (D) forest
      Sunlight har din nayi aati hai, aur forest dobara ug jaata hai agar trees naye trees ugne se tez na kaate jaayein. Coal aur petroleum ko banne mein laakhon saal lagte hain, aur soil itni dheere banti hai ki uski bharpaai nahi ho paati, isliye yeh teeno non-renewable hain.
  2. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q2

    True ya false? Har false statement ko sahi karo.

    1. Aaj power stations mein jalne wala coal un plants se bana jo laakhon saal pehle rehte the.

      Answer dekho

      Answer Sahi

      True. Coal dal-dal ke un plants ke badle hue bache hisse hain jo laakhon saal pehle dab gaye the.

    2. Mitti ka matka natural resource hai, kyunki clay nature se aati hai.

      Answer dekho

      Answer Galat

      False. Clay natural resource hai, lekin matka human-made resource hai: kumhaar ne use shape diya aur pakaya.

    3. Forests kabhi khatam nahi ho sakte, kyunki trees wapas ug jaate hain.

      Answer dekho

      Answer Galat

      False. Agar trees naye trees ugne se tez kaate jaayein, to forest chhota hota jaata hai, aur gaayab bhi ho sakta hai.

    4. Gaanv ke talaab ka paani renewable resource hai.

      Answer dekho

      Answer Sahi

      True. Monsoon ki baarish har saal talaab ko dobara bharti hai, jab tak log baarish ke daale paani se zyada na nikaalein, ya use pollute na karein.
  3. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q3

    Sabse sahi jawaab chuno.

    1. Ek kisaan ka tractor khaali tank ke saath khet ke beech mein ruk jaata hai. Use pump se kaun sa fuel laana chahiye?

      Answer dekho

      Answer (C) diesel

      India mein lagbhag saare tractors, zyadatar buses aur trucks ki tarah, diesel se chalte hain.

    2. Ek pahadi gaanv ko energy ka aisa source chahiye jise nature baar-baar bharta rahe. Use kya chunna chahiye?

      Answer dekho

      Answer (B) pahadi ki choti par chalti hawa

      Hawa chalti rehti hai, Sun ki heat se. Coal, natural gas aur diesel (petroleum se bana) non-renewable hain.
  4. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q4

    Is list mein se saare renewable resources chuno: sunlight, petroleum, forests, marble, paani, bauxite.

    Saare sahi options chuno
    Answer dekho
    Answer
    • (A) sunlight
    • (C) forests
    • (E) paani
    Sunlight, forests aur paani renewable hain. Petroleum, marble (ek rock) aur bauxite (ek mineral) non-renewable hain.
  5. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q5

    Kitchen cylinder ki LPG petroleum se banti hai. Samjhao ki hum hamesha LPG par depend kyun nahi reh sakte.

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerPetroleum non-renewable hai, isliye usse bani LPG khatam ho jaayegi.

    LPG petroleum se banti hai, jo samundar ke chhote jeevon ke bache hisson se laakhon saalon mein bana. Zameen ke neeche iski ek fixed matra hi hai, aur nature ise kisi theek-thaak time mein dobara nahi bharta. Hum ise iske banne se kahin zyada tezi se use kar rahe hain, isliye ek din yeh khatam ho jaayegi. Humein LPG dhyaan se use karni chahiye aur doosre sources ki taraf jaana chahiye, jaise biogas, solar cookers aur sunlight ya wind se bani bijli.

  6. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q6

    Ek gaanv ne ek saal mein apna poora forest kaat diya. Forest wapas aane mein itna lamba time kyun lagega?

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerTrees ko ugne mein dashak lagte hain, aur khoyi hui soil, seeds aur animals jaldi wapas nahi aate.

    • Bade trees ko poora bada hone mein kai saal lagte hain, aksar 30 se 50 ya usse bhi zyada.
    • Trees na bachne par bahut kam seeds girte hain, aur seeds phailaane wali chidiyan aur animals ja chuke hote hain.
    • Baarish nangi soil aur uska humus bahaa le jaati hai, isliye naye plants ko ugne mein mushkil hoti hai.
    • To forest mahinon mein kaata ja sakta hai, lekin use wapas ugne mein ek zindagi ya usse bhi zyada lagti hai.
  7. ActivityMediumNCERT Exercises Q7

    Tumhari family ek hafte ke liye 'resource diet' par jaane ka faisla karti hai. Apne ghar ki teen jagahein chuno, jaise kitchen, bathroom aur tumhari study table. Har jagah ke liye wahan use hone wala ek natural resource batao aur use kam use karne ka ek tareeka.

    Solution dikhao

    Jawaab alag-alag ho sakte hain. Yeh rahi ek example list.

    • Kitchen (petroleum se bani LPG, aur paani): bartan par dhakkan rakho aur pakaane se pehle dal bhigo do, taaki kam gas jale; sabziyan chalte nal ke neeche nahi, bowl mein dho.
    • Bathroom (paani): shower ki jagah ek balti se nahao, aur sabun lagate waqt nal band karo.
    • Study table (trees se bana paper, aur aksar coal se bani bijli): page ke dono taraf likho, aur jaate waqt lamp band karo.
  8. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q8

    Socho ek aisi jagah jahan bilkul hawa na ho, jaise Moon. Roz ki chaar aisi cheezein batao jo wahan nahi ho sakti.

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerJaise: saans lena, aag jalna, chidiya ya patang ka udna, aur aawaazein sunna.

    Moon par lagbhag hawa nahi hai, isliye wahan inmein se kuch bhi nahi ho sakta:

    • Log aur animals saans nahi le sakte, kyunki andar lene ke liye oxygen nahi hai.
    • Mombatti, chulha ya gas stove nahi jal sakta, kyunki aag ko hawa ki oxygen chahiye.
    • Chidiyan, patangein aur aeroplanes ud nahi sakte, aur windmills kabhi nahi ghoomengi, kyunki push karne ke liye hawa hi nahi hai.
    • Tum dost ki aawaaz nahi sun sakte, kyunki aawaaz hawa ke zariye tumhare kaanon tak pahunchti hai.
  9. ActivityMediumNCERT Exercises Q9

    Tumhare school ke bahar ki gali mein bilkul chhaaon nahi hai, bas dhool aur garam concrete. Agle ek saal mein use hara-bhara banane ka plan banao.

    Solution dikhao
    1. Gali mein chalo aur woh jagahein mark karo jahan trees gates, wires ya naaliyon ko roke bina ug sakte hain.
    2. Residents' association, apne school eco-club ya local council se madad aur paudhe maango.
    3. Local trees aur plants chuno, jaise neem, peepal, jamun ya amla, jo wahan ki soil ke layak hain aur jinhe kam dekhbhaal chahiye.
    4. Unhe monsoon mein lagao, shayad Van Mahotsav ke dauraan, aur har paudhe ko guard se bachao.
    5. Paani dene aur dekhbhaal ka roster banao, taaki har paudhe ki dekhbhaal koi family ya class kare.
    6. Gali ki dukaanon aur gharon se kaho ki apne darwaazon par gamle rakhein, aur unhe kitchen ke bache paani se seenchein.
  10. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q10

    Kerala ki ek machhuaara family apni pakdi machhliyan lakdi ke ek box mein sukhati hai, jiska farsh kaala hai aur dhakkan transparent plastic ka, aur box dhoop mein rakha jaata hai.

    1. Machhliyon ko energy ka kaun sa source sukhata hai?

      Answer dekho

      Answer (A) Sun

      Sunlight box ke andar ke kaale farsh ko garam karti hai, aur heat machhliyon ko sukha deti hai.

    2. Yeh achchha idea kyun hai, iski ek wajah do, aur ek problem batao jo family ko aa sakti hai.

      Solution dikhao

      Yeh achchha idea kyun hai: dhoop muft hai, khatam nahi hoti aur dhuaan nahi chhodti. Dhakkan machhliyon ko makkhiyon aur dhool se bhi bachata hai.

      Ek problem: yeh sirf dhoop wale dinon mein kaam karta hai. Baadal wale dinon mein, monsoon mein aur raat mein sukhana dheema ho jaata hai ya ruk jaata hai.

  11. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q11

    Ek pahadi ilaake ke kisaan notice karte hain ki unke kheton ke upar ka forest katne ke baad se unki soil kamzor ho gayi hai. Samjhao kyun.

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerPakadne wali roots ke bina upar ki upjaau soil bah jaati hai, aur naya humus banane ke liye gire hue patte nahi bachte.

    Tree ki roots soil ko apni jagah pakde rakhti thin, aur forest ka farsh baarish ko dheere-dheere samaane deta tha. Trees katne ke baad tez baarish soil ki upar wali layer, jo sabse upjaau hissa hai, dhalaan se neeche bahaa le gayi. Forest se patte girna bhi band ho gaya, isliye nutrients jodne wala naya humus nahi bana. Kamzor, patli soil mein kamzor faslein ugti hain.

  12. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q12

    Kharaab hawa wale din tumhara school bahar ke games cancel kar deta hai. Tumhare town ke upar ka dhuaan kahan se aa raha ho sakta hai? Teen alag sources batao. Phir ek cheez sujhao jo tumhara school iske liye kar sakta hai.

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerPetrol aur diesel jalati gaadiyan; coal jalate factories aur power stations; kachra, patte ya fasal ke dandhal jalate log. Jaise, school apne patte jalane ki jagah unki compost bana sakta hai.

    • Cars, scooters, buses aur trucks petrol aur diesel jalate hain, aur dhuaan aur nuksaan wali gases chhodte hain.
    • Factories aur power stations coal aur doosre fuels jalate hain.
    • Log khule mein kachra, sookhe patte aur fasal ke dandhal jalate hain.

    School ek cheez kya kar sakta hai: sookhe patte jalane ki jagah unki compost banaye, parents se kahe ki gate par intezaar karte waqt car ka engine band rakhein, ya paidal school aane wala ek group shuru kare.

  13. Short answerHardNCERT Exercises Q13

    Monsoon mein chaar din tak ghane grey baadal Asha ke gaanv ke upar Sun ko chhupa lete hain.

    1. Un chaar dinon mein inmein se kaun theek se kaam nahi karega, ya bilkul nahi karega?

      Saare sahi options chuno
      Answer dekho
      Answer
      • (A) Gali ki solar street lights
      • (C) Chhat par sookhne ke liye rakhe papad
      • (E) School ki chhat ka solar water heater
      Solar street lights, sookhte papad aur solar water heater, teeno ko dhoop chahiye. LPG stove gas jalata hai aur hand pump muscle power se chalta hai, isliye baadal unhe nahi rokte.

    2. Solar street lights pehli ek-do raat abhi bhi jalti hain. Kyun?

      Solution dikhao

      Har light mein ek battery hai. Dhoop wale dinon mein uske panel ne battery charge ki thi, aur woh store bijli ek-do raat lamp jalati hai. Kai baadal wale dinon ke baad batteries kamzor pad jaati hain, aur lights dheemi ho jaati hain ya bujh jaati hain.

    3. Agar Sun chaar din ki jagah mahinon tak chhupa rahe, to kheton ki faslon ka kya hoga?

      Solution dikhao

      Faslein sunlight se apna khaana banati hain. Mahinon tak uske bina woh badhna band kar dengi, peeli pad jaayengi aur mar jaayengi. Phir jaanwar aur log bhi bhookhe rahenge, kyunki hamara saara khaana un plants par depend karta hai jo sunlight use karte hain.

  14. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q14

    Box ke words se resource map poora karo. Natural resources do tarah ke hote hain. resources, jaise sunlight, wind aur machhliyan, nature dobara bhar deta hai. resources ko nahi bharta. Inmein woh metals hain jo humein se milte hain, aur fuels, jaise coal aur natural gas.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (1) renewable, (2) non-renewable, (3) minerals, (4) fossil

    Sunlight, wind aur machhliyan renewable hain. Non-renewable resources mein minerals hain, jinse humein metals milte hain, aur fossil fuels jaise coal, petroleum aur natural gas.
  15. Long answerHardNCERT Exercises Q15

    Town council 200 purane trees kaat kar ek sadak chaudi karne ka plan bana rahi hai. Kya yeh theek hai? Ek chhoti report likho jismein dono taraf ke points aur tumhari apni raay ho.

    Solution dikhao

    Plan ke paksh mein: chaudi sadak se traffic jam kam ho sakte hain, aur kam jam matlab kam time aur fuel barbaad.

    Plan ke khilaaf: purane trees chhaaon, saaf aur thandi hawa aur chidiyon ko ghar dete hain. Unhe ugne mein dashak lage, aur naye paudhon ko unki jagah lene mein bhi dashak lagenge. Chaudi sadak par zyada cars ka matlab zyada dhuaan bhi ho sakta hai.

    Ek sample raay: council ko pehle doosre raaste dekhne chahiye, jaise behtar buses, one-way traffic ya sirf sabse patle hisse ko chauda karna. Agar kuch trees hataane hi padein, to woh jitne kam ho sake utne hon, kuch ko nayi jagah shift kiya ja sake, aur har kate tree ki jagah kai naye trees lagaye jaayein aur unki dekhbhaal ho.

  16. Long answerHardNCERT Exercises Q16

    Plan banao ki tumhari family ek mahine tak apna paani ka use ek-chauthai kaise kam kar sakti hai. Tum sabse pehle kya badloge, apni progress kaise check karoge, aur isse nature ki kya madad hogi?

    Solution dikhao
    1. Audit se shuru karo. Ek hafte tak baltiyan gino ya water meter padho, taaki pata chale ki family roz kitna paani use karti hai.
    2. Sabse zyada paani wale kaam pehle badlo: shower ki jagah balti se nahaana, aur brush karte aur sabun lagate waqt nal band.
    3. Har tapakta nal, leak hota pipe aur chalta toilet flush theek karo.
    4. Sabziyan, chawal aur dal bowl mein dho, aur woh paani plants mein daalo.
    5. Kapdon ke aakhri rinse ka paani farsh ka pochha lagane mein dobara use karo.
    6. Har hafte meter ya baltiyon ki ginti check karo aur bachat ko ek chart par mark karo jo sabko dikhe.

    Isse kaise madad milti hai: roz 800 litre use karne wali family agar ek-chauthai kam kare, to roz 200 litre bachati hai, yaani ek mahine mein 6,000 litre. Rivers aur zameen se kam paani pump hota hai, isliye plants, animals aur doosre logon ke liye zyada bachta hai, aur pumping mein kam bijli lagti hai.

  17. Quick answerEasy

    Ek tapakta nal roz lagbhag 20 litre paani barbaad karta hai. 30 din ke mahine mein woh kitne litre barbaad karta hai?

    L
    Answer dekho

    Answer 600 L

    20 L×30=600 L, tees 20-litre baltiyan bharne ke liye kaafi.
  18. Quick answerMedium

    Ek ghar ki chhat ka area 50 square metre hai. 1 square metre par har millimetre baarish se 1 litre paani milta hai. 10 mm baarish se chhat kitne litre jama kar sakti hai?

    L
    Answer dekho

    Answer 500 L

    50×10=500, isliye chhat lagbhag 500 L jama karti hai.
  19. Quick answerEasy

    Hawa ke har 100 parts mein lagbhag kitne nitrogen hote hain?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (B) 78

    100 mein lagbhag 78 parts nitrogen hai; oxygen lagbhag 21 aur doosri gases lagbhag 1.
  20. Quick answerMedium

    Inhe order mein lagao, us se shuru karke jise nature sabse jaldi banata hai, us tak jise sabse dheere.

    1. Tumhare angoothe jitni moti soil ki layer
    2. Coal seam
    3. Teak ka forest
    4. Wheat ki fasal
    Answer dekho
    Answer
    1. Wheat ki fasal
    2. Teak ka forest
    3. Tumhare angoothe jitni moti soil ki layer
    4. Coal seam
    Wheat kuch mahinon mein pak jaata hai, teak forest mein dashak lagte hain, angoothe jitni moti soil ki layer mein saikdon saal ya usse zyada, aur coal seam mein laakhon saal.

Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo

Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.

Tumhari NCERT textbook meinYahan practice question
NCERT Exercises Q1Practice Q1
NCERT Exercises Q2Practice Q2
NCERT Exercises Q3Practice Q3
NCERT Exercises Q4Practice Q4
NCERT Exercises Q5Practice Q5
NCERT Exercises Q6Practice Q6
NCERT Exercises Q7Practice Q7
NCERT Exercises Q8Practice Q8
NCERT Exercises Q9Practice Q9
NCERT Exercises Q10Practice Q10
NCERT Exercises Q11Practice Q11
NCERT Exercises Q12Practice Q12
NCERT Exercises Q13Practice Q13
NCERT Exercises Q14Practice Q14
NCERT Exercises Q15Practice Q15
NCERT Exercises Q16Practice Q16

Quick check: MCQs

  1. Hamare aas-paas khazaane2 questions
  2. Chalti hawa4 questions
  3. Check: Earth ka paani2 questions
  4. Baarish ko pakdo4 questions
  5. Sun hum sabka pet bharta hai4 questions
  6. 11.4 Forests4 questions
  7. Minerals4 questions
  8. 11.6 Fossil Fuels3 questions
  9. Kya nature ise dobara bhar sakta hai?4 questions
  10. 11.8 Resources Jo Hum Use Karte Hain3 questions
Glossary · 15

Key terms (English + Hindi)

forestवनvan
Trees aur doosre plants se ghana dhaka ek bada area, jo kai animals ka ghar hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
fossil fuelजीवाश्म ईंधनjeevaashm eendhan
Coal, petroleum ya natural gas, jo living things ke dabe hue bache hisson se laakhon saalon mein bane.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
freshwater
Bahut kam namak wala paani, jo baarish, rivers, lakes, kuon, ice aur snow mein milta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
human-made resourceमानव निर्मित संसाधनmaanav nirmit sansaadhan
Ek kaam ki cheez jo log natural resources se banate hain, jaise bridge ya shirt.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
humusह्यूमसhyoomas
Soil ka kaala, nutrients se bhara hissa jo sade hue plants aur animals ke bache hisson se banta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
mineralखनिजkhanij
Ek natural solid substance jisse rocks bante hain; kai minerals iron jaise metals ke liye khode jaate hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
natural resourceप्राकृतिक संसाधनpraakritik sansaadhan
Koi bhi kaam ki cheez jo humein nature se milti hai, jaise hawa, paani, sunlight, soil ya coal.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
non-renewable resourceअनवीकरणीय संसाधनanaveekaraneey sansaadhan
Aisa natural resource jise nature theek-thaak time mein wapas nahi bana sakta, jaise coal ya minerals.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
petroleumपेट्रोलियमpetroliyam
Zameen ke bahut neeche se nikla ek gaadha, kaala oil, jisse petrol, diesel, kerosene aur LPG bante hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
rainwater harvestingवर्षा जल संग्रहणvarsha jal sangrahan
Baarish ko jama karke store karna, ya zameen mein samaane dena, taaki baad mein use ho.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
renewable resourceनवीकरणीय संसाधनnaveekaraneey sansaadhan
Aisa natural resource jise nature theek-thaak time mein dobara bhar deta hai, jaise paani, sunlight ya forests.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
rockचट्टानchattaan
Minerals se bana ek sakht, natural solid jisse Earth ki bahari layer bani hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
soilमृदाmrida
Zameen ki dheeli upar wali layer: rock ke tukde, humus, hawa, paani aur living things.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
solar energyसौर ऊर्जाsaur oorja
Sun se milne wali energy, heat aur light ke roop mein.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
windपवनpavan
Ek jagah se doosri jagah chalti hawa, samundar ki halki breeze se garajte cyclone tak.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

Tum chapter ke end tak pahunch gaye