Diversity in the Living World: Class 6 Science Chapter 2 Hinglish mein

Curiosity · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗

Published 12 Oct 2026 · Updated 12 Oct 2026

98 min
16 practice questions
22 MCQs

Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge

Apne aas-paas ke plants aur animals ke features observe karke record karna, aur unse samjhana ki biodiversity ka matlab kya hai
Living things ko ek se zyada tareekon se group karna, aur har grouping ke peeche ka rule batana
Plants ko unki height, stem aur branching dekhkar herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers aur creepers mein sort karna
Reticulate aur parallel venation mein, aur taproot aur fibrous roots mein farq pehchanna
Seed mein cotyledons ki ginti ko dicots aur monocots ki leaf veins aur roots se jodna
Animals ko unke chalne ke tareeke aur us mein use hone wale body parts ke hisaab se group karna
Samjhana ki adaptations plants aur animals ko unke habitats, jaise deserts, barfile pahad aur paani, mein zinda rehne mein kaise madad karte hain
Habitats ko terrestrial ya aquatic mein sort karna, aur habitats aur biodiversity ko bachane ke tareeke suggest karna

NCERT Science Class 6, Chapter 2, pp. 9–34 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.

Aas-paas dekho: kitni saari zindagiyan

School ki bench par paanch minute chupchaap baitho aur bas dekho. Deewar ki darar ke saath-saath cheentiyon ki line march kar rahi hai. Parapet par ek kabootar akad kar chal raha hai. Ek gilhari apni jhabbedar poonch hilate hue neem ke ped par daud kar chadh jaati hai. Ghaas mein se chhote-chhote purple phool jhaank rahe hain, aur ek dragonfly tumhari naak ke paas se furr se nikal jaati hai. Tumne kitni tarah ke living things dekhe?

Ab socho ki yahi paanch minute tum gaon ke talaab ke kinare, Himalaya ki barfili dhalaan par ya Goa ke beach par bitaate. Wahan tumhe bilkul alag bheed milti! Is chapter mein hum life ki is huge variety ko explore karte hain. Hum yeh bhi seekhte hain ki scientists ise groups mein kaise sort karte hain, aur har plant aur animal apni jagah ke liye kyun fit hota hai.

2.1 Hamare Aas-paas ke Plants aur Animals mein Diversity

Jo log living things ko study karte hain, woh kitaab se shuru nahi karte. Woh bahar se shuru karte hain: tez aankhein, khule kaan aur ek notebook ke saath. Woh dekhte hain, sunte hain, soonghte hain aur sab likh lete hain. Tum bhi bilkul yahi kar sakte ho.

Activity 2.1NCERT Activity 2.1 · p. 10

Nature detective bano

Tumhe chahiye

ek notebook aur ek pencil
ek water bottle aur ek cap
ek hand lens, agar tumhare school mein ho
gire hue patton aur phoolon ke liye kapde ka ek thaila

Pehle guess karo

Tum park mein do plants ko bina nuksaan pahunchaye compare karna chahte ho. Tum kya compare kar sakte ho?

Unki height, stems, leaf shapes aur phoolSirf signboard par likhe naamTehni todkar unke stem ka andar ka hissa

Apne teacher ke saath school ke paas koi park, garden, khet ka kinara ya pedon ka jhund chuno.
Pehle minute bilkul chupchaap khade raho aur bas suno. Tum chidiyon ki kitni alag-alag awaazein pehchaan sakte ho?
Ab dheere-dheere chalo. Upar dekho (pedon ke top, taar), neeche dekho (mitti, ghaas, deewaron ki daraarein) aur beech mein bhi dekho.
Chalte-chalte neeche ki dono tables bharte jaao. Har table mein ek example row tumhare liye pehle se bhari hai.
Zameen par pehle se gire patton aur phoolon se ek scrapbook shuru karo. Har zinda plant ko bina chhue chhod do.
Wapas jaane se pehle note kar lo ki din kaisa tha: dhoop ya baadal, garam ya thanda, shaant ya hawa wala. Kya baarish wali subah bhi tumhe yahi jeev milenge?

Table 2.1Jo plants mujhe mile

Plant (local naam)	Mujhse kitna lamba?	Stem: naram ya sakht? patla ya mota?	Leaves: shape, aur stem par kaise lagi hain	Phool: rang aur khushboo
Money plant	Deewar par chadhkar mere sir se upar tak	Naram, hara aur patla	Dil jaisi shape; har point par ek, baari-baari se alag sides par	Koi nahi dikha

Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.

Table 2.2Jo animals mujhe mile

Animal (local naam)	Kahan rehta hai	Kya khaata hai	Kaise chalta hai	Body ka covering
Squirrel (gilhari)	Pedon mein aur deewaron ke chhedon mein	Seeds, phal aur phool	Daudti, chadhti aur chhalaang lagaati hai	Fur, peeth par teen halki dhaariyon ke saath

Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.

Ek challenge: apni plant table mein do aisi rows dhoondho jo har column mein match karein. Yeh lagbhag impossible hai! Nariyal ka ped school bus se bhi ooncha ho sakta hai, jabki doob ghaas mushkil se tumhare takhne ko chhooti hai. Money plant ka stem hara aur naram hota hai, lekin amrood ki daal sakht aur bhoori hoti hai. Leaves sui jaisi patli se lekar plate jitni badi tak hoti hain, aur stem par alag-alag patterns mein lagi hoti hain (Fig. 2.1). Kuch plants aise phoolon se lade hote hain jinki khushboo door se aati hai; kuch par ek bhi phool nahi dikhta.

Ab animal table par ungli pheroo. Uske Kahan rehta hai column mein mitti, daaliyan, chhatein aur talaab ho sakte hain. Ek animal patte chabata hai, doosra insects ko jhapat leta hai, aur kauwa lagbhag kuch bhi kha leta hai. Kuch animals tezi se bhaagte hain, kuch pankh phadphadaate hain aur kuch reng kar chalte hain. Batakh ko to do pate chahiye: woh talaab mein tairti hai aur kinare par dagmagaate hue chalti hai.

Dhyaan se dekho ki leaves stem se kahan judti hain. Money plant par woh baari-baari aati hain: ek leaf left mein, agli thoda upar right mein. Ise alternate arrangement kehte hain. Amrood ki tehni par leaves jodiyon mein aamne-saamne ugti hain: yeh opposite arrangement hai. Kaner ki daal par aksar ek hi point se teen leaves nikalti hain, jaise pahiye ki teeliyan. Ise whorl kehte hain.

Fig. 2.1Stem par leaves lagne ke teen tareeke. Tumhe apni walk par kaun sa mila?NCERT p. 11

Teen seedhi hari tehniyan saath-saath khadi hain. Pehli par alternate likha hai: us par ek-ek leaf ugti hai, pehle left mein aur phir upar right mein. Doosri par opposite likha hai: us par leaves stem ke aar-paar aamne-saamne jodiyon mein ugti hain. Teesri par whorl likha hai: us par stem ke har point se teen leaves teeliyon ki tarah failti hain.

Try karke dekho

School ke raaste mein nature bingo

Yeh list ek hafte tak apne bag mein rakho. School aate-jaate jab bhi koi cheez dikhe, us row par tick lagao. Koi naya plant ya animal mile to use Activity 2.1 ki tables mein jod do.

Table 2.3Spot karo!

Kya dhoondhna hai…	Dikha?
Deewar ki darar se ugta plant
Taar par baithi chidiya
Phool par aaya koi insect
Fence ya khambe par chadhta plant
Sabse paas ki building se ooncha ped
Paani mein rehne wala koi jeev (puddle bhi chalega!)
Khaana le jaata koi animal
Aisi leaf jismein insect ne kutar kar chhed kar diye hon

Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.

Activity 2.2NCERT Activity 2.2 · p. 13

Hamari class ke favourite jeev

Tumhe chahiye

har student ke liye kaagaz ki do chhoti parchiyan
do boxes ya thaile
chart paper aur gond

Pehle guess karo

Chaalees students mein se har ek apna ek favourite animal likhta hai. Class kitne alag-alag animals ke naam legi?

Bilkul chaalees, kyunki har kisi ko alag animal pasand haiChaalees se kam, kyunki kuch naam repeat hongeSirf do ya teen, kyunki sab dog ya cat hi chunenge

Ek parchi par apne favourite plant ka naam likho aur doosri par apne favourite animal ka. Inhe secret rakho!
Plant wali saari parchiyan ek box mein daalo aur animal wali saari doosre mein.
Do volunteers parchiyan zor se padhte hain, aur teesra board par tally banata jaata hai.
Kinds gino. Class ne kitne alag-alag plants ke naam liye? Kitne alag-alag animals ke?
Har koi apni choices kaagaz ke chhote squares par draw karta hai aur unhe chart par chipka kar class ki 'wall of life' banata hai.

Definition

Biodiversity

Kisi jagah par milne wale alag-alag kinds ke plants, animals aur doosre living things ki variety (जैव विविधता).

ExampleGaon ke ek talaab mein lotus, water lilies, kai tarah ki machhliyan, frogs, ghonghe, dragonflies aur bagule ho sakte hain.

Kisko kiski zaroorat hai? Ek madhumakkhi ko phool mein ghuste dekho. Woh nectar peeti hai, aur pollen uske royedaar body par chipak jaata hai, agle phool ke liye taiyaar. Tumhare pairon ke neeche earthworms gire hue patton ko roots ke liye upjaau mitti mein badal dete hain. Bade ped par upar chidiyon ko ghonsle ke liye chhed, chhaaon aur phal milte hain. Badle mein, phal khaane wali chidiyan aur bats uske seeds door-door gira dete hain, jahan naye ped ug sakte hain. Plants ko animals ki zaroorat hai, aur animals ko plants ki. Fig. 2.2 mein ek ped aur uske mehmaanon ko follow karo.

3/5Ped pake laal figs se bhar jaata hai, aur uske mehmaan daawat udaate hain.

Fig. 2.2Ped apne mehmaanon ko khaana aur aasra deta hai, aur woh uske seeds ko nayi jagahon tak le jaate hain.NCERT p. 14

Latakti aerial roots wala ek chauda banyan ka ped khet ke left mein khada hai. Pehle step mein ped akela khada hai. Doosre step mein mehmaan aate hain: ek myna ghonsle ke chhed par baithi hai, ek gilhari tane par daud rahi hai aur ek fruit bat daal se latka hai. Teesre step mein poore ped par chhote laal figs aa jaate hain aur chidiyan aur bat unhe khaate hain. Chauthe step mein ek chidiya seed lekar right ki taraf udti hai, aur ek dashed path dikhata hai ki woh seed door ke khet mein kahan girati hai. Aakhri step mein jahan seed gira tha, wahan ek chhota banyan seedling ug aaya hai.

Quick check

3 mein se 1

Inmein se kaun sa biodiversity ko sabse achhe se describe karta hai?

Ek jungle mein ugne wale pedon ki kul gintiKisi jagah par alag-alag kinds ke living things ki varietyEk desh mein milne wale sabse bade aur rare animals

Answer dekho

Answer (B) Kisi jagah par alag-alag kinds ke living things ki variety

Biodiversity variety ke baare mein hai: kisi jagah par kitne alag-alag kinds ke plants, animals aur doosre living things saath rehte hain. Ped ginne ya bade animals ke naam lene se us variety ka zyadatar hissa chhoot jaata hai.

2.2 Plants aur Animals ko Group Kaise Karein?

Kisi bheed wali kirana dukaan mein jaao aur jeera ka packet maango. Dukaandaar ek second mein utha leta hai. Kaise? Saare masale ek shelf par saath rakhe hain, saabun doosre shelf par aur biscuits counter ke paas. Jin cheezon mein koi feature common hota hai, unhe ek group mein saath rakha jaata hai.

Hum living things ko bhi aise hi sort kar sakte hain. Pehle hum ek feature chunte hain, phir jin cheezon mein woh feature hai unhe saath rakhte hain. Jo feature hum chunte hain, woh grouping ka rule, yaani basis, hota hai. Rule badlo, to groups bhi badal jaate hain.

Activity 2.3NCERT Activity 2.3 · p. 14

Secret-rule card game

Tumhe chahiye

cardboard ke lagbhag 20 chhote squares (purane cereal boxes achhe rehte hain)
purane calendars, seed packets ya greeting cards se kaati gayi pictures, ya tumhari apni drawings
gond, kainchi aur sketch pens

Pehle guess karo

Do teams 20 cards ke ek hi set ko sort karti hain. Kya dono ke groups same banenge?

Haan, kyunki living things ko sirf ek hi tareeke se group kiya ja sakta haiNahi, kyunki living things ko group kiya hi nahi ja saktaHamesha nahi, kyunki har team alag rule chun sakti hai

Har plant ya animal ke liye ek card banao: picture chipkao ya drawing banao, aur uska naam likho.
Teen ya chaar ki teams banao aur apni team ke saare cards ek dher mein rakho.
Chupchaap ek rule tay karo, jaise 'paani mein rehta hai' ya 'phool hote hain'. Doosri teams ko mat batana!
Us rule ke hisaab se apne cards ko groups mein sort karo aur unhe desk par chhod do.
Doosri teams ghoom kar sirf tumhare groups dekhkar tumhara rule guess karne ki koshish karti hain.
Naya rule chuno aur unhi cards ko phir se sort karo. Kaun se rules guess karna sabse aasaan tha?

Har team ke rules alag the. Ek team ne plants ko kaante wale aur bina kaante wale mein baanta. Doosri ne animals ko unke pairon ki ginti se sort kiya. Teesri ne body covering dekhi: pankh, fur, scales ya khuli skin. Chauthi ne size se sort kiya: tumhare haath se chhota ya bada. Har rule se groups ka alag set bana, aur har ek sahi tha. Sabse aasaan rules woh the jinhe koi bhi sirf dekhkar check kar sakta tha.

Fig. 2.3 mein wahi aath living things do alag rules se sort kiye gaye hain. Dekho ki jab dono rules saath mein use hote hain to kya hota hai.

4/4Dono rules ek saath use karne se chaar chhote groups bante hain.

Fig. 2.3Living things ka ek set, group karne ke kai tareeke. Do rules saath mein chhote groups dete hain.NCERT Fig. 2.2 · p. 15

Aath label wale cards par ek bakri, ek gauraiya, aam ka ped, cactus, rohu machhli, prawn, lotus aur hydrilla dikhe hain. Pehle step mein woh mile-jule pade hain. Doosre step mein woh zameen aur paani naam ke do boxes mein chale jaate hain. Teesre step mein woh plants aur animals naam ke do boxes mein phir se jam jaate hain. Aakhri step mein chaar boxes dono rules ek saath dikhate hain: land plants, land animals, water plants aur water animals, har ek mein do cards.

InteractiveSorting tray

Sorting game jismein chunne ke liye paanch rules hain: zameen ya paani, herb ya shrub ya tree, dicot ya monocot, kaise chalta hai, aur tumhara apna rule. Har rule mein cards ka ek set hota hai, har card par naam aur ek dikhne wala clue, aur do se chaar label wali trays. Card par tap karo aur phir tray par tap karke use rakho, ya mouse se drag karo. Check button har rakhe gaye card ko sahi ya galat mark karta hai aur sahi wale ka reason dikhata hai, Show answers button sab kuch sahi sort kar deta hai, aur Reset se phir shuru hota hai. Apne rule mein tray ke naam type kar sakte ho aur kuch bhi mark nahi hota.

Fig. 2.4Ek rule chuno, card par tap karo, phir tray par tap karo. Kaisa kiya, yeh dekhne ke liye Check dabao. Your own rule mein koi sahi jawaab nahi hai: kya dost tumhara rule guess kar sakta hai? Plant aur animal wale tabs is section ke aage ke ideas use karte hain, isliye padhte-padhte unpar wapas aate rehna.

Scientists yeh mehnat kyun karte hain? Grouping ek badi, confusing bheed ko kuch groups mein badal deti hai jinhe study karna aur yaad rakhna aasaan hai. Aur bhi achhi baat: jab tumhe pata ho ki koi plant kis group ka hai, to tum bina dekhe hi uske kai aur features guess kar sakte ho. Yeh trick tum jaldi hi kaam karte dekhoge. Grouping tumhe phir milegi, is baar cheezon ke liye, 'Materials Around Us' chapter mein.

Quick check

3 mein se 1

Riya ne lotus, rohu aur prawn ko ek group mein rakha, aur bakri, aam aur cactus ko doosre mein. Usne kaun sa rule use kiya?

Kahan rehta hai: paani mein ya zameen parWoh plant hai ya animalWoh bada hai ya chhota

Answer dekho

Answer (A) Kahan rehta hai: paani mein ya zameen par

Dono groups mein plants aur animals mile hue hain, isliye yeh rule nahi ho sakta. Lotus, rohu aur prawn sab paani mein rehte hain, jabki bakri, aam aur cactus zameen par rehte hain.

2.2.1 Plants ko group kaise karein?

Plants ko sort karna kahan se shuru karein? Hum phool, leaves, roots ya seeds use kar sakte hain, aur inmein se kuch hum jaldi try karenge. Sabse aasaan shuruaat poora plant hai, aur naapne ka tool tumhara apna body. Teen checks kaafi hain: plant kitna lamba hai, uska stem kaisa hai, aur uski branches kahan se shuru hoti hain.

Activity 2.4NCERT Activity 2.4 · p. 15

Plants ko apne se naapo

Tumhe chahiye

ek partner
tumhari notebook
ek garden, khet ya school ground jismein alag-alag size ke plants hon

Pehle guess karo

Ek plant tumhari school building se lamba hai aur uska ek mota bhoora stem hai. Uski branches sabse zyada kahan se shuru hongi?

Zameen ke paasKahin nahi, kyunki uski branches hongi hi nahiStem par kaafi upar

Living ruler bano. Plant ke paas khade ho jaao, aur tumhara partner kuch kadam door se dekhe. Plant tumhare ghutne tak aata hai, thodi tak, ya tumhare sir se bhi kaafi upar?
Stem se halke se haath milao. Woh hara hai ya bhoora? Kya woh drinking straw ki tarah dabta hai, ya cricket bat jaisa thos lagta hai? Ungli jitna patla hai, ya itna mota ki tumhari mutthi mein na aaye? Dhyaan rakho: kisi plant ko chot nahi lagni chahiye.
'Pehla fork dhoondho' khelo. Mitti se upar ki taraf stem ko aankhon se follow karo. Kya woh turant branches mein bant jaata hai, ya tumhare sir se kaafi upar tak khula rehta hai?
Roles badlo, kam se kam paanch plants test karo aur table bharo.

Table 2.4Plants ka size naapna

Plant	Kitna lamba? (mujhse compare karke)	Stem: rang, chhoone mein kaisa, motai	Branches kahan se shuru hoti hain?	Mera group
Pudina (mint)	Mere ghutne se neeche	Hara, naram, patla	Zameen ke paas	Herb
Mehendi (henna)	Lagbhag mere jitna lamba	Bhoora, woody, patla	Zameen ke paas	Shrub
Jamun	Mujhse bahut lamba	Bhoora, woody, mota	Tane par kaafi upar	Tree

Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.

Apni table ki har row ko left se right padho. Teeno tests ek doosre se match karte hain! Jo plant tumhare ghutne se neeche raha, uska stem lagbhag hamesha naram aur hara bhi tha. Jo plant tumse bahut ooncha tha, woh lagbhag hamesha ek mote, woody tane par khada tha jiski branches upar se shuru hoti thi. Beech wale plants jhaadi jaise the, kai woody stems ke saath. Is tarah yeh tests plants ko teen groups mein sort karte hain: herbs, shrubs aur trees.

5/5Dots dikhate hain ki branching kahan shuru hoti hai: herbs aur shrubs mein neeche, tree mein upar.

Fig. 2.5Height, stem aur branching milkar herb, shrub aur tree mein farq batate hain.NCERT Fig. 2.3 · p. 16

Scene ke aar-paar do dashed lines student ke sir aur ghutne ki height par hain. Pehle step mein mitti par sirf student khada hai, jis par tum likha hai. Doosre step mein naram hare stems wala ek chhota herb aata hai, jo ghutne se thoda neeche tak pahunchta hai. Teesre step mein student jitni lambi ek ghani shrub aati hai, jiske kai bhoore stems mitti ke paas se nikalte hain. Chauthe step mein ek mote bhoore tane wala lamba tree dono se bahut ooncha khada hai. Aakhri step mein orange dots dikhate hain ki branches kahan se shuru hoti hain: herb aur shrub mein mitti ke paas, aur tree mein tane par kaafi upar.

Chhote se shuru karo. Pudine ka stem do ungliyon ke beech halke se dabao. Woh hara aur raseela hai, aur bina toote mud jaata hai. Aise naram, hare stems wale plants shayad hi kabhi tumhari kamar se lambe hote hain. Inhe herbs (शाक) kehte hain. Kitchen garden ke dhania aur palak herbs hain, aur khet ka gehun bhi.

Ab mehendi ki baad ke paas baitho aur uske neeche jhaanko. Tumhe ek tana nahi milega. Uski jagah sakht, bhoore stems ka ek guchha, har ek lagbhag ungli jitna mota, mitti ke theek upar se failta hai. Poori jhaadi lagbhag ek bade aadmi ki height tak pahunchti hai. Yeh ek shrub (झाड़ी) hai. Kaner aur chandni bhi aise hi ugte hain.

Aakhir mein, jamun ya neem ko apni baahon mein bharo. Tum uske trunk (tane) ko gale laga rahe ho: ek mota, woody stem jo poore plant ko sambhalta hai. Upar dekho: branches tumhare sir se kaafi upar shuru hoti hain, isliye tum unke neeche chal sakte ho. Aisi banawat wala plant tree (वृक्ष) hai. Peepal aur teak bhi trees hain.

Compare

Herb, shrub aur tree ek nazar mein

Herb

Aam taur par tumhari kamar se neeche
Naram, hara, mudne wala stem
Kam branches, neeche ki taraf
Jaise: pudina, dhania, palak

Shrub

Lagbhag ek bade aadmi jitna lamba
Kai sakht, woody stems, tane se patle
Branches zameen ke paas se shuru hoti hain
Jaise: mehendi, kaner, chandni

Tree

Ek bade aadmi se bahut lamba
Ek mota, sakht, woody tana
Branches kaafi upar se shuru hoti hain
Jaise: jamun, neem, peepal

Lauki (bottle gourd) ki bel ko akele seedha khada karne ki koshish karo. Woh gir jaati hai! Kamzor, latakte stems wale plants do mein se ek tareeke se kaam chalate hain. Climber kisi oonchi cheez ko pakad kar upar chadhta jaata hai. Lauki patle, springy dhaagon ko trellis ke charon taraf lapet leti hai; inhe tendrils kehte hain. Money plant apne stem se nikalne wali chhoti roots se deewaron ko pakadta hai. Creeper chadhne ki koshish hi nahi karta: woh zameen par fail jaata hai, jaise pumpkin (kaddu), tarbooz aur shakarkand.

3/3Pumpkin iske bajaaye zameen par fail jaata hai.

Fig. 2.6Kamzor stems: climber kisi sahaare par upar jaata hai, creeper zameen par failta hai.NCERT p. 17

Left mein bamboo ka trellis khada hai aur right ki taraf khaali mitti faili hai. Pehle step mein patle, kamzor stems wale do chhote seedlings mitti se baahar jhaankte hain. Doosre step mein left wala seedling, ek lauki, trellis par chadhta hai; uske ghungharale tendrils bamboo par lipte hain aur ek lambi lauki latak rahi hai. Teesre step mein right wala seedling, ek pumpkin, badi leaves ke saath zameen par failta hai aur ek gol kaddu mitti par rakha hai.

Example

Clues se group ka naam batao

School garden mein do mystery plants ug rahe hain. Plant X tumhare kandhe tak aata hai. Uske paanch bhoore stems hain, har ek lagbhag tumhare angoothe jitna mota. Sab mitti ke theek upar se branch karte hain. Plant Y lagbhag tumhare haath ki lambai jitna lamba hai. Uska stem hara hai aur dabane par mud jaata hai. Har plant kis group ka hai?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Fig. 2.4 ke Herb, shrub or tree? tab par nau aur plants sort karo. Usmein climbers aur creepers ke liye bhi ek tray hai.

Quick check

3 mein se 1

Har plant ko uske group se match karo.

Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

Answer dekho

Answer

Jamun : tree
Mehendi : shrub
Pudina : herb
Trellis par lauki : climber
Zameen par faila pumpkin : creeper

Jamun ka mota tana hai (tree); mehendi ke mitti ke paas se nikalte kai woody stems hain (shrub); pudina chhota aur naram hai (herb). Lauki sahaare par chadhti hai, jabki pumpkin zameen par failta hai.

Leaves mein veins

Ek leaf ko dhoop ki taraf uthao aur uske aar-paar dekho. Ek baareek design dikhta hai, kuch-kuch tumhari hatheli ki lakeeron jaisa. Har line ek vein hai, ek chhoti si pipe jo leaf mein paani laati hai aur usmein se khaana baahar le jaati hai. Botanists in veins se bane design ko leaf ki venation kehte hain.

Activity 2.5NCERT Activity 2.5 · p. 17

Leaf ki rubbings

Tumhe chahiye

alag-alag plants ki chaar-paanch giri hui leaves, ghaas ki ek patti bhi
patla safed kaagaz
wax crayons, jinka wrapper utaar diya ho

Pehle guess karo

Tum aam ki leaf aur ghaas ki patti ki rubbings banate ho. Tumhe kya dikhega?

Dono leaves par veins ka same branching jaalAam ki leaf par jaal, ghaas par saath-saath chalti linesDono par saath-saath chalti lines, ruled page jaisi

Leaf ko table par rakho, uski ubhri hui nichli side upar ki taraf.
Uske upar kaagaz rakho aur use hilne mat do.
Crayon ki side ko kaagaz par halke se ragdo. Veins ko ubharte dekho!
Har rubbing ke neeche plant ka naam likho.
Apni rubbings ko vein patterns ke hisaab se alag-alag dher mein sort karo.

4/4Maize ki leaf ki veins base se tip tak saath-saath chalti hain: parallel venation.

Fig. 2.7Jaal banane wali veins, aur saath-saath chalne wali veins.NCERT Fig. 2.4 · p. 17

Left mein lambi nukeeli tip wali dil jaisi peepal ki leaf hai aur right mein ek lambi, patli maize ki leaf mudi hui hai. Pehle step mein sirf unki outlines dikhti hain. Doosre step mein peepal ki leaf ke beech mein ek moti vein banti hai. Teesre step mein usse chhoti veins nikal kar ek jaal mein judti hain, jis par reticulate likha hai. Aakhri step mein maize ki leaf par base se tip tak bahut saari patli veins saath-saath chalti hain, jis par parallel likha hai.

Definition

Venation

Leaf mein veins ka pattern (शिराविन्यास). Reticulate venation mein veins jaal banati hain; parallel venation mein woh saath-saath chalti hain.

ExamplePeepal ki leaf mein reticulate venation hoti hai; bamboo ki leaf mein parallel venation.

Tumhari rubbings ke dono dheron ke scientific naam hain. Road map wala dher reticulate venation (जालिकावत शिराविन्यास) dikhata hai. Reticulum Latin mein chhote jaal ko kehte hain. Aam, peepal, gulaab aur tulsi ki leaves is dher mein aati hain. Notebook lines wala dher parallel venation (समानांतर शिराविन्यास) dikhata hai. Ghaas, maize, bamboo, ganna aur pyaaz ki leaves wahan aati hain.

Roots

Kya tumne kabhi gamle se jungli ghaas ukhaadi hai? Kuch naram roots ke guchhe ke saath aasaani se nikal aati hai. Kuch kaske pakde rehti hai, jaise mitti mein khoonte se gadi ho. Plant ki aadhi kahani zameen ke neeche chhupi hoti hai.

Activity 2.6NCERT Activity 2.6 · p. 18

Roots dho kar dekho

Tumhe chahiye

ek khurpi (small trowel) ya purana chammach
paani se bhara ek mug ya balti
ek purana newspaper
naram mitti mein ugne wale do-teen tarah ke chhote weeds ya herbs

Pehle guess karo

Kya tumhare khode gaye saare plants ki roots ek jaisi hongi?

Nahi: kuch ki ek moti main root hoti hai, kuch ki patli roots ka guchhaHaan: har chhote plant ki roots ek jaisi hoti hainHaan: sabki gaajar jaisi ek moti root hogi

Mitti naram karne ke liye chhote plant ke charon taraf paani daalo.
Uske charon taraf ek bada gola bana kar khodo, stem ke bilkul paas nahi, taaki roots toot na jaayein.
Plant ko uski mitti ke gole ke saath baahar uthao.
Roots ko paani mein halke-halke hilao jab tak mitti hat na jaaye.
Plant ko newspaper par rakho aur uski roots draw karo.
Kaam khatam hone par use phir se laga do aur achhe se paani do.

3/3Dhania mein taproot hai; paddy ke seedling mein fibrous roots hain.

Fig. 2.8Do tarah ki roots: taproot aur fibrous roots.NCERT Fig. 2.5 · p. 18

Bhoori mitti ki ek patti mein dhania ka plant aur paddy ka seedling ug rahe hain. Pehle step mein mitti ki line ke upar sirf unke patton wale shoots dikhte hain. Doosre step mein mitti aise gaayab hoti hai jaise dhul gayi ho, aur roots dikhne lagti hain. Dhania ki ek moti root seedhi neeche jaati hai jisse patli roots nikalti hain, jabki paddy ki lagbhag same size ki patli roots ka guchha hai. Aakhri step mein labels unke naam batate hain: main root aur side roots milkar taproot banti hain, aur patli roots ke guchhe ko fibrous roots kehte hain.

Definition

Taproot

Aisa root system jismein ek moti root seedhi neeche jaati hai, aur uski sides se patli roots nikalti hain (मूसला जड़).

ExampleDhania, genda aur neem ka ped.

Definition

Fibrous roots

Bahut saari patli roots ka guchha, jinmein koi bhi baaki se zyada moti nahi hoti; yeh wahan se failti hain jahan stem mitti se milta hai (झकड़ा जड़).

ExampleDoob ghaas, paddy (rice) aur pyaaz.

Yaani plant mein taproot ho sakti hai ya fibrous roots. Ab ek puzzle. Roots bina khode nahi dikhti, lekin leaves aasaani se dikh jaati hain. Kya leaves mitti mein chhupa raaz bata sakti hain?

Activity 2.7NCERT Activity 2.7 · p. 19

Sabzi mandi se roots

Tumhe chahiye

jadon samet bikne wali hari sabziyon ki gaddiyan: methi, dhania, palak aur spring onions (hara pyaaz)
ghaas ka ek chhota guchha, geeli mitti se dheere se nikaala hua
paani ka ek bowl aur ek purana newspaper

Pehle guess karo

Spring onion ki leaves mein parallel veins hoti hain. Uske stem ke neeche tumhe kya milega?

Gaajar jaisi ek moti main rootPaintbrush jaisa patli roots ka guchhaEk main root, jiske charon taraf patli roots ka guchha ho

Har gaddi se ek plant nikaalo. Uski roots ko bowl mein tab tak hilao jab tak keechad dhul na jaaye.
Use newspaper par rakho. Kya ek main root hai, ya ek jaisi patli roots ka guchha?
Uski ek leaf ko roshni ki taraf uthao. Kya veins jaal banati hain, ya saath-saath chalti hain?
Dono clues table mein likho. Phir sabziyan kitchen mein wapas de do!
Bonus: spring onions ke root wale sire mitti bhare gamle mein laga do. Unhe nayi leaves ugaate dekho.

Table 2.5Veins aur roots

Plant	Leaf venation (jaal ya parallel)	Root type (tap ya fibrous)
Methi	Jaal (reticulate)	Taproot

Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.

Yaani leaf tumhe uske neeche chhupi roots ke baare mein bata sakti hai. Agar plant ki leaves mein veins ka jaal hai, to sabse zyada chance hai ki uski taproot hogi, jaise matar aur sunflower ki. Agar uski veins saath-saath chalti hain, to sabse zyada chance hai ki uski fibrous roots hongi, jaise ganne aur bamboo ki.

Seeds

Bhuni moongphali ko chhilke se nikaalo aur uski patli laal skin ragad kar hata do. Ab uske kinare ko halke se dabao. Woh saaf-saaf do hisson mein khul jaati hai! Kya har seed aisa karta hai?

Activity 2.8NCERT Activity 2.8 · p. 20

Seeds jo do hisson mein khulte hain

Tumhe chahiye

skin wali kachchi moongphali (peanuts) ki ek mutthi
maize (makka) ke kuch sookhe daane
paani ke do bowl
ek hand lens, agar mile

Pehle guess karo

Bhigone ke baad, halke se dabane par kaun se seeds do hisson mein khul jaayenge?

Sirf peanutsSirf maize ke daaneDono tarah ke

Peanuts ko ek bowl mein aur maize ke daanon ko doosre mein lagbhag ek din ke liye bhigo do.
Bhigi moongphali ki patli skin ragad kar utaaro. Yeh skin seed coat hai.
Apne angoothe ke naakhoon se peanut ke kinare ko halke se dabao. Kya hota hai?
Ab bhige hue maize ke daane ke saath yahi karo.
Dono ko hand lens se dekho aur jo dikhe woh draw karo.

4/4Maize ka daana poora rehta hai: usmein ek cotyledon hai.

Fig. 2.9Peanut do cotyledons mein khulta hai; maize ka daana poora rehta hai.NCERT Fig. 2.6 · p. 20

Left mein ek bhigi moongphali bade size mein bani hai aur right mein bhiga maize ka daana. Pehle step mein dono poore hain, moongphali patli laal skin mein lipti hai. Doosre step mein moongphali ki laal skin, jis par seed coat likha hai, ragad kar utaari ja chuki hai aur paas mein simti padi hai. Teesre step mein moongphali do cream rang ke hisson mein khul jaati hai jin par do cotyledons likha hai, aur ek sire par unke beech chhota sa baby plant hai. Aakhri step mein ek angootha maize ke daane ko dabata hai, lekin woh ek hi piece mein rehta hai; us par likha hai ki woh poora rehta hai: ek cotyledon.

Definition

Cotyledon

Seed leaf: seed ka woh hissa jo chhote baby plant se juda hota hai (बीजपत्र). Kai seeds mein, jaise peanut mein, cotyledons baby plant ke liye khaana store karte hain.

ExamplePeanut ke do hisse.

Scientists is farq ke hisaab se plants ka naam rakhte hain. Di ka matlab hai do, isliye do seed leaves wala plant dicotyledon, ya chhote mein dicot (द्विबीजपत्री), kehlata hai. Mono ka matlab hai ek, isliye ek seed leaf wala plant monocotyledon, ya monocot (एकबीजपत्री), kehlata hai. Peanut, matar, moong aur aam dicots hain. Maize, rice, gehun aur ganna monocots hain.

Ab woh trick jiska waada pehle kiya tha. Seeds, leaves aur roots teen alag clues hain, phir bhi teeno ek hi taraf ishaara karte hain. Fig. 2.10 mein clues ko line up hote dekho.

4/4Plant A dicot hai. Plant B monocot hai.

Fig. 2.10Teen clues jo saath chalte hain: seed, leaf veins aur roots.NCERT p. 20

Clue cards ke do columns saath-saath hain: left mein plant A, matar, aur right mein plant B, maize, aur seed, leaf veins aur roots ki rows. Jo cards abhi nahi khule, un par question mark hai. Pehle step mein seed cards khulte hain: A ka seed do hisson mein khulta hai, B ka seed poora rehta hai. Doosre step mein leaf cards khulte hain: A mein veins ka jaal hai, B mein parallel veins hain. Teesre step mein root cards khulte hain: A mein taproot hai, B mein fibrous roots hain. Aakhri step mein har column ke neeche ek patti group ka naam batati hai: A dicot hai aur B monocot hai.

Compare

Dicots aur monocots saath-saath

Dicots

Seed mein do cotyledons: woh do hisson mein khulta hai
Leaves mein veins ka jaal (reticulate)
Taproot
Jaise: peanut, matar, aam, sunflower

Monocots

Seed mein ek cotyledon: woh ek hi piece mein rehta hai
Leaves mein saath-saath chalti veins (parallel)
Fibrous roots
Jaise: maize, rice, ganna, pyaaz

Example

Ek clue, teen jawaab

Zoya ko apni mausi ke ghar ek gamle mein ek chhota plant dikhta hai. Uski lambi, patli leaves mein veins base se tip tak saath-saath chalti hain. Bina use ukhaade predict karo (a) uski roots aur (b) uske seeds. (c) Woh kis group ka hai?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Ab Fig. 2.4 ka Dicot or monocot? tab try karo. Har card tumhe bas ek clue deta hai: seed, leaf ya root.

Quick check

3 mein se 1

Ek seed saaf-saaf do hisson mein khul jaata hai. Uske plant ki leaves mein shayad…

saath-saath chalti veins hongikoi bhi pattern hoga: seeds kuch nahi batateveins ka jaal hoga

Answer dekho

Answer (C) veins ka jaal hoga

Do cotyledons wala seed dicot ka hota hai, aur dicots ki leaves mein aam taur par veins ka jaal (reticulate) hota hai. Saath-saath chalti veins monocots ki hoti hain. Seeds, leaves aur roots jude hue hain, isiliye seed se clue milta hai.

2.2.2 Animals ko group kaise karein?

Animals to aur bhi zyada mile-jule hain. Kuch chawal ke daane se bhi chhote hote hain, jabki ek bada haathi poori bus bhar logon se bhi bhaari ho sakta hai. Kisi par pankh hote hain, kisi par fur, kisi par scales aur kisi par shell. Inmein se koi bhi farq unhe sort karne ka rule ban sakta hai. Chalo sabse dhyaan kheenchne wala ek rule try karte hain: woh kaise chalte hain.

Activity 2.9NCERT Activity 2.9 · p. 21

Unhe chalte hue dekho

Tumhe chahiye

tumhari notebook
seconds wali sui ki ghadi ya clock
poster ke liye chart paper aur sketch pens

Pehle guess karo

Dekhne se pehle guess karo: har animal chalne ke liye mainly body ka kaun sa part use karta hai?

Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

Un animals ki list banao jinhe tum safely dekh sakte ho: kabootar, cheentiyan, kutta, tank ki machhliyan, baarish ke baad ghongha, titli.
Har ek ko ek minute tak dekho. Woh ek jagah se doosri jagah kaise jaata hai?
Note karo ki woh body ke kaun se parts use karta hai.
Table bharo, phir apni classroom ki deewar ke liye 'movers' ka ek poster banao.

Table 2.6Animals kaise chalte hain

Animal	Kaise chalta hai	Body ke kaun se parts use karta hai
Ghongha (snail)	Dheere-dheere sarakta hai	Ek chapta, muscular foot aur slime ki lakeer
Gilhari (squirrel)	Daudti, chadhti aur chhalaang lagaati hai	Pair aur tez naakhoon (claws)

Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.

Tumhari table shayad action words se bhari hogi: tezi se bhaagna, pankh phadphadaana, sarakna, reng kar chalna, paani mein haath-pair chalaana, chhalaang lagaana. Har action word ke peeche body ka koi part kaam kar raha hai: pair, wings, fins, tail, ya poora body. Kuch animals ke paas ek se zyada trick hoti hai. Gauraiya zameen par phudakti hai aur hawa mein udti hai. Frog zameen par chhalaang lagata hai aur talaab mein tairta hai.

3/4Frog apni lambi pichhli taangon se dhakka deta hai.

Fig. 2.11Alag animals, chalne ke alag tareeke, aur kaam karne wale body ke alag parts.NCERT p. 21

Chaar panels ek grid mein hain: aasmaan, talaab, ghaas aur geeli zameen. Pehle step mein aasmaan wale panel ka tota wings phadphadaate hue aage badhta hai, aur label wings dikhata hai. Doosre step mein talaab wale panel ki machhli aage tairti hai, aur labels fins aur tail dikhate hain. Teesre step mein ghaas par frog ek curve mein chhalaang lagata hai, aur label pichhle pair dikhata hai. Aakhri step mein ghongha geeli zameen par sarakta hai aur chamakti lakeer chhodta hai, aur label muscular foot dikhata hai. Har step mein sirf chal raha panel chamakdaar hota hai.

Yaani chalna ek kaam ka rule hai: udne wale yahan, tairne wale wahan, chalne wale, kudne wale aur rengne wale kahin aur. Lekin yeh kai rules mein se sirf ek hai. Zoo keeper animals ko is hisaab se sort kar sakta hai ki unki khaane ki balti mein kya jaata hai. Koi aur unhe is hisaab se sort kar sakta hai ki unka body kis cheez se dhaka hai: pankh, fur, scales ya shell. Har saaf rule humein bheed mein order dekhne mein madad karta hai. Fig. 2.4 ka How does it move? tab try karo.

Quick check

3 mein se 1

Kaun si jodi chalne ke liye body ka same kind ka part use karti hai?

Machhli aur gauraiyaSaanp aur ghodaBat aur titli

Answer dekho

Answer (C) Bat aur titli

Bat aur titli dono wings se udte hain. Machhli fins use karti hai lekin gauraiya wings; ghoda pair use karta hai lekin saanp apna poora body.

2.3 Alag-alag Jagahon mein Plants aur Animals

Ret wale beach par bah kar aayi machhli saans ke liye tadapti hai. Talaab mein gir gayi gilhari kinare tak pahunchne ke liye ghabra kar haath-pair maarti hai. Har living thing apni tarah ki jagah ke liye bana hai. Machhli ka body chikna aur nukeela hota hai jo paani mein phisalta hai, aur dhakka dene aur disha badalne ke liye fins hote hain. Gilhari ke tez claws ped ki chaal ko pakadte hain, aur jhabbedar tail use patli daaliyon par balance mein rakhti hai.

Kya jagah tay karti hai ki wahan kaun se plants aur animals rahenge? Chalo kuch saboot ikattha karte hain.

Activity 2.10NCERT Activity 2.10 · p. 24

Kaun kahan rehta hai?

Tumhe chahiye

neeche wali table, blackboard ya chart paper par copy ki hui
tumne aur tumhare classmates ne trips par, TV par ya kitaabon mein jo dekha hai

Pehle guess karo

Kya tum Thar desert aur Kerala ke jungle mein same plants aur animals ki ummeed karoge?

Haan, same plants aur animals kahin bhi reh sakte hainNahi, har tarah ki jagah ke apne living things hote hainSirf animals alag honge, plants nahi

Table copy karo. Aakhri column us jagah ke liye hai jahan tum rehte ho.
Baari-baari se har jagah ke woh plants aur animals jodo jo tumne dekhe hain, ya jinke baare mein tum jaante ho.
Columns ko compare karo. Kya koi plant ya animal ek se zyada column mein aata hai?

Table 2.7Alag-alag jagahon ke living things

	Garam desert	Barfile pahad	Samundar	Jungle	Talaab ya nadi	Jahan main rehta/rehti hoon
Plants	Khejri ka ped				Lotus
Animals		Yak	Starfish	Hornbill

Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.

Socho ki tum Thar desert mein ek plant ho. Tumhe koi paani nahi deta, aur achhi baarish saal mein shayad kuch hi baar aati hai. Tum dopahar mein chhaaon mein bhi nahi ja sakte, ya raat thandi hone par kambal nahi dhoondh sakte. Cactus khud apni water bottle ban kar kaam chalata hai. Uska mota, gudedaar stem har kabhi-kabhaar wali baarish ke baad paani sokh leta hai aur lambe sookhe hafton ke liye store kar leta hai. Uski leaves sikud kar tez spines ban gayi hain, isliye bahut kam paani bahar nikalta hai, aur pyaase animals door rehte hain.

2/4Jhulsa dene wala din, lekin stem hara aur raseela rehta hai.

Fig. 2.12Cactus apne gudedaar stem mein paani store karta hai aur baarishon ke beech use dheere-dheere use karta hai.NCERT Fig. 2.9 · p. 24

Desert ki ret par ek lamba, dhaariyon wala cactus khada hai, aur uske stem ke andar ek water gauge bana hai. Pehle step mein ek baadal chhoti si baarish karta hai, stem phool jaata hai aur gauge upar tak bhar jaata hai. Doosre step mein tez dhoop chamakti hai, ret garam hai, aur gauge abhi bhi lagbhag bhara hai. Teesre step mein chaand aur taaron wali raat hai, jis par thandi raat likha hai, aur cactus theek hai. Aakhri step mein, jis par hafton se sookha likha hai, gauge lagbhag ek-tihaai tak gir gaya hai aur stem thoda patla ho gaya hai, lekin cactus abhi bhi zinda hai.

Ab north mein Himachal Pradesh ke pahadon tak chalo. Geeli barf hairaani ki had tak bhaari hoti hai: ek chaudi daal par padi barf kai baltiyon paani jitni bhaari ho sakti hai. Sardiyon mein Himalaya ke ped ko iske ek ke baad ek bojh sambhalne padte hain. Deodar ki trick uski shape hai. Woh ek lamba cone hai, aadhe band chhaate jaisa, aur uski daaliyan neeche ki taraf jhuki hoti hain aur bina toote mud jaati hain. Barf jamne se pehle hi phisal jaati hai. Ise Fig. 2.13 mein ek chaude, chapte top wale ped se compare karo.

3/4Deodar ki jhuki daaliyan neeche jhukti hain, aur barf phisal jaati hai.

Fig. 2.13Cone shape aur jhuki hui, mudne wali daaliyan barf ko phisalne mein madad karti hain.NCERT Fig. 2.10 · p. 24

Barfili pahadi par do ped khade hain: left mein cone jaisa deodar aur right mein chauda, chapte top wala ped. Pehle step mein barf ke phaahe girna shuru hote hain. Doosre step mein dono pedon ki daaliyon par safed barf jam jaati hai. Teesre step mein deodar ki jhuki daaliyan neeche jhukti hain aur barf zameen par phisal jaati hai, jo arrows se dikhaya gaya hai. Aakhri step mein chapte top wale ped ki barf bhaari ho gayi hai aur uski ek daal toot kar latak gayi hai, jabki deodar saaf khada hai.

Haalaat badlo, to jeevon ki toli bhi badal jaati hai. Jhulsati ret aur jamaane wali barf, dono ke apne khaas living things hote hain. Isiliye Thar ke living things ki list Himachal ki list se bilkul alag dikhti hai. Har region apni garmi, sardi, baarish aur mitti ke saath life ka apna mix bana leta hai.

Animals mein bhi yahi pattern dikhta hai. India mein do bilkul alag deserts mein oont hain. Garam, ret wale Thar desert mein ek koohan (hump) wale oont rehte hain. Ladakh ke thande, pathreele desert mein do humps wale oont rehte hain. Fig. 2.14 mein dekho ki unke body kaise alag hain.

3/4Ladakh ka do humps wala oont: chhoti taangein aur ghane, jhabbedar baal.

Fig. 2.14Do deserts, do tarah ke oont, har ek apne ghar ke hisaab se bana.NCERT p. 25

Scene ke beech mein ek oont bana hai. Pehle step mein woh garam dhoop ke neeche ret ke teelon par lambi taangon wala, ek hump wala lamba oont hai, aur label batata hai ki yeh Thar, ek garam desert hai. Doosre step mein ek close-up circle uska chauda, gaddedaar pair dikhata hai jo ret par bina dhanse tika hai, aur label wahi batata hai. Teesre step mein background barfile, pathreele pahadon mein badal jaata hai, jis par Ladakh, ek thanda desert likha hai, aur oont badal jaata hai: ab uske do humps, chhoti taangein, aur sir aur gardan par lambe jhabbedar baal hain. Aakhri step mein, jis par sardi ke aakhir ka label hai, store fat use hone se dono humps sikud kar latak jaate hain.

Compare

Do oont, do deserts

Garam desert ka oont (Thar, Rajasthan)

Ek hump
Lamba, lambi taangon wala
Chaude, gaddedaar pair jo naram ret mein nahi dhanste
Chhote baal

Thande desert ka oont (Ladakh)

Do humps, jo sardi ke aakhir mein sikud jaate hain
Chhoti taangein, pathreele pahadi raaston ke liye achhi
Jamaane wali sardiyon ke liye sir aur gardan par lambe, ghane baal

May ki garam dopahar mein tumhari shirt paseene se bheeg sakti hai aur tum glass par glass paani gatak sakte ho. Oont alag tareeke se kaam chalata hai: woh pi hui lagbhag har boond ko bacha kar rakhta hai. Use mushkil se paseena aata hai, uska gobar sookhi goliyon ki tarah nikalta hai, aur woh bahut kam peshaab karta hai. Isi tarah oont bina paani piye kai din chal sakta hai. Uske humps fat ka store hain, jo charne ko kam mile to khaane ki tarah use hota hai.

Sikkim ko apne rhododendrons itne pasand hain ki unmein se ek state tree hai. Sikkim ke nam pahadi jungles mein kai rhododendrons lambe ped ban jaate hain jo spring mein phoolon se jagmaga uthte hain. Ab south mein Tamil Nadu ke Nilgiris ki khuli, tez hawa wali pahadi chotiyon tak chalo. Yahan rhododendrons chhote aur gathile hote hain, chhoti, sakht leaves ke saath. Wahan upar tez aandhiyan badi leaves ko phaad deti aur lambe tano ko gira deti. Same kind ka plant, alag banawat, har ek apne ghar ke hisaab se.

Adaptations aur habitats

Definition

Adaptation

Body ka koi part, shape ya aadat jo plant ya animal ko uske aas-paas ke maahaul mein zinda rehne mein madad karti hai (अनुकूलन).

ExampleDesert ke cactus ka gudedaar, paani store karne wala stem.

Cactus ka gudedaar stem, deodar ki jhuki daaliyan, oont ke chaude pair aur machhli ke fins, sab adaptations hain. Nilgiri rhododendron ki chhoti, mazboot shape bhi. Har ek apne maalik ko ek khaas tarah ki jagah ke liye fit banata hai. Khud ko test karne ke liye neeche ke cards palto.

Flash cards · 8

Adaptation cards: yeh kaise madad karta hai?

1 / 8

Example

Ek animal ke adaptations ko padhna

Snow leopard Ladakh aur Spiti ki thandi, pathreeli, barfili dhalaanon par rehta hai. Uske (i) ghane, oon jaise fur hote hain aur (ii) chaude panje jinke neeche bhi fur hota hai. Uski (iii) ek lambi, jhabbedar tail bhi hoti hai jise woh aaraam karte waqt apni naak aur body ke charon taraf lapet leta hai. Har feature use wahan zinda rehne mein kaise madad karta hai?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Definition

Habitat

Plant ya animal ka natural ghar: woh jagah jahan use jeene ke liye zaroori sab kuch milta hai (आवास).

ExampleLamba evergreen jungle great hornbill ka habitat hai.

Habitat ko ek aisa ghar ka pata samjho jismein sab kuch shaamil hai. Usmein chhat (aasra), kitchen (khaana), nal (paani), taazi hawa aur bachche paalne ke liye ek safe kona hai. Gaon ka talaab aisa hi ek pata hai. Lotus, rohu machhli, frogs, ghonghe aur dragonflies sab wahan saath rehte hain, jaise ek housing colony mein kai parivaar. Yak ka pata thanda pahadi maidaan hai, aur hornbill ka lamba jungle.

Scientists aksar habitats ko ek simple sawaal se sort karte hain: zameen ya paani? Dono kinds se milne ke liye baarish ki ek boond ko follow karo. Woh Himalaya ki ek dhalaan par girti hai, sal ke jungle se rissti hai aur ghaas wale maidaan par se behti hai. Yeh zameen par bane ghar hain, yaani terrestrial (स्थलीय) habitats; yeh shabd terra se bana hai, jo Latin mein earth ko kehte hain. Phir boond ek naale mein phisal jaati hai, Ganga ke saath behti hai aur khaari Bay of Bengal tak pahunch jaati hai. Yeh paani mein bane ghar hain, yaani aquatic (जलीय) habitats; yeh aqua se bana hai, jo Latin mein water ko kehte hain.

Kuch animals, jaise frogs aur toads, apni zindagi ka kuch hissa paani mein aur kuch zameen par bitaate hain. Frog ki zindagi talaab mein ek tadpole ke roop mein shuru hoti hai. Bada hokar woh zameen par kudta hai, lekin ande dene ke liye paani mein wapas aata hai. Aise animals ko amphibians (उभयचर) kehte hain. Unke naam ka matlab hai 'do zindagiyan'.

4/4Ek frog zameen par insects ka shikaar karne ke liye paani se baahar kudta hai.

Fig. 2.15Zameen par terrestrial, paani mein aquatic, aur dono mein amphibians.NCERT p. 28

Scene do hisson mein bata hai: left mein sookhi zameen, jis par neem ka ped, ghaas, ek nevla aur ek myna hain, aur right mein talaab, jismein lotus ki leaves, ek machhli aur ek paani ka ghongha hain. Pehle step mein poora scene dikhta hai. Doosre step mein zameen wala hissa highlight hota hai aur us par terrestrial likha hai. Teesre step mein talaab highlight hota hai aur us par aquatic likha hai. Aakhri step mein ek frog talaab se kinare par kudta hai, aur amphibian label wala ek curved arrow dikhata hai ki woh paani aur zameen ke beech aata-jaata hai.

Quick check

4 mein se 1

Deodar ki jhuki, mudne wali daaliyan uski kaise madad karti hain?

Bhaari barf ko phisal jaane deti hainZyada baarish ka paani pakadti hainSardiyon mein ped ko garam rakhti hain

Answer dekho

Answer (A) Bhaari barf ko phisal jaane deti hain

Barf jhuki daaliyon se phisal jaati hai, jamkar unhe todti nahi. Shape ped ko garam nahi rakhti, aur woh baarish pakadne ke liye bhi nahi hai.

Jab habitats ko nuksaan hota hai

Socho ki tum subah uthte ho aur tumhara ghar, kitchen aur paani ka nal raaton-raat gaayab hain. Plant ya animal ke liye habitat loss ka yahi matlab hai. Jis kingfisher ka talaab bhar diya jaaye, use naya ghar dhoondhna padta hai. Jis hornbill ka jungle kaat diya jaaye, use bhi. Agar unhe naya ghar na mile, to woh zinda nahi bachenge. Kaafi habitats khatam karo, to living things ke poore kinds rare ho jaate hain aur phir gaayab ho jaate hain. Biodiversity ghat jaati hai.

Apne dada-dadi ya nana-nani se house sparrow, yaani gauraiya, ke baare mein poochho. Kai log batayenge ki pehle woh lagbhag har ghar mein ghonsla banati thi. Purane gharon mein khaprail ki chhaton ke neeche jagah, khule ventilators aur deewaron mein daraarein hoti thi: ghonsle ke liye perfect jagahein. Naye buildings poori tarah band hote hain, aur kai gardens ab pakke kar diye gaye hain. Kai shehron mein sparrows rare ho gayi hain. Achhi khabar yeh hai ki kuch jagahon par nest boxes aur native plants unhe wapas laane mein madad kar rahe hain.

2/3Na ghonsle ki jagah, na daane: sparrows chali jaati hain.

Fig. 2.16Ghonsle ki jagah aur khaana chheen lo, to sparrows chali jaati hain. Wapas de do, to woh laut aati hain.NCERT p. 28

Scene ke beech mein chhote aangan wala ek ghar khada hai. Pehle step mein yeh khaprail ki chhat wala purana ghar hai; sparrows khaprail ke neeche ki jagahon se jhaankti hain aur garden ke plants ke beech daane chugti hain. Doosre step mein ghar ki jagah ek chikni, band building aa jaati hai aur aangan grey pakka ho jaata hai; sparrows ud jaati hain aur garden gaayab ho jaata hai. Aakhri step mein deewar par lakdi ke nest boxes lag jaate hain aur building ke paas native plants ki ek patti ugti hai, aur sparrows boxes par wapas aa gayi hain.

Chalo explore kareinNCERT p. 28

Kisi bade se poochho

Interview ke liye kisi bade ko chuno: dada-dadi, padosi ya school ke watchman. Unse kaho ki woh us gali ya khet ko yaad karein jahan woh bachpan mein khelte the. Wahan kaun se jeev rehte the jo aaj mushkil se milte hain? Kya aaj koi cheez aam hai jo unhone tab kabhi nahi dekhi thi? Har jawaab table mein note karo, saath mein unka andaaza ki yeh kyun badla.

Table 2.8Tab aur ab

Plant ya animal	Unke bachpan mein aam tha?	Ab aam hai?	Yeh kyun badla hoga?

Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.

Timeline

India apni wildlife ko bachane ke liye kadam uthata hai

1936
Pehla national park
Hailey National Park banta hai, jo ab Uttarakhand ka Jim Corbett National Park hai.
1972
Wildlife ke liye ek kanoon
Wildlife (Protection) Act kai jungli animals ke shikaar ko crime bana deta hai.
1973
Project Tiger
Bengal tigers ki ghatti ginti ko bachane ke liye tiger reserves banaye jaate hain.
1984
Silent Valley protected hui
Logon ke andolan se bacha jungle national park ban jaata hai.
2010
World Sparrow Day
Ek Indian nature group sparrows ke baare mein jaankari failaane ke liye 20 March ko yeh din manana shuru karta hai.
2022
Cheetahs ki wapsi
India se gaayab hone ke lagbhag 70 saal baad Namibia se laaye gaye cheetahs Madhya Pradesh ke Kuno National Park mein chhode jaate hain.

Ek scientist ko jaanoNCERT p. 27

Salim Ali, India ke Birdman

Mumbai mein bachpan mein Salim Ali (1896–1987) ne apni air gun se ek sparrow ko maar diya. Uske gale par ek ajeeb peela dhabba tha. Shehar ki ek natural history society ke experts ne unhe uska naam bataya aur apna bahut bada bird collection dikhaya. Us visit ne unke mann mein chidiyon ke liye zindagi bhar ka pyaar jaga diya. Binoculars aur notebooks ke saath unhone dashkon tak jungles, deserts aur daldalon mein samay bitaya. Unhone note kiya ki har chidiya kahan rehti hai, kya khaati hai aur mausam ke saath kahan udkar jaati hai.

Baad mein unhone Mumbai ki usi society ke saath dashkon tak kaam kiya. Unki chidiyon wali kitaabein aaj bhi birdwatchers saath rakhte hain, jinmein American scientist S. Dillon Ripley ke saath likhi das volumes wali handbook bhi hai. Unhone chidiyon se bhari jagahon ko bachane ke liye ladaai ladi, jaise Rajasthan mein Bharatpur ke wetlands, jo ab Keoladeo National Park hai. India ne unhe 1976 mein Padma Vibhushan diya. Unhone apni life story ka naam bhi bilkul sahi rakha: The Fall of a Sparrow.

Biodiversity ko bachana sirf sarkaar aur scientists ka kaam nahi hai. Tum neem ya jamun jaisa koi native ped laga sakte ho. Garmiyon mein chidiyon ke liye paani ka bowl rakh sakte ho aur school garden mein ek kona jungli chhod sakte ho. Aur tum waada kar sakte ho ki kabhi kuch todoge, chhedoge ya phansaoge nahi. Jab habitats healthy rehte hain, to living world apni shaandaar variety banaye rakhta hai.

Flash cards · 18

Zaroori words

1 / 18

Recap

Summary aur key points

Life anginat shaklon mein milti hai, cheentiyon se lekar banyan ke pedon tak. Kisi jagah ke living things ki variety uski biodiversity hai (Section 2.1).
Plants aur animals ek doosre par depend karte hain: ped khaana aur aasra dete hain, aur animals seeds aur pollen failaate hain (Section 2.1).
Grouping ka matlab hai jin living things mein koi feature common ho, unhe saath rakhna. Alag rules se alag groups bante hain (Section 2.2).
Herbs, shrubs aur trees mein farq karne ke liye height, stem aur branching dekho. Kamzor stem wale plants climbers ya creepers hote hain (Section 2.2.1).
Leaf ki veins ya to jaal banati hain (reticulate venation) ya saath-saath chalti hain (parallel venation) (Leaves mein veins).
Roots ya to taproot hoti hain ya fibrous roots (Roots).
Dicots ke seeds mein do cotyledons, leaves mein veins ka jaal aur taproot hoti hai. Monocots mein ek cotyledon, parallel veins aur fibrous roots hoti hain (Seeds).
Animals ko is hisaab se group kar sakte hain ki woh kaise chalte hain aur body ke kaun se parts use karte hain: wings, fins, pair ya poora body (Section 2.2.2).
Alag regions mein haalaat alag hote hain, isliye har ek ke apne plants aur animals hote hain (Section 2.3).
Adaptations aise features hain jo living thing ko uski jagah par zinda rehne mein madad karte hain, jaise cactus ka gudedaar stem ya oont ke chaude pair (Adaptations aur habitats).
Habitat living thing ka ghar hai. Habitats terrestrial (zameen) ya aquatic (paani) hote hain; amphibians dono use karte hain (Adaptations aur habitats).
Jab habitats khatam hote hain, to living things ka ghar aur khaana chhin jaata hai, aur kuch kinds gaayab ho jaate hain. Parks, kanoon, sacred groves aur roz ki dekhbhaal biodiversity ko bachane mein madad karte hain (Jab habitats ko nuksaan hota hai).

Practice · 16 questions

Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)

1
Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q1
Anu sprout salad ke liye moong ke seeds aur bajre ke daane bhigoti hai. Jab woh unhe dabati hai, to moong ka har seed do hisson mein khul jaata hai, lekin bajre ke daane poore rehte hain.
1. Kaun sa plant dicot hai?
  BajraMoongDono
  Answer dekho
  Answer (B) Moong
  Moong ka seed do cotyledons mein khulta hai, isliye moong dicot hai. Bajre mein ek cotyledon hai, isliye woh monocot hai.
2. Moong ke plant aur bajre ke plant ki roots aur leaf venation predict karo.
  Solution dikhao
  AnswerMoong: taproot, leaves mein veins ka jaal. Bajra: fibrous roots, parallel veins.
  Moong mein do cotyledons hain, isliye woh dicot hai. Dicots mein aam taur par taproot aur veins ke jaal wali leaves (reticulate venation) hoti hain. Bajre mein ek cotyledon hai, isliye woh doosri ghaason ki tarah monocot hai. Monocots mein aam taur par fibrous roots aur parallel veins wali leaves hoti hain.
Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q2
Tara ke wildlife quiz cards par nau animals hain: yak, starfish, tota, jellyfish, toad, titli, octopus, otter aur oont. Woh har card ko teen charts mein se ek par lagati hai: Aquatic, Terrestrial ya Paani aur zameen. Har card kahan jaana chahiye?
Solution dikhao
AnswerAquatic: starfish, jellyfish, octopus. Terrestrial: yak, tota, titli, oont. Paani aur zameen: toad, otter.
Table 2.9
Chart Animals
Aquatic Starfish, jellyfish aur octopus
Terrestrial Yak, tota, titli aur oont
Paani aur zameen Toad aur otter
Starfish, jellyfish aur octopus apni poori zindagi samundar mein bitaate hain. Yak, tota, titli aur oont zameen par rehte hain. Toad ek amphibian hai: uski zindagi paani mein tadpole ke roop mein shuru hoti hai aur bada hokar woh zyadatar zameen par rehta hai. Otter nadiyon mein machhliyon ka shikaar karta hai, lekin kinare par aaraam karta hai aur apne bachche paalta hai.
3
Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q3
Meera dhoop wali khidki par paani bhari tashtariyon mein kitchen ke do bache tukde rakhti hai: beetroot (chukandar) ka upar wala slice aur lahsun (garlic) ki ek kali. Poora beetroot ek gol laal ball jaisa hota hai jo patla hote-hote ek patli poonch ban jaata hai. Ek hafte mein lahsun ki kali se lagbhag same size ki patli safed roots ka guchha nikal aata hai, aur dono tukdon se leaves nikalti hain.
1. Har plant ki root kis type ki hai?
  Solution dikhao
  AnswerBeetroot: taproot, jo store kiye khaane se phooli hai. Garlic: fibrous roots.
  Beetroot ek moti main root hai, store kiye khaane se phooli hui, jo patli hote-hote chhoti side roots wali poonch ban jaati hai. Yeh taproot hai. Lahsun ki nayi roots lagbhag same size ke bahut saare patle dhaage hain, jo kali ke neeche se ugte hain. Yeh fibrous roots hain.
2. Meera ko dono ki nayi leaves par kaun si venation dikhni chahiye?
  Solution dikhao
  AnswerBeetroot: reticulate (veins ka jaal). Garlic: parallel.
  Taproot aam taur par veins ke jaal wali leaves ke saath aati hai, isliye beetroot ki leaves mein reticulate venation dikhni chahiye. Tum check kar sakte ho: beetroot ki leaf ki laal veins saaf jaal banati hain. Fibrous roots aam taur par parallel veins ke saath aati hain, isliye lahsun ki lambi, chapti leaves mein parallel venation honi chahiye.
3. Dono mein se kaun sa plant dicot hai?
  BeetrootGarlicDono
  Answer dekho
  Answer (A) Beetroot
  Taproot aur veins ke jaal wali leaves dicot ki nishaani hain, isliye beetroot dicot hai. Fibrous roots aur parallel veins wala garlic monocot hai.
Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q4
Yak Ladakh ke thande pahadon mein rehta hai, jabki bhains Uttar Pradesh ke garam maidaanon mein. Do baatein batao jismein woh ek jaise hain aur do jismein alag. Farq ko samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerEk jaise: dono bade, plants khaane wale animals hain jinke chaar pair, khur aur seeng hote hain. Alag: yak ke lambe, ghane baal hote hain aur use garmi pasand nahi; bhains ke kam baal hote hain aur woh thandi rehne ke liye paani mein lotti hai.
Ek jaise: dono bade animals hain jinke chaar pair, khur aur seeng hote hain, aur dono plants charte hain.
Alag: yak par lambe, ghane baalon ka coat hota hai jo lagbhag zameen tak latakta hai; bhains ke baal patle aur kam hote hain. Bhains ko talaab aur keechad mein lotna bahut pasand hai; yak ko iski zaroorat nahi.
Kyun: yak ka ghana coat jamaane wali pahadi sardiyon ke liye adaptation hai. Bhains ke patle baal aur paani mein lotne ki aadat use garam maidaanon mein thanda rehne mein madad karte hain.
5
Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q5
In animals ko do groups mein baanto. Kahan rehte hain ya kaise chalte hain, in do ko chhod kar koi bhi rule use karo: murgi, makdi, kauwa, billi, titli, chooha, ghongha, tota, kutta. Apne rule ka naam batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerEk possible jawaab: andon se nikalte hain (murgi, makdi, kauwa, titli, ghongha, tota) aur bachche ke roop mein paida hote hain (billi, chooha, kutta).
Kai rules chalte hain, bas koi bhi unhe check kar sake. Jaise:
Bachche andon se nikalte hain: murgi, makdi, kauwa, titli, ghongha, tota. Bachche paida hote hain: billi, chooha, kutta.
Pankh hain: murgi, kauwa, tota. Pankh nahi: makdi, billi, titli, chooha, ghongha, kutta.
Chaar se zyada pair: makdi (aath), titli (chhe). Chaar ya kam pair: murgi, kauwa, billi, chooha, ghongha, tota, kutta.
6
Long answerHardNCERT Exercises Q6
Ek gaon apne purane talaab ko mitti se bhar kar parking ground banane ka faisla karta hai.
1. Kaun se living things ka ghar chhin jaayega?
  Solution dikhao
  Machhliyon, frogs, tadpoles, paani ke ghonghon aur paani ke insects ka ghar chhin jaayega. Lotus, water lilies aur doosre water plants ka bhi. Talaab par khaana khaane wale bagule, kingfishers aur dragonflies ka khaana chhin jaayega.
2. Gaon aur kaise badal sakta hai?
  Solution dikhao
  Baarish ka paani ab jama hokar zameen mein nahi risega, isliye kuein sookh sakte hain aur monsoon mein galiyon mein paani bhar sakta hai. Animals ke paani peene ki jagah chali jaayegi, aur area zyada garam lag sakta hai. Gaon mein living things ke kam kinds bachenge.
3. Do behtar ideas suggest karo.
  Solution dikhao
  Parking us zameen par banao jo pehle se khaali hai, ya pehle se bani pakki jagah use karo. Iske bajaaye talaab ko saaf karo aur bachao, aur uske charon taraf native ped lagao taaki woh healthy habitat bana rahe.
7
Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q7
Yeh ek plant key hai. 1 se shuru karo. 1. Kya plant ki ek moti main root hai? Agar haan, to woh Group P mein hai. Agar nahi, to 2 par jaao. 2. Kya uski lagbhag same size ki patli roots ka guchha hai? Agar haan, to woh Group Q mein hai.
1. Group P ke plants mein aam taur par kaun si leaf venation hogi?
  Parallel venation, ghaas jaisiReticulate venation, aam ki leaf jaisiKoi bhi: roots aur leaves jude nahi hain
  Answer dekho
  Answer (B) Reticulate venation, aam ki leaf jaisi
  Ek moti main root taproot hoti hai, jo aam taur par veins ke jaal wali (reticulate) leaves ke saath aati hai.
2. Har group ke do plants ke naam batao.
  Solution dikhao
  AnswerP: aam, sunflower (aur matar, genda, neem bhi). Q: maize, rice (aur gehun, pyaaz, ganna bhi).
  Group P mein taproots hain, isliye usmein dicots hain jaise aam, sunflower, matar, genda aur neem. Group Q mein fibrous roots hain, isliye usmein monocots hain jaise maize, rice, gehun, pyaaz aur ganna.
8
Short answerHardNCERT Exercises Q8
Kabir ke ghar mein tulsi ke do plants ug rahe hain. Ek is monsoon mein seed se uga hai: woh uske ghutne tak aata hai, aur uska stem hara aur naram hai. Doosra paanch saal purana hai: woh uski kamar tak aata hai, uska nichla stem sakht aur bhoora hai, aur kai branches mitti ke theek upar se shuru hoti hain.
1. Abhi har plant kis group jaisa dikhta hai?
  Solution dikhao
  AnswerChhoti tulsi herb jaisi dikhti hai; purani tulsi ek chhoti shrub jaisi.
  Chhota plant naram, hare stem wala hai, isliye herb jaisa dikhta hai. Purane plant ka nichla hissa sakht aur woody hai aur mitti ke paas se kai branches nikalti hain, isliye woh chhoti shrub jaisa dikhta hai.
2. (b)
  Kaun se teen checks ne tumhe tay karne mein madad ki?
  Solution dikhao
  AnswerHeight, stem ka kind, aur branches kahan se shuru hoti hain.
  Woh tumse compare karke kitna lamba hai?
  Stem naram aur hara hai, ya sakht, bhoora aur woody, kam se kam neeche ki taraf?
  Branches zameen ke paas se shuru hoti hain ya kaafi upar se?
3. Yeh puzzle plant ka group batane ke baare mein tumhe kya sikhata hai?
  Solution dikhao
  Plant badhte hue badal sakta hai: jo stem shuru mein naram hota hai, woh umar ke saath woody ho sakta hai. Isliye poore bade ho chuke plant ko dekho, aur jo observe karo usse tay karo, andaaze se nahi. Badi tulsi ko aksar chhoti shrub kaha jaata hai, kyunki uska nichla stem woody ho jaata hai.
Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q9
Group X ke plants ki leaves mein veins ka jaal hai. Group Y ke plants ki leaves mein parallel veins hain. Har group ke liye root type, seed mein cotyledons ki ginti, aur do example plants batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerX: taproot, do cotyledons (dicots), jaise aam, matar. Y: fibrous roots, ek cotyledon (monocots), jaise maize, ganna.
Table 2.10
Group Roots Cotyledons Examples
X (veins ka jaal) Taproot Do: dicots Aam, matar, sunflower, mirchi
Y (parallel veins) Fibrous roots Ek: monocots Maize, ganna, rice, bamboo
Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q10
Smooth-coated otter ke panje jaaldaar hote hain: ungliyon ke beech skin tani hoti hai. Paltu billi ki ungliyan alag-alag hoti hain. Otter apne panjon se kya behtar kar sakta hai, aur yeh kis habitat ke liye theek hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerTairna: jaaldaar panje chappu ki tarah paani ko dhakelte hain. Yeh nadiyon, jheelon aur wetlands ke liye theek hai.
Otter ki ungliyon ke beech ki skin har panje ko ek chappu bana deti hai jo paani ko peeche dhakelta hai. Isliye otter tez tairta hai aur machhliyan pakadta hai. Yeh nadiyon, jheelon aur wetlands mein aur unke aas-paas ki life ke liye adaptation hai. Billi ki alag-alag ungliyan zameen par pakadne aur chadhne ke liye behtar hain.
Quick answerEasy
Inmein se kaun sa plant creeper hai?
Khambe par chadha money plantJamun ka pedTarbooz ki belKaner ki jhaadi
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Tarbooz ki bel
Tarbooz ki bel zameen par failti hai, isliye woh creeper hai. Khambe par chadha money plant climber hai, jamun tree hai, aur kaner shrub hai.
Quick answerEasy
Jo natural ghar plant ya animal ko khaana, paani aur aasra deta hai, use uska kehte hain.
Answer dekho
Answer habitat
Habitat woh sab kuch deta hai jo living thing ko zinda rehne ke liye chahiye.
13
Quick answerEasy
In plants ko aam taur par sabse chhote se aam taur par sabse lambe ke order mein rakho.
1. Jamun (tree)
2. Mehendi (shrub)
3. Pudina (herb)
Answer dekho
Answer
Pudina (herb)
Mehendi (shrub)
Jamun (tree)
Herbs chhote hote hain, shrubs lagbhag ek bade aadmi jitne lambe, aur trees unse bahut lambe.
14
Quick answerMedium
Har feature ko is se match karo ki woh kaise madad karta hai.
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
Answer
Cactus ka gudedaar stem : paani store karta hai
Deodar ki jhuki daaliyan : barf ko phisalne deti hain
Machhli ke fins : tairne aur disha badalne mein madad
Thar ke oont ke chaude pair : ret mein dhansne se bachate hain
Har feature kisi khaas habitat ke liye adaptation hai: desert, barfile pahad, paani aur ret wala desert.
15
Quick answerMedium
Inmein se kaun se aquatic habitats hain? Saare sahi options chuno.
Talaab (pond)GrasslandNadi (river)DesertSamundar (sea)
Saare sahi options chuno
Answer dekho
Answer
(A) Talaab (pond)
(C) Nadi (river)
(E) Samundar (sea)
Talaab, nadiyan aur samundar aquatic habitats hain. Grasslands aur deserts terrestrial hain.
Quick answerMedium
Frog ko amphibian isliye kehte hain kyunki woh sirf paani mein rehta hai.
SahiGalat
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Amphibian apni zindagi ka kuch hissa paani mein aur kuch zameen par bitaata hai. Frog paani mein tadpole ke roop mein shuru hota hai aur bada hokar zameen par kudta hai.

Chart	Animals
Aquatic	Starfish, jellyfish aur octopus
Terrestrial	Yak, tota, titli aur oont
Paani aur zameen	Toad aur otter

Group	Roots	Cotyledons	Examples
X (veins ka jaal)	Taproot	Do: dicots	Aam, matar, sunflower, mirchi
Y (parallel veins)	Fibrous roots	Ek: monocots	Maize, ganna, rice, bamboo

Aur aage seekhoNCERT p. 33

Aur explore karo

Apne school campus ka map banao aur mark karo ki har kind ka plant, chidiya aur insect kahan dikhta hai. Kisi aur mausam mein map phir se banao. Kya badla?
Ek mahine ke liye apne ghar ke paas ka ek ped adopt karo. Hafte mein ek baar note karo ki us par kaun aata hai: chidiyan, cheentiyan, gilhariyan, caterpillars. Har mehmaan ka sketch banao.
Purnima Devi Barman ne greater adjutant stork, yaani hargila, ko bachane ke liye Assam ke gaon ki auraton ko ek saath joda. Kisi aur Indian ki kahani dhoondho jo kisi plant ya animal ko bachata hai, aur use do minute mein apni class ko sunao.
Apne state ki ek protected jagah chuno, jaise national park, wildlife sanctuary ya sacred grove. Woh kis plant ya animal ko bachane ke liye famous hai?
Class milkar school garden ke liye ek chhota kaam chuno: chidiyon ke liye paani ka bowl, jungli chhoda gaya ek kona, ya kuch native paudhe. Ek mahine tak try karo, aur record karo ki kaun aata hai.

Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo

Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.

Tumhari NCERT textbook mein	Yahan practice question
NCERT Exercises Q1	Practice Q1
NCERT Exercises Q2	Practice Q2
NCERT Exercises Q3	Practice Q3
NCERT Exercises Q4	Practice Q4
NCERT Exercises Q5	Practice Q5
NCERT Exercises Q6	Practice Q6
NCERT Exercises Q7	Practice Q7
NCERT Exercises Q8	Practice Q8
NCERT Exercises Q9	Practice Q9
NCERT Exercises Q10	Practice Q10

Quick check: MCQs

2.1 Hamare Aas-paas ke Plants aur Animals mein Diversity3 questions
2.2 Plants aur Animals ko Group Kaise Karein?3 questions
2.2.1 Plants ko group kaise karein?3 questions
Seeds3 questions
2.2.2 Animals ko group kaise karein?3 questions
Adaptations aur habitats4 questions
Jab habitats ko nuksaan hota hai3 questions

Glossary · 18

Key terms (English + Hindi)

adaptationअनुकूलनanukoolan: Body ka feature ya aadat jo living thing ko uski jagah par zinda rehne mein madad karti hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
amphibianउभयचरubhaychar: Frog jaisa animal jo apni zindagi ka kuch hissa paani mein aur kuch zameen par bitaata hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
aquaticजलीयjaliya: Paani mein rehne wala: nadi, samundar, jheel ya talaab mein.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

biodiversityजैव विविधताjaiv vividhata: Kisi jagah par milne wale alag-alag kinds ke plants, animals aur doosre living things ki variety.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

climberआरोही लताaarohi lata: Kamzor stem wala plant jo kisi sahaare ko pakad kar upar badhta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
cotyledonबीजपत्रbeejpatra: Seed leaf: seed ka woh hissa jo baby plant se juda hota hai, aksar uska khaana store karta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
creeperविसर्पी लताvisarpi lata: Kamzor stem wala plant jo zameen par failta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

dicotद्विबीजपत्रीdvibeejpatri: Aisa plant jiske seeds mein do cotyledons hote hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

fibrous rootsझकड़ा जड़jhakda jad: Bahut saari patli roots ka guchha, jinmein koi bhi baaki se zyada moti nahi hoti.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

habitatआवासaavaas: Plant ya animal ka natural ghar, jahan use jeene ke liye zaroori sab kuch milta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
herbशाकshaak: Chhota plant jiska stem naram, hara hota hai aur aasaani se mud jaata hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

monocotएकबीजपत्रीekbeejpatri: Aisa plant jiske seeds mein ek cotyledon hota hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

sacred groveपवित्र उपवनpavitra upvan: Jungle ka ek tukda jise local community parampara se bachati hai, isliye koi uske ped nahi kaatta aur na hi wahan shikaar karta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
shrubझाड़ीjhaadi: Medium size ka plant jiske kai sakht, woody stems zameen ke paas se branch karte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

taprootमूसला जड़moosla jad: Seedhi neeche jaane wali ek moti root, jiski sides se patli roots nikalti hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
terrestrialस्थलीयsthaliya: Zameen par rehne wala: pahad par, ya desert, jungle ya khet mein.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
treeवृक्षvriksh: Lamba plant jiska ek mota, woody tana hota hai jo zameen se kaafi upar branch karta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

venationशिराविन्यासshiravinyas: Leaf mein veins ka pattern: jaal (reticulate) ya saath-saath chalti lines (parallel).Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

Aas-paas dekho: kitni saari zindagiyan

2.1 Hamare Aas-paas ke Plants aur Animals mein Diversity

2.2 Plants aur Animals ko Group Kaise Karein?

2.2.1 Plants ko group kaise karein?

Leaves mein veins

Roots

Seeds

2.2.2 Animals ko group kaise karein?

2.3 Alag-alag Jagahon mein Plants aur Animals

Adaptations aur habitats

Jab habitats ko nuksaan hota hai

Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo

Quick check: MCQs

Tum chapter ke end tak pahunch gaye