The Wonderful World of Science (Science ki Anokhi Duniya): Class 6 Science Chapter 1 Hinglish mein

Janam se curious

Ek baby ko kuch minute dhyaan se dekho. Woh ek chammach pakadti hai aur use farsh par thokti hai. Phir use mooh mein daal leti hai. Woh use baar-baar girati hai, bas yeh dekhne ke liye ki kya hota hai. Kisi ne use yeh karna nahi sikhaya. Babies pehle din se hi explorers hote hain.

Tum bhi aise hi ek explorer the. Shaayad tumne kisi tehni se cheentiyon ko chheda ho. Shaayad tum sookhe patton par kood-kood kar unki churr-murr sunte the, ya koi khilauna khol kar dekhte the ki andar kya hai. Tumhara har “kyun?” ek investigation ki shuruaat tha.

Middle Stage mein is saare chhedne aur sochne ko apna ek naam mil jaata hai: science (विज्ञान). Is book ka naam Curiosity hai, aur iski ek achhi wajah hai. Curiosity (जिज्ञासा), yaani aur jaanne ki betaabi, woh fuel hai jo science ko chalata rehta hai.

Fig. 1.1 dekho. Inmein se ek bhi sawaal kisi textbook se nahi aaya. Yeh sab ek aam din se aaye. Science bilkul aise hi shuru hoti hai: tum kuch notice karte ho, aur us par sochne lagte ho.

Science kya hai?

To science aakhir hai kya? Science woh tareeka hai jisse hum cheezein pata karte hain. Hum dhyaan se dekhte hain, sawaal poochhte hain, ideas try karte hain aur jo hua us par achhe se sochte hain. Facts woh khazaana hain jo science khod kar nikaalti hai, lekin yeh khudaai hi asli science hai.

Kuch maamlon mein scientist ek detective jaisa hota hai. Detective suraag ikattha karta hai, sochta hai ki kaun-kaun suspect ho sakta hai, aur har ek ko check karta hai. Scientist observations ikattha karta hai, sochta hai ki kya-kya jawaab ho sakte hain, aur har ek ko test karta hai. Bas mysteries alag hain. Iron ke gate par zang kyun lag jaata hai? Pyaaz kaatne par aankhon mein paani kyun aata hai? Jugnu andhere mein kaise chamakta hai? Is khoj mein shaamil hone ke liye bas curiosity chahiye.

Science har jagah hai

Science ko har size ki cheezon mein dilchaspi hai. Talaab ke paani ki ek boond mein sainkdon aise living things ho sakte hain jo itne chhote hain ki dikhte hi nahi. Ek cheenti bheed bhare farsh ko paar karke ghar ka raasta dhoondh leti hai. Banyan ka ped apni shaakhon se jadein latka deta hai. Volcano pighli hui chattaan ugalta hai. Sun itna bada hai ki usmein das lakh se zyada Earths sama sakti hain. Inmein se har ek mein sawaal chhupe hain (Fig. 1.2).

Science dhoondhne ke liye tumhe kahin jaane ki zaroorat nahi. Yeh bathroom ke us sheeshe mein hai jo garam paani se nahaane ke baad dhundhla ho jaata hai. Yeh us jhatke mein hai jab bus zor se brake lagati hai aur tum aage ki taraf jhuk jaate ho. Yeh us mehndi mein hai jo tumhari hatheli par orange design chhod jaati hai. Yeh ghoomte hue लट्टू (spinning top) mein bhi hai, jo tabhi tak seedha khada rehta hai jab tak ghoomta hai.

Badi khojein hamesha laboratory mein shuru nahi hotin. Kabhi-kabhi woh ek musafir ke bas nazara dekhne se shuru hoti hain.

Knowledge badhti rehti hai

Jab bhi hum ek sawaal ka jawaab dhoondhte hain, ek mazedaar baat hoti hai: jawaab apne saath naye sawaal le aata hai! Socho ki jo kuch hum jaante hain, woh ek island hai, un cheezon ke bahut bade samundar mein jinhe abhi tak koi nahi jaanta (Fig. 1.3). Har khoj island ko bada kar deti hai. Lekin bade island ka kinara bhi lamba hota hai, aur kinare par hi naye sawaal aakar lagte hain.

Bahut samay tak kai log maante the ki Sun, Earth ke chaaron taraf ghoomta hai. Aasmaan ko dhyaan se dekhne par ulta pata chala: Earth, Sun ke chaaron taraf ghoomti hai. Knowledge ke map ka woh hissa dobara banana pada. Naya evidence (प्रमाण) milne par apni soch badalna kamzori nahi hai. Isi tarah science behtar hoti hai.

Aage ek aur surprise hai: science ke topics alag-alag dabbe nahi hain. Sun ki garmi se paani ke gaddhe sookh jaate hain. Woh paani hawa mein upar uthkar baadal banata hai. Baadal baarish laate hain, aur baarish se woh fasal ugti hai jo aakhir mein tumhari plate tak pahunchti hai. Ek dhaaga kheencho, to kai aur dhaage bhi hil jaate hain.

Is book mein hum kya explore karenge?

Yeh book ek safar hai. Nikalne se pehle chalo map dekh lete hain (Fig. 1.4).

Hamara pehla stop hai khud zindagi. Monsoon ke gaddhe mein ek tadpole ke pair nikal aate hain, uski poonch gaayab ho jaati hai aur woh frog ban kar phudak jaata hai. Ek ruyedaar chooza kuch hi mahinon mein murgi ban jaata hai. Tumhare apne baal aur naakhoon bhi poori zindagi badhte rehte hain. Living things bahut saari tarah ke hote hain. Camels tapte registaan jhel lete hain, snow leopards barfeele pahaad aur machhliyan khaara samundar. Har ek apne ghar mein kaise jeeta hai? Aur kisi bhi living thing ko badhne se pehle kya chahiye?

Ab bahut door se dekho, jaise tum space se peeche mud kar dekh rahe ho. Logon ne kai planets aur moons ko study kiya hai, aur ab tak living things sirf ek par mile hain: Earth. Isliye hamara planet ek anokha aur keemti ghar hai, aur iska khayal rakhna hum sabka kaam hai.

Agla stop hai khaana. Apne pichhle khaane ke baare mein socho. Kaun se hisse plants se aaye, aur kaun se animals se? Healthy rehne ke liye humein alag-alag tarah ka khaana kyun chahiye? Kya pakodon ki plate hamare liye utni hi achhi hai jitni sprouts ki katori? Aur Rajasthan ka dal-baati wala khaana Kerala ke appam aur stew se itna alag kyun dikhta hai? Aage chalkar iodine ki kuch boondein tumhe khaane mein chhupa starch pakadne mein bhi madad karengi.

Teesra stop hai cheezein: hamare aas-paas sab kuch kis se bana hai. Khaana pakane ke bartan metal ke kyun bante hain, lekin unke handle aksar wood ya plastic ke? Raincoat cotton ke kyun nahi bante? Jab gehun ko hawa mein saaf kiya jaata hai, to halka bhoosa ud kyun jaata hai aur daana neeche kyun gir jaata hai? Magnet fridge ke darwaaze se kyun chipakta hai, lekin lakdi ke darwaaze se nahi? Aur hum kisi corridor ki lambai kaise measure kar sakte hain, ya jhoole ke chalne ka tareeka kaise bata sakte hain?

Paani ko apna ek poora chapter milta hai. Rassi par geele kapde kyun sookh jaate hain? Sardiyon mein ghaas par os ki boondein kahan se aati hain? Mitti ka matka apna paani itna thanda kaise rakhta hai? Hum yeh bhi seekhenge ki cheezein kitni garam ya thandi hain, yeh kaise measure karte hain. Doctor ka thermometer laboratory wale thermometer se alag kyun hota hai?

Aakhri stop hamare sir ke bahut upar hai. Kaun se planets tum bina telescope ke dekh sakte ho? Taaron ka ek group north dhoondhne mein kaise madad kar sakta hai? Raaste mein hum nature ke khazaanon se bhi milenge, jaise hawa, paani aur jungle, jo hum sabke saanjhe hain. Har stop par tum khud cheezein banaoge, test karoge aur measure karoge.

Khud jawaab dhoondhna

Makar Sankranti ka din tha, aur Kabir ki chhat ke upar aasmaan kites se bhara tha. Lekin Kabir ki nayi kite theek se ud hi nahi rahi thi. Har baar upar jaate hi woh palat jaati aur left ki taraf dive kar jaati. Uski chhoti behen hans padi. Kabir ne maatha sikoda aur sochne laga.

“Zaroor hawa ki wajah se hai,” usne kaha. “Aaj hawa bahut tez hai.” Phir usne bagal wali chhat par nazar daali. Uski dost Meher ki kite bilkul usi hawa mein ud rahi thi, aur ekdum steady thi. Matlab hawa ka koi dosh nahi tha. Kabir ne apna pehla idea kaat diya.

Usne apni kite neeche kheench li aur use haathon mein palat kar dekha. Left side par kisi purani marammat ka tape ka mota patch laga tha. Kahin woh side zyada bhaari to nahi? Usne usi size ka ek patch kaata aur right side par chipka diya. Kite phir upar gayi, aur is baar woh ekdum seedhi upar uthi. Uska doosra idea test mein paas ho gaya!

Kabir ne kites par koi book nahi padhi, na kisi expert se poochha. Usne ek problem dekhi aur uski wajah ke baare mein ek idea socha. Usne idea check kiya, fail hone par use chhod diya aur ek behtar idea try kiya (Fig. 1.6). Puzzle solve karne ke is tareeke ka ek naam hai: scientific method (वैज्ञानिक विधि). Ab jab tum iska naam jaan gaye ho, to tumhe yeh har jagah dikhne lagega.

Scientific method ke steps

Chalo Kabir ki kahani ko slow motion mein dobara chalate hain aur har kadam ko ek naam dete hain. Scientists bhi yahi kadam use karte hain, chahe woh kites study kar rahe hon, dahi ya comets (Fig. 1.7).

1. Observe. Apne senses aur ruler ya hand lens jaise tools se observations (प्रेक्षण) ikattha karo. Kabir ne apni kite ko baar-baar dive karte dekha.
2. Question. Puzzle ko shabdon mein likho. “Meri kite left ki taraf dive kyun karti hai?” ek saaf sawaal hai jis par tum kaam kar sakte ho.
3. Guess. Ek aisi explanation socho jise check kiya ja sake. Scientists ise hypothesis (परिकल्पना) kehte hain. “Left side zyada bhaari hai” ek hypothesis hai.
4. Test. Pehle ek prediction karo: agar guess sahi hai, to kya hoga? Phir pata karo. Tum ek experiment (प्रयोग) set up kar sakte ho, jaise right side par tape lagana, ya bas aur dhyaan se dobara dekh sakte ho, jaise Meher ki kite par nazar daalna.
5. Analyse. Jo hua use apne prediction se compare karo. Match hua to tumhare guess ko support milta hai. Match nahi hua to tum wapas jaakar phir se guess karte ho.

Dhyaan do ki steps gol-gol ghoomte hain. Achha jawaab aksar naya sawaal khada kar deta hai, aur fail hua guess tumhe doosre guess ke liye wapas bhejta hai. Asli science hamesha aise hi loop mein chalti hai.

Khud ek guess test karo

Yeh ek aisa guess hai jo bahut log karte hain: “Saare metals magnets se chipakte hain.” Yeh sahi lagta hai. Iron ki keelein chipakti hain, steel ki pins bhi, to har metal kyun nahi? Is par behas karne ke bajaye, scientist ise test karega. Fig. 1.8 mein try karo.

Kya aluminium foil aur copper wire chipke? Nahi chipke. Aisa result dikhata hai ki guess ko badalna padega. Ek behtar hypothesis hogi: “Kuch metals, jaise iron, steel aur nickel, magnets se chipakte hain, lekin baaki nahi.” Is naye guess ko tum magnets wale chapter mein aur test kar sakte ho.

Ek fair test

Test fair hone chahiye. Maan lo do ek jaise rumaal saath mein dhoye gaye. Ek ko tum dhoop mein faila kar taangte ho. Doosre ko chaar tah mein mod kar chhaaon mein taangte ho. Pehla wala bahut jaldi sookh jaata hai. Fark dhoop ki wajah se aaya ya failane ki wajah se? Tum bata hi nahi sakte, kyunki ek hi samay par do cheezein alag thin!

Fair test (निष्पक्ष परीक्षण) mein tum sirf ek cheez badalte ho aur baaki sab kuch same rakhte ho. Dhoop ka asar pata karne ke liye dono rumaal same size ke, utne hi geele aur ek hi tarah faile hone chahiye. Sirf unki jagah, dhoop ya chhaaon, alag honi chahiye (Fig. 1.9).

Ab apni khud ki ek chhoti si investigation karo. Fig. 1.10 tumhe har step se le jaata hai: tum observe karte ho, ek sawaal chunte ho, prediction karte ho, test set up karte ho aur jo hua use analyse karte ho. Jaan-boojh kar test ko unfair banakar dekho, aur dekho ki investigation tumhe kya batati hai.

Har koi scientist ban sakta hai

Kuch log duniya ki jaanch-padtaal ko hi apna full-time kaam bana lete hain. Hum unhe scientists (वैज्ञानिक) kehte hain, aur woh germs se lekar glaciers tak sab kuch study karte hain. Lekin yeh method koi secret club nahi hai. Bahut se log jo kabhi lab coat nahi pehente, roz bilkul yahi kadam use karte hain.

Fig. 1.11 mein ek doctor ek aise bachche ko dekhti hai jise teen din se bukhaar hai. Use infection ka shak hota hai aur woh blood test karvane ko kehti hai. Ek kisaan dekhta hai ki uske khet ka ek hissa murjha raha hai. Woh guess karta hai ki wahan paani nahi pahunch raha, naali ke saath-saath chalta hai aur dekhta hai ki woh mitti se band hai. Ek cricket coach dekhta hai ki uska bowler baar-baar crease ke aage pair rakh deta hai. Kya run-up bahut chhota hai? Woh starting mark ko thoda peeche karta hai, aur dono agla over dekhte hain.

Parents bhi aisa karte hain. Jab baby rota hi rehta hai, to parent ek-ek karke sochte hain ki wajah kya ho sakti hai. Kya use bhookh lagi hai? Neend aa rahi hai? Bahut garmi lag rahi hai? Woh ek baar mein ek hi cheez try karte hain, doodh pilana, lori sunana, halka kambal, aur dekhte hain ki kya hota hai.

“Kyun?” poochhte raho

Tum soch sakte ho ki science ki classes ki zaroorat hi kya hai. Cricket ke baare mein socho. Jo cricketer roz practice karta hai, woh saal mein ek baar bat uthane wale se kahin behtar khelta hai. Scientist ki tarah sochna bhi aise hi kaam karta hai. Aaj tum shaayad ek atki hui zip theek karo. Practice karte-karte, ek din tum poore gaon tak saaf paani pahunchane mein madad kar sakte ho. Yeh practice kahan se shuru hoti hai? Do aasaan aadaton se: curious bane rehna, aur cheezon ko dhyaan se dekhna.

Sirf dekhna aur sach mein dekhna ek jaisa nahi hai. Fig. 1.12 try karo. Pehli nazar mein yeh aangan ki bas ek deewar hai. Dobara dekho, aur har taraf sawaal nikal aate hain.

Cheentiyan itni seedhi line mein kyun chalti hain? Touch-me-not paudhe (छुईमुई) ki pattiyan chhoone par kyun mud jaati hain? Moss sirf tapakte nal ke neeche hi kyun ugti hai? Dhyaan se dekhne par ek aam sa kona khazaane ki khoj ban jaata hai. Scientists in teenon ko pehle hi solve kar chuke hain. Kuch aur puzzles ne ab tak sabko haraya hai. Kya pata, unmein se kisi ek ko tum hi solve karo.

Science teamwork hai

Aaj ki kisi science report par likhe naamon ki list dekho, to tum das, sau, kabhi-kabhi hazaar se bhi zyada naam gin sakte ho. Bade sawaalon ke liye bahut saare dimaag chahiye. Koi equipment banane mein achha hota hai, koi patterns pakadne mein, koi hisaab check karne mein. Tumhari class bhi ek team ki tarah kaam kar sakti hai.

Dekho, share karne se kaise madad milti hai. Ek class ke paanch groups ne time kiya ki steel ke bowl mein ek ice cube ko pighalne mein kitna time laga (Fig. 1.13). Chaar groups ko 18 se 22 minute ke beech mila. Group D ko sirf 8. Jab class ne notes milaaye, to pata chala ki group D ka bowl khidki ke paas dhoop ke ek patch mein rakha tha. Akele, group D shaayad galat jawaab ko sahi maan leta. Saath milkar class ne galti pakad li.

Sawaal jo khule rehte hain

Ek secret suno: sabse achhe scientists ke paas bhi jawaabon se zyada sawaal hote hain. Abhi tak koi pakka nahi jaanta ki Earth par life kaise shuru hui, ya universe ka zyadatar hissa kis cheez se bana hai. To khula sawaal koi failure nahi hai. Woh khudaai karne ki jagah hai. Tumhare kai sawaalon ke jawaab aage ki classes mein milenge, aur kuch shaayad kaafi lambe samay tak khule rahenge.

Tab tak aankhein khuli rakho aur notebook paas rakho. Cheentiyon ke peeche-peeche jaakar dekho ki woh kahan jaati hain. Notice karo ki din bhar mein tumhari shadow kaise badalti hai. Socho ki idli ka ghol raat bhar mein kyun phool jaata hai. Scientist bas woh hai jo curious rehta hai aur jawaab dhoondhne ka mazaa leta hai.