Biodiversity and Conservation: Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Hinglish mein

Kisi bade banyan (bargad) ya peepal ke ped ke neeche ek ghanta baitho aur ek list banate jao. Figs ke liye barbets aur bulbuls aate hain, chhote-chhote wasps fruits ke andar ghus jaate hain, ants bark par patrol karti hain, ek gilahri upar ki shaakhon par dhaava bolti hai aur fungi gire hue patton ko dheere-dheere sadaate hain. Ek akela purana ped saikdon tarah ke living things ko sahara de sakta hai, aur woh Earth ki millions species mein se sirf ek hai.

Yeh chapter is variety ke baare mein chaar sawaal poochhta hai. Life kitni hai, aur woh sabse zyada rich kahan hai? Kya ek ecosystem ko achhe se kaam karne ke liye apni saari species chahiye? Aaj species human history ke kisi bhi time se zyada tezi se kyun gaayab ho rahi hain? Aur is loss ko dheema karne ke liye hum kya kar sakte hain?

13.1 Biodiversity

Biodiversity (जैव विविधता) biological diversity ka chhota roop hai: organisation ke har level par life ki variety, do individuals ke DNA ke chhote-chhote differences se lekar desert aur rain forest ke contrast tak. Yeh word 1985 mein US National Research Council ke Walter Rosen ne banaya tha, jab woh ek scientific forum plan kar rahe the, aur Harvard ke biologist Edward O. Wilson, jo sociobiology ke founders mein se ek the, ne us meeting se nikli book edit karke ise famous banaya.

Teen levels par sabse zyada dhyaan jaata hai, aur har level agle level ke andar samaya hota hai (Fig. 13.1).

Genetic diversity (आनुवंशिक विविधता) ek hi species ke andar genes mein variation hai. Individuals aur populations mein alag-alag alleles hote hain, isliye woh size, colour, yield, disease resistance ya garmi aur drought sehne ki taakat mein alag hote hain. India ke kubad wale zebu cattle iski achhi misaal hain. Gujarat ki mazboot Gir, Punjab ki high-yielding Sahiwal aur Kerala ki chhoti si Vechur ek hi species ki breeds hain, phir bhi ek kisaan unhe ek nazar mein pehchaan leta hai. Aisa variation evolution ka, aur plant aur animal breeding ka raw material hai. 1970s mein rice ke grassy stunt virus ke against resistance Uttar Pradesh se collect kiye gaye ek wild rice, Oryza nivara, ki ek population mein mila. Breeders ne use poore Asia mein ugaai jaane wali rice varieties mein transfer kar diya.

Species diversity (जातीय विविधता) kisi area mein species ki variety hai. Iska sabse simple measure species richness hai, yaani wahan maujood species ka number, lekin ecologists yeh bhi dekhte hain ki individuals un species ke beech kitne barabar bante hue hain. Ek teak plantation aur ek natural deciduous forest same hillside ko dhak sakte hain. Plantation mein ek hi ped ka dabdaba hota hai; natural forest mein darjanon tarah ke ped climbers, shrubs aur herbs ke saath mile hote hain, aur woh kahin zyada birds aur insects ko khana deta hai.

Ecological diversity (पारिस्थितिक विविधता) kisi region ke andar ecosystems ki variety hai, yaani habitats, communities aur processes ki. Akele Gujarat mein Rann of Kachchh ke salt flats, Gir ke sookhe teak forests aur grasslands, creeks ke kinare mangroves aur Gulf of Kachchh mein coral reefs hain. Itne tarah ke ecosystems wala region, ek hi tarah ke forest se dhake utne hi bade area se ecologically zyada diverse hota hai.

Teeno levels ko dhyaan mein rakho. Conservation (Section 13.2) inhe ek saath bachaane ki koshish karta hai, kyunki ek level par variety khone se baaki levels kamzor hote hain: ek chhoti si population mein simat gayi species genetic diversity kho deti hai, aur species khone wala ecosystem apna character badal leta hai.

13.1.1 Earth par kitni Species hain aur India mein kitni?

'Kitni species hain?' is sawaal ke do jawab hain. Aasaan jawab hai already described species ka number: har nayi species formally publish hoti hai, aur global catalogues mein ab do million se thodi zyada species listed hain. Mushkil jawab hai un species ka number jo exist karti hain, kyunki zyadatar species kabhi collect bhi nahi hui. Tumhari textbook IUCN ka 2004 ka figure deti hai: lagbhag 1.5 million described plant aur animal species. Tab se total badha hai, aur taxonomists ab bhi har saal lagbhag 15,000 se 20,000 nayi species jodte hain.

Anjaan species ka estimate lagane ka ek tareeka proportion par chalta hai. Maan lo butterflies, jinhe collectors ne har jagah study kiya hai, mein har ek temperate species ke liye chaar tropical species nikalti hain. Iske ulat beetles ki poori list sirf temperate countries mein bani hai, jahan naturalists ki kai peedhiyon ne unhe collect kiya hai. Agar beetles butterflies wala ratio follow karein, to temperate beetle list ko chaar se multiply karke tropical list ka estimate milta hai (Example). Yeh method important hai kyunki tropics mein, jahan lists sabse adhoori hain, hi zyadatar undescribed species hain.

Sabse zyada cite kiya jaane wala modern estimate Camilo Mora ki leadership mein hui 2011 ki ek study se aata hai, jisne species ke genera, families aur orders mein group hone ke regular pattern ka use karke eukaryotes ki lagbhag 8.7 million species ka figure nikala. Pehle ke figures kaafi alag-alag the: ecologist Robert May ne lagbhag 7 million ki baat kahi, jabki tropical insects ke andaazon ne ek samay totals ko 20–50 million ya usse bhi zyada tak pahuncha diya tha. Zyada cautious figures ke hisaab se, Earth ki species mein se sirf ek-chauthai se ek-tihai tak ke hi naam hain.

Kaun se groups sabse aage hain?

Mote taur par har doosri named species ek insect hai (Fig. 13.2). Insects saare named animals ka lagbhag 70 % hain, aur animals saari named species ka 70 % se zyada hain. Vertebrates, jis group par hamara dhyaan sabse zyada jaata hai, list ka sirf kuch per cent hain, aur fungi ki named species fishes, amphibians, reptiles aur mammals ko mila kar bhi unse zyada hain. Purane, broad sense wala plant kingdom, jismein fungi aur algae bhi gine jaate hain, sirf lagbhag 22 % hai.

Jo microbiologists soil ya seawater ke samples lete hain aur unmein mile DNA ko species jaise groups mein sort karte hain, unhe prokaryotes ke behisaab types milte hain, shayad millions. Inmein se koi bhi upar ke counts mein nahi hai. Bacteria aur archaea microscope ke neeche shayad hi alag dikhte hain aur zyadatar culture mein ugte hi nahi, isliye unhe classical tareeke se describe nahi kiya ja sakta.

India ka hissa

India duniya ke land area ka sirf lagbhag 2.4 % hai, phir bhi usmein saari recorded species ka lagbhag 7–8 % hai. Isliye India megadiverse countries mein se ek hai, yaani un deshon ka chhota group jinmein mila kar Earth ki zyadatar species hain. Tumhari textbook aise 12 countries ginti hai, jo ek shuruaati study ka figure hai; aaj sabse zyada use hone wali list, jo Conservation International ne banayi hai, 17 countries ke naam deti hai, jinmein India, China, Brazil, Indonesia aur Australia shaamil hain.

Hamare national surveys list ko lagaataar badha rahe hain. Botanical Survey of India kam se kam 45,000 plant species record karta hai, fungi aur algae samet. 2020s ki shuruaat tak Zoological Survey of India ka animal species ka count ek lakh paar kar chuka tha. Har saal Indian aur foreign scientists India se kuch sau aur species describe karte hain.

India ki list ko isi fraction se scale up karo, to desh mein recorded species se kai guna zyada species ho sakti hain (Example). Asli rukaawat log hain: har nayi species ko collect, compare aur describe karne ke liye ek trained taxonomist chahiye, aur India mein, zyadatar tropical countries ki tarah, aise log bahut kam hain. Yeh kami urgent hai, kyunki forests, wetlands aur grasslands abhi saaf kiye ja rahe hain, aur kai chhote insects, fungi aur soil animals shayad bina record hue hi gaayab ho jaayenge.

13.1.2 Biodiversity ke Patterns

Species poore planet par barabar nahi bikhri hain. Do patterns itne saare groups of organisms par lagu hote hain ki ecologists unhe lagbhag rules ki tarah maante hain.

Latitudinal gradients

Equator se kisi bhi pole ki taraf jao, to ek ke baad ek group mein species ka number girta jaata hai (Fig. 13.3). Yeh latitudinal gradient tropics ko, jo equator se lagbhag 23.5° ke andar hain, Earth ki sabse rich belt banata hai; sirf gine-chune groups, jaise aphids aur penguins, is trend ke ulat chalte hain. Amazon ya Borneo ke rain forest ke ek hectare mein 200 se zyada tree species ho sakti hain. Europe mein oak ya beech forest ke ek hectare mein aam taur par 20 se kam hoti hain, aur tundra mein ek bhi ped nahi hota. Ants, butterflies, frogs, birds aur mammals bhi yahi trend follow karte hain. India ka bada hissa tropics mein ya unke paas hai, aur yeh ek wajah hai ki India species mein itna rich hai.

Tropics itne rich kyun hain? Ecologists teen explanations ko sahi maante hain, aur teeno ek saath sach ho sakti hain:

1. Zyada time. Ice ages ne baar-baar temperate aur polar land ke bade hisse ko barf ke neeche dafna diya ya wahan ki communities ko door equator ki taraf dhakel diya, aur har baar wahan life ko phir se basna aur naye sire se diversify hona pada. Tropics kabhi is tarah poori tarah saaf nahi hue, isliye wahan ki lineages kahin zyada lambe time se nayi species mein bant rahi hain.
2. Zyada steady environment. Jahan kadi sardi nahi hoti aur seasons bharose se dohraate hain, wahan ek species apni rozi kisi narrow cheez par tika kar bhi har saal survive kar sakti hai. Woh sirf ek tarah ka fruit kha sakti hai, canopy ki ek hi layer mein reh sakti hai ya raat ke ek hi ghante mein khana kha sakti hai. Narrow niches ki wajah se zyada species same jagah share kar paati hain.
3. Zyada energy. Saal bhar ki tez dhoop plants ki fast growth chalati hai, jo land par sabse zyada productivity hai. Bada food supply zyada consumers ko sahara de sakta hai, aur isliye, indirectly, unki zyada kinds ko bhi.

Species–area relationships

Doosra pattern area se juda hai. Lagbhag 1800 mein South America explore karte hue German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt ne dekha ki zameen ke bade hisson se zyada species milti hain. Lekin har extra hissa pichhle wale se kam nayi species jodta tha. Tab se ecologists ne plants, birds, beetles, snails aur kai doosre groups ke liye yahi species–area relationship paaya hai (Fig. 13.4).

Ordinary axes par points tezi se upar chadhte hain aur phir mud jaate hain. Woh ek power law par fit hote hain, jise sabse pehle 1921 mein Swedish botanist Olof Arrhenius ne likha tha.11Tumhari textbook is curve ko rectangular hyperbola kehti hai. Strictly, power law kabhi ceiling tak nahi pahunchta: woh badhta hi rehta hai, aur dheere-dheere, jo ordinary axes par lagbhag level off hone jaisa dikhta hai.

Conservation ke liye sabse important number slope $Z$ hai. Iski value mainly is baat par depend karti hai ki kis tarah ke areas compare kiye ja rahe hain (Table 13.1). Hairaani ki baat yeh hai ki ek region ke andar nested plots lagbhag same slope dete hain, chahe counts plants ke hon, birds ke ya snails ke, aur chahe duniya ke kisi bhi hisse mein kiye gaye hon.

Zyada steep slope ka kya matlab hai? $Z$ naapta hai ki area badhne par species kitni tezi se judti hain aur, ulta padho to, area ghatne par kitni tezi se khoti hain. Power law se, area ko 10 se multiply karne par species ka number ${10}^Z$ se multiply hota hai: $Z=0.15$ par lagbhag 1.4 se, lekin $Z=1.15$ par lagbhag 14 se. Ek region ke andar bade patch mein zyadatar wahi species aur zyada hoti hain, isliye slope shallow hota hai. Do continents mein kam species common hoti hain, kyunki unke plants aur animals zyadatar alag-alag evolve hue, isliye har extra continent jitna area species ka ek naya set laata hai aur slope steep hota hai.

13.1.3 Ecosystem ke liye Species Diversity ki Importance

Kya 16 tarah ke plants wala grassland 2 tarah wale se behtar kaam karega? Minnesota, USA ke Cedar Creek mein ecologist David Tilman ne dashakon tak theek yahi test kiya hai, aise outdoor plots mein jo sirf is baat mein alag hain ki unmein kitni plant species boi gayi thi. Zyada species wale plots ne average par zyada biomass paida kiya, aur unka total biomass saal-dar-saal kam badla (Fig. 13.6). Ek severe drought ki pehle ki study mein bhi species-rich plots ne apne biomass ka chhota share khoya. Ek wajah yeh hai ki species same stress par alag-alag respond karti hain: sookhe saal mein kuch species ko nuksaan hota hai jabki doosri steady rehti hain ya khaali jagahon mein phail bhi jaati hain.

Aise results ek purane idea ko support karte hain, jis par forests, rivers aur seas ke liye ab bhi bahas hoti hai: ki diversity ek community ko zyada stable banati hai. Ecologists is word ko ek khaas sense mein use karte hain. Ek stable community:

• apni productivity ek saal se agle saal tak kaafi steady rakhti hai;
• kabhi-kabhar aane wale disturbances, jaise droughts, fires ya pest outbreaks, ko jhel leti hai, ya unse jaldi ubhar aati hai;
• ko bahar se aane wali species aasaani se invade nahi kar paati.

Hazaaron mein se ek species khone ki chinta kyun karein? Stanford University ke Paul Ehrlich ne ek thought experiment se jawab diya jise ab rivet popper hypothesis kehte hain (Fig. 13.7). Ek ecosystem ko aircraft samjho aur uski species ko woh rivets jo use jod kar rakhte hain. Aircraft extra strength ke saath banaya jaata hai, isliye kuch rivets gaayab hon to pata nahi chalta. Lekin har nikala gaya rivet us margin ka kuch hissa kha jaata hai, aur koi nahi bata sakta ki kaun sa rivet nikalna aakhri safe step hoga. Position bhi matter karti hai. Wing se gaayab kuch rivets, seats se gaayab bahut saare rivets se zyada khatarnaak hain. Isi tarah, ek key species jo koi bada ecosystem function chalati hai, jaise koi dominant pollinator, predator ya nitrogen fixer, use khona kisi minor species ko khone se zyada nuksaan karta hai.

Sabak yeh hai ki species loss saalon tak dikhai nahi deta aur phir achanak ek saath saamne aata hai, jaise collapse hui fishery, pest outbreak ya fail hui fasal ke roop mein. Aur kyunki log ecosystems se khana, paani, upjaau mitti aur stable climate lete hain, unka kamzor hona hamari problem bhi hai.

13.1.4 Biodiversity ka Loss

Mauritius ka dodo, southern Africa ka quagga, Tasmania ka thylacine aur Bering Sea ki Steller's sea cow pichhli kuch sadiyon mein khoyi sabse famous species mein se hain. Tiger ki teen subspecies bhi khatam ho chuki hain: Bali, Javan aur Caspian tigers. India ne pink-headed duck kho di hai, jo aakhri baar pakke taur par 1949 mein dikhi thi, aur cheetah bhi, jiska shikaar karke desh se safaya kar diya gaya aur 1952 mein yahan extinct declare kiya gaya, haalaanki woh doosri jagahon par bacha hua hai.

1500 CE se IUCN Red List ne lagbhag 900 extinctions record kiye hain (tumhari textbook 2004 ki list se 784 batati hai), aur asli number zaroor isse zyada hai, kyunki zyadatar species ka kabhi assessment nahi hua, ya unka naam tak nahi rakha gaya. Pehle ke losses bhi bahut bade the: jab logon ne pehli baar tropical Pacific ke islands par basna shuru kiya, to maana jaata hai ki 2,000 tak bird species khatam ho gayi, jinmein kai flightless rails thi. Speciation ab bhi nayi species banata hai, lekin itne bade losses ki bharpaai ke liye bahut dheere, aur aaj ke lagbhag saare losses ki jad log hi hain.

Kuch groups baaki se kahin tezi se species kho rahe hain. Amphibians khaas taur par vulnerable hain: woh kuch had tak apni nam skin se saans lete hain aur unhe paani aur zameen dono chahiye. Unhe chytridiomycosis ne bhi tabaah kiya hai, ek fungal disease jisne kam se kam 500 amphibian species ke decline mein role nibhaya hai. Red List dikhati hai ki kuch groups mein assessed species ka kitna bada share ab threatened hai (Table 13.3). 2024 mein lagbhag 1.6 lakh assessed species mein se 45,000 se zyada threatened thi; tumhari textbook ka 15,500 wala figure 2004 ka hai, jab kahin kam species assess hui thi.

Mass extinctions pehle bhi hue hain. Fossil record paanch dikhata hai, sab pichhle 450 million saalon ke andar, jinmein geological hisaab se chhote time mein species ka bada hissa gaayab ho gaya (Fig. 13.8). Sabse haal wala, 66 million saal pehle, non-bird dinosaurs ke yug ko khatam kar gaya. Kai ecologists kehte hain ki ab ek sixth extinction chal raha hai. Do baatein ise alag banati hain: uski speed, jo humans se pehle ke background rate se andaazan 100 se 1,000 guna hai, aur uska cause, jo ek hi species, yaani hum, ki activity hai. 2019 mein IPBES, yaani biodiversity par intergovernmental science panel, ka ek global assessment is nateeje par pahuncha ki animals aur plants ki lagbhag ek million species par extinction ka khatra hai. Inmein se kai dashakon ke andar gaayab ho sakti hain.

Species khone se poore ecosystems ka behaviour badal jaata hai, bilkul waise hi jaise Tilman ke plots ulti direction mein chalane par predict karte. Jo region biodiversity khota hai, woh aam taur par kam plant matter ugaata hai aur droughts aur doosre jhatkon ko kam achhe se jhel paata hai. Uske processes bhi zyada unpredictable ho jaate hain: plant growth, vegetation jitna paani leti hai, aur pests aur diseases ka badhna-ghatna, sab zyada upar-neeche hote hain.

Biodiversity losses ke causes

Aaj ke zyadatar losses ke peeche chaar human-driven causes hain. American biologist aur geographer Jared Diamond ne inhe evil quartet naam diya.

Habitat loss aur fragmentation list mein sabse upar hai. Western Ghats mein lion-tailed macaque ab zyadatar tea aur coffee estates ke beech bikhre rain-forest fragments mein rehta hai, aur har fragment ek healthy population ke liye bahut chhota hai. Fragmentation har jagah isi tarah kaam karta hai (Fig. 13.9). Jab roads, canals, railway lines, mines aur farms ek forest ko islands mein baant dete hain, to tigers aur elephants jaise door-door tak ghoomne wale animals ko kisi ek tukde mein kaafi jagah nahi milti, aur migratory animals ke raaste kat jaate hain. Har fragment ke edges bhi andar ke hisse se zyada garam, sookhe aur weeds se bhare ho jaate hain. Poori tarah tabaahi isse bhi badi hai: tropical rain forests, jo kabhi Earth ki land ke lagbhag 14 % par phaile the, ab lagbhag 6 % ko dhakte hain, aur cattle ranches, soybean farms aur oil-palm plantations ke liye clearing jaari hai. Pollution kisi habitat ko barbaad kar sakta hai, chahe wahan ek bhi ped na kata ho.

Over-exploitation tab hota hai jab hum kisi species ko us rate se zyada nikaalte hain jis rate se uski populations khud ko replace kar sakti hain. Steller's sea cow ka discovery ke 27 saal ke andar shikaar karke safaya kar diya gaya. Passenger pigeon, jiski ginti kabhi shayad North America ke kisi bhi bird se zyada thi, ko tab tak goli maari gayi aur jaal mein pakda gaya jab tak aakhri pigeon 1914 mein ek zoo mein mar nahi gaya. Samundar mein, Newfoundland ke paas ki cod fishery, jismein sadiyon se machhli pakdi ja rahi thi, itni poori tarah collapse hui ki Canada ko 1992 mein use band karna pada, aur aaj kai doosre commercial fish stocks overfished hain. India mein sandalwood ke pedon ko itna zyada kaata aur smuggle kiya gaya hai ki IUCN is species ko Vulnerable list karta hai.

Alien species invasions. 1960s mein Kachchh ke Banni grasslands mein desert ko rokne ke liye mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) lagaya gaya; tab se yeh us grassland ke bade hisse par phail gaya hai jis par charwahe aur wildlife depend karte the. Mesquite ek alien species (विदेशी जाति) hai, yaani aisi species jise logon ne, jaan-boojh kar ya galti se, uski native range ke bahar pahuncha diya. Zyadatar aliens kabhi establish nahi ho paate, lekin kuch invasive ban jaate hain: apne ghar mein unhe control mein rakhne wale dushmanon se azaad hokar, woh phailte hain aur native species ko bahar dhakel dete hain ya unka shikaar karte hain. East Africa ki Lake Victoria mein 1950s mein chhodi gayi Nile perch ko lake ki lagbhag 200 unique cichlid fishes ke loss ka zimmedaar maana jaata hai. India Parthenium (carrot grass), Lantana aur water hyacinth (Eichhornia) jaise invasive weeds se lad raha hai, aur gair-kaanooni tarah se farm ki jaane wali African catfish Clarias gariepinus hamari native catfishes ke liye khatra hai.

Co-extinctions. Ek fig tree aur uska fig wasp dikhate hain ki ek extinction kaise doosra extinction shuru kar sakta hai (Fig. 13.10). India ki kai fig species mein se zyadatar ko sirf unki apni species ka chhota wasp hi pollinate kar sakta hai, aur har wasp sirf apne host ke figs ke andar hi breed kar sakta hai. Agar wasp gaayab ho jaaye, to uska fig seed nahi bana sakta, aur fig ka khatam hona bhi tay hai. Ecologists aise chain-reaction losses ko co-extinctions kehte hain. Specialist parasites, jo apne ikalaute host ke saath mar jaate hain, shayad iske sabse common victims hain.

13.2 Biodiversity ka Conservation

Yeh jaanna ki species kyun gaayab ho rahi hain, humein batata hai ki kahan kadam uthana hai. Do sawaal saamne aate hain: hum biodiversity ko conserve kyun karein, aur kaise karein?

13.2.1 Hum Biodiversity ko Conserve kyun Karein?

Arguments teen groups mein aate hain, pure practical se lekar pure moral tak (teen arguments).

Narrowly utilitarian argument un cheezon ko ginta hai jo wild ya farmed species se seedhe hum tak pahunchti hain. Socho chawal, dal aur aam, gharon ke liye timber aur chulhe ke liye fuelwood, cotton aur jute, aur industry ke raw materials jaise natural rubber, lac, gums, dyes aur khushboodar oils. Medicines ek zabardast misaal hain. Anti-cancer drugs vincristine aur vinblastine Madagascar periwinkle (sadabahar, jo Indian gardens mein aam hai) se aati hain. Antimalarial artemisinin sweet wormwood se aati hai, aur cancer drug paclitaxel yew trees ki bark se. Ek aksar quote kiya jaane wala estimate hai ki duniya ki ek-chauthai se zyada medicines plants se aati hain, aur Ayurveda, Siddha aur Unani jaise traditional systems, aur doosri jagahon ke folk healers, dasiyon hazaar aur plants ka use karte hain. Useful genes, molecules aur species ke liye biodiversity ko khojna bioprospecting kehlata hai. Species-rich countries ko isse sabse zyada fayda ho sakta hai, basharte fayde un communities ke saath fair tareeke se share kiye jaayein jinka knowledge aksar is khoj ko raasta dikhata hai; Chapter 10 biopiracy ki problem discuss karta hai.

Broadly utilitarian argument ecosystem services (पारितंत्र सेवाएँ) ko dekhta hai, yaani woh fayde jo humein poore ecosystems ke ek saath kaam karne se milte hain. Forests carbon store karte hain, dhalaanon par mitti ko pakad kar rakhte hain, groundwater recharge karte hain aur baarish ke paani ko dheere-dheere rivers mein chhodte hain. Wetlands aur mangroves floods aur storm surges ko sokh lete hain, birds aur bats crop pests ko khaate hain, aur soil organisms nutrients ko recycle karte hain. Akele pollination ki keemat bahut zyada hai. Leading food crops ki lagbhag teen-chauthai kinds ko bees, butterflies, birds aur bats jaise animal pollinators se fayda hota hai, aur un par depend karne wali saalana fasal ki value saikdon billion US dollars hai. Koi humein in services ka bill nahi bhejta, lekin inhe machines, fertilisers ya hand pollination se replace karna behad mehenga padega, aur kuch to replace hi nahi ho sakti. Phir aisi khushiyaan bhi hain jinki koi keemat nahi lagayi ja sakti: sardiyon ki jheel par flamingos, pehli baarish ke baad mitti ki khushboo (jiska bada hissa soil bacteria banate hain), forest ke raaste par tiger ke pugmarks.

Ethical argument sawaal ko palat deta hai: yeh poochhne ke bajaay ki ek species hamare liye kitni keemti hai, yeh poochhta hai ki hum par uska kya haq banta hai. Ek tiger, ek lichen ya ek soil bacterium millions saalon ke evolution ka nateeja hai aur uski intrinsic value hai, yaani aisi keemat jo is baat par depend nahi karti ki hum uska koi use dhoondh paate hain ya nahi. Agar aisa hai, to logon ko apni convenience ke liye species mitaane ka koi haq nahi, aur har generation living world ko agli generation ki amaanat ki tarah sambhaal kar rakhti hai. Kai Indian traditions bhi lagbhag yahi kehti hain, aur rivers, groves aur animals ko pavitra maanti hain.

13.2.2 Hum Biodiversity ko Conserve kaise Karein?

Great Indian bustard ko bachaane ke do tareeke socho; yeh grassland ka ek bhaari bird hai jiske wild mein shayad 150 hi bache hain. Ek tareeka hai Rajasthan ke un grasslands ko protect karna jahan yeh rehta hai, aur wahan hal aur un overhead power lines ko door rakhna jinse yeh aksar takra jaata hai. Doosra tareeka hai iske ande collect karna aur ek breeding centre mein chicks paalna jab tak unhe chhoda na ja sake. Yahi conservation ki do strategies hain (Fig. 13.11).

In situ (स्वस्थाने) conservation, jiska matlab hai on site, poore ecosystem ko protect karke species ko unki rehne ki jagah par hi bachaata hai, isliye uski biodiversity ka har level ek saath bach jaata hai. Achhi tarah guard kiya gaya tiger forest deer, trees aur soil fungi ko bhi bachaata hai. Ex situ (बाह्यस्थाने) conservation, jiska matlab hai off site, individuals, seeds ya cells ko wild se bahar nikaal kar kahin aur safe rakhta hai. Yeh threatened species ke liye emergency option hai, yaani woh species jinke aane wale saalon mein wild mein khatam hone ka risk zyada hai, aur jinhe IUCN Vulnerable, Endangered ya Critically Endangered grade karta hai.

In situ conservation

Conservation ke liye paisa limited hai, to pehle kahan lagaya jaaye? 1988 mein ecologist Norman Myers ne ek rule of thumb diya: paisa wahan kharch karo jahan sabse irreplaceable species sabse bade khatre mein hain. Unhone aisi jagahon ko biodiversity hotspots kaha: aise regions jo endemic (स्थानिक) species, yaani jo kahin aur nahi milti, se bhare hain aur jinka habitat bhi tezi se kho raha hai. Baad mein Conservation International ne is idea ko do tests mein badal diya (Fig. 13.12). Ek hotspot mein vascular plants ki kam se kam 1,500 endemic species honi chahiye, aur woh apni original natural vegetation ka kam se kam 70 % pehle hi kho chuka ho.

2000 mein publish hui 25 hotspots ki pehli list 2004 mein badh kar 34 ho gayi, jo tumhari textbook ka number hai, aur 2016 tak 36. Mila kar yeh Earth ki land surface ka sirf lagbhag 2.5 % dhakte hain, phir bhi saari plant species ka aadhe se zyada aur land vertebrate species ka 40 % se zyada hissa inhi ke endemic hain. Ek estimate ke hisaab se, inhe sakhti se protect karne par extinctions ka current rate lagbhag 30 % kam ho sakta hai. India mein chaar hotspots ke hisse hain: Himalaya, Indo-Burma (north-east aur Andaman Islands), Western Ghats aur Sri Lanka, aur Sundaland, jismein Nicobar Islands aate hain. Tumhari textbook pehle teen ke naam leti hai, jo India ki biodiversity-rich zameen ka zyadatar hissa cover karte hain.

India ke andar biodiversity ke liye important areas law se protected hain. National parks habitats ko sakhti se protect karte hain aur grazing ya harvesting ki permission nahi dete. Wildlife sanctuaries animals ko protect karti hain lekin kuch regulated activities ki permission de sakti hain. Naye conservation reserves aur community reserves protected forests ke paas ki zameen ke management mein local logon ko shaamil karte hain. 2023 tak India mein lagbhag 106 national parks, 550 se zyada wildlife sanctuaries aur kul milakar lagbhag ek hazaar protected areas the, jo uski land ka 5 % se thoda zyada cover karte hain. Tumhari textbook purane figures deti hai: 90 national parks aur 448 sanctuaries.

Biosphere reserves conservation ko zyada broad nazar se dekhte hain. UNESCO ke Man and the Biosphere programme ke tahat, har reserve ek bada landscape hai jo zones mein bata hai (Fig. 13.13). Sakhti se protected core ke chaaron taraf ek buffer hota hai, jahan research, education aur limited use ki permission hai. Uske bahar ek transition zone hai jahan log aise tareekon se rehte, kheti karte aur kaam karte hain jo core ko nuksaan na pahunchayein. India mein ab 18 biosphere reserves hain, Nilgiri se, jo 1986 mein pehla tha, Great Nicobar, Sundarbans aur Himachal Pradesh ke Cold Desert tak; tumhari textbook 14 ka zikr karti hai. Inmein se darjan bhar ya usse zyada UNESCO ke world network ka hissa hain.

National parks ke banne se bahut pehle, Indian gaon apne tareeke se forests ko protect kar rahe the. Jungle ka ek tukda kisi devta ya poorvajon ke naam kar diya jaata, aur riwaaj ke hisaab se wahan na koi ped kaata ja sakta tha na kisi animal ka shikaar kiya ja sakta tha. Aise hazaaron sacred groves (पवित्र उपवन) aaj bhi bache hain. Kerala unhe kavu kehta hai, Maharashtra devrai, Karnataka devara kaadu aur Rajasthan ke Aravalli gaon orans. Sarguja aur Bastar (ab Chhattisgarh mein) aur Maharashtra mein Chanda (Chandrapur) ke aas-paas ki communities unhe sarna ya devgudi ke naam se jaanti hain. Meghalaya ki Khasi aur Jaintia Hills mein law kyntang kehlaane wale groves, jaise Shillong ke paas Mawphlang, un rare orchids aur doosre plants ke aakhri thikaane hain jo aas-paas ki pahadiyon se gaayab ho chuke hain.

Ex situ conservation

Jab India ke Gyps vultures ki ginti dhadaam se giri, to zehar ke use mein rehte hue birds ko wild mein nahi chhoda ja sakta tha, isliye Haryana ke Pinjore jaise breeding centres ne unhe apne paas rakha. 2019 mein Rajasthan mein great Indian bustard ke liye bhi breeding programme shuru hua. Aise rescues ex situ conservation hain, jo breeding centres, zoos, botanical gardens aur safari parks mein kiye jaate hain. Kuch species aaj sirf isi ki wajah se zinda hain. Père David's deer China ke wild se gaayab ho gaya tha lekin ek English estate ke herd mein bacha raha, aur 1985 mein use China wapas bheja gaya. Arabian oryx aur Przewalski's horse ko bhi wild mein khatam hone ke baad captivity mein breed kiya gaya, aur dono ko tab se reintroduce kiya ja chuka hai.

Har rescue ke liye zinda animals ki zaroorat nahi. Threatened animals ke sperm, eggs, embryos aur tissue samples ko liquid nitrogen mein −196 °C par dashakon tak store kiya ja sakta hai; is technique ko cryopreservation kehte hain. Store kiye gaye gametes baad mein in vitro fertilisation ya artificial insemination ke liye use ho sakte hain. Plants ko tissue ke chhote tukdon se tissue culture ke zariye bade numbers mein multiply kiya ja sakta hai. Crops, unke wild relatives aur kai doosre plants ke seeds ko sukha kar seed banks mein freeze kiya jaata hai. New Delhi ke National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources mein India ke National Genebank mein chaar lakh se zyada seed samples hain. Arctic Norway ka Svalbard Global Seed Vault duniya bhar ke collections ki back-up copies rakhta hai.

Ex situ methods time dilaate hain, lekin habitat ki jagah nahi le sakte. Sirf zoos aur freezers mein rakhi gayi species dheere-dheere genetic diversity aur woh behaviour kho deti hai jo use wild mein chahiye. Goal hamesha use ek safe, protected habitat mein wapas bhejna hota hai, jaisa India ne 2022–23 mein Namibia aur South Africa se cheetahs laakar Kuno National Park mein karne ki koshish ki.

Borders ke paar mil kar kaam karna

Migrate karne wale birds, rivers aur ocean fish national borders paar karte hain, isliye koi bhi desh akele apni biodiversity conserve nahi kar sakta (timeline). Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 mein Rio de Janeiro mein UN ke 'Earth Summit' mein signature ke liye khola gaya, aur tab se lagbhag har desh isse jud chuka hai. Yeh deshon ko biodiversity conserve karne, uska sustainable use karne aur uske fayde fair tareeke se share karne ke liye commit karta hai. Das saal baad, Johannesburg mein 2002 ke World Summit on Sustainable Development mein, 190 countries ne khud ke liye ek deadline rakhi: 2010 tak biodiversity ke loss ko kaafi had tak dheema karna. Woh target, aur 2020 ke liye rakhe gaye Aichi targets, zyadatar poore nahi hue. 2022 mein Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework ne 2030 ke liye naye goals rakhe, jinmein duniya ki 30 % land aur seas ko protect karna shaamil hai.