Money and Credit: Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Hinglish mein
Understanding Economic Development · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗
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Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge
- Samjho ki money kaise double coincidence of wants ki zaroorat khatam karta hai aur medium of exchange ki tarah kaam karta hai
- Money ke modern forms (currency, demand deposits, cheques aur digital payments) batao aur samjhao ki har ek ko log kyun accept karte hain
- Samjho ki banks deposits se loans kaise dete hain aur jo interest woh lete hain aur jo interest woh dete hain, us gap se kaise kamaate hain
- Un situations ki tulna karo jinmein credit borrower ki income badhata hai aur jinmein woh debt trap mein phansa deta hai
- Terms of credit (interest rate, collateral, documents aur repayment) pehchaano aur ek loan ki interest cost calculate karo
- Official survey data se credit ke formal aur informal sources mein fark karo, aur samjhao ki sasta formal credit development ke liye kyun zaroori hai
- Samjho ki self-help groups aur Grameen Bank gareeb borrowers ko bina collateral ke loan dilaane mein kaise madad karte hain
NCERT Social Science Class 10, Chapter 3, pp. 38–53 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.
Kal ke din ke baare mein socho. Ho sakta hai tumhari family ne subah-subah doodh khareeda ho, auto ka kiraya diya ho, phone recharge kiya ho aur school bus ki fee bhari ho. Inmein se kuch payments goods ke liye the, kuch services ke liye. Ek-do shaayad payment the hi nahi, sirf ek promise the. Kirana shop ne shaayad bas groceries apne khata mein likh li hon, jinka hisaab mahine ke end mein hoga.
Inmein se lagbhag har deal mein money hai, aur credit bhi, yaani baad mein pay karne ka promise. Yeh chapter do sawaal poochhta hai. Sabko money kyun chahiye, aur aaj woh kin forms mein hai? Aur India mein kaun kisko udhaar deta hai, kin terms par, aur gareebon ke liye iska kya matlab hai?
3.1 Medium of exchange ke roop mein money
Ek aisa gaon socho jahan koi money use nahi karta. Ek potter ke paas pots se bhari gaadi hai aur use ek bori chawal chahiye. Woh ek rice farmer ko dhoondh leti hai, lekin use pots nahi chahiye: uski chhat theek hai aur kitchen bhara hua hai. Use kapda chahiye. Jis weaver ke paas kapda hai, use pots chahiye, chawal uske kisi kaam ke nahi. Teenon mein se har ek ke paas kuch aisa hai jo doosre ko chahiye, phir bhi koi do log aapas mein deal nahi kar paate (Fig. 3.1).
Is tarah seedhe goods ki adla-badli ko barter system (वस्तु विनिमय) kehte hain. Adla-badli tabhi ho sakti hai jab dono sides ko woh chahiye jo doosri side de rahi hai. Economists ise double coincidence of wants kehte hain. Ise dhoondhna slow hai aur aksar namumkin hota hai, aur economy mein goods jitne alag-alag honge, yeh utna hi mushkil hota jaata hai.
3/3Money ke saath, har koi apna maal use bechta hai jise woh chahiye, aur jiske paas zaroorat ki cheez hai usse khareedta hai.
Teen cards: ek potter jiske paas pots hain aur use rice chahiye, ek farmer jiske paas rice hai aur use cloth chahiye, aur ek weaver jiske paas cloth hai aur use pots chahiye. Pehle step mein sirf cards dikhte hain. Doosre step mein dashed lines har pair ko jodti hain, har line par cross ka nishaan hai, aur likha hai no pair matches: har pair mein sirf ek side ko doosre ka maal chahiye. Teesre step mein beech mein ek rupee coin aata hai, jisse teenon cards tak two-way arrows jaate hain, aur likha hai sell for rupees, buy with rupees.
Aisi situation jismein do logon mein se har ek ke paas woh hai jo doosre ko chahiye, aur use bhi woh chahiye jo doosre ke paas hai. Barter ko iski zaroorat hai; money ise khatam kar deta hai.
ExampleRice chahne wali potter ko aisa farmer mil jaata hai jise sanyog se pots chahiye.
Ab gaon mein money le aao. Potter apne pots kisi ko bhi bech deti hai jise pots chahiye, aur unke badle money leti hai. Us money se woh farmer se rice khareedti hai, jise koi farak nahi padta ki usne kabhi pot banaya ya nahi. Farmer bhi weaver ko cloth ke liye pay karta hai. Money ek mushkil adla-badli ko do aasaan steps mein tod deta hai, ek sale aur ek purchase, isliye kisi ko perfect match dhoondhne ki zaroorat nahi padti.
Dhyaan do ki yeh kaam kaise bana: gaon mein sab log money accept karte hain, chahe usse kuch bhi khareedna ho. Economists is beech wale role ko ek phrase mein kehte hain: money ek medium of exchange (विनिमय का माध्यम) hai. Seller ko aaj kuch na chahiye ho, tab bhi woh khushi se money leti hai, kyunki agle hafte woh jo chahe usse khareed sakti hai.
Aisi cheez jise sab log payment mein accept karte hain aur jo har purchase aur sale ke beech mein hoti hai. Money ka sabse bada kaam medium of exchange banna hai.
Chalo inhe solve karein (NCERT p. 40): answers ke saath
Kochi ki ek fisherwoman apne bete ke liye school bag khareedna chahti hai. Step by step samjhao ki money kaise use aisa bag-seller dhoondhe bina bag dilaata hai jise fish chahiye.
Solution dikhao
AnswerWoh fish chahne wale kisi ko bhi money ke badle fish bechti hai, phir bag-seller ko money mein pay karti hai.
- Woh market mein apni catch kisi bhi aise buyer ko bechti hai jise fish chahiye, aur use money mein payment milta hai.
- Woh us money ko ek shop par le jaati hai aur bag khareedti hai. Shopkeeper money accept karta hai kyunki woh use apni zaroorat ki kisi bhi cheez par kharch kar sakta hai.
- Isliye use kabhi aisa bag-seller nahi chahiye jise fish chahiye ho. Money ne ek mushkil adla-badli ko do aasaan deals se badal diya, isiliye ise medium of exchange kehte hain.
Barter khatam nahi hua hai. Aaj ke India ki do aisi situations batao jahan log bina money ke goods ya kaam ki adla-badli karte hain, aur samjhao ki har case mein money ki zaroorat kyun nahi hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerExamples: harvest par anaaj mein pay hone wale farm workers; bartan ke badle purane kapde; Jonbeel Mela mein trade. Barter wahan bacha hai jahan dono sides ko pehle se ek doosre ka maal chahiye.
- Harvest mein madad karne wale farm workers ko kabhi-kabhi unki wages ka kuch hissa anaaj mein milta hai. Farmer ke paas extra anaaj hai aur worker ko khaana chahiye, isliye dono ki wants match ho jaati hain.
- Ghoom kar bechne wale sellers purane kapdon ke badle steel ke bartan dete hain. Seller kapde aage bech sakta hai, aur ghar walon ko bartan chahiye.
- Assam ke Jonbeel Mela jaise melon mein pahaad aur maidaan ki communities seedhe apni upaj ki adla-badli karti hain.
- Har case mein double coincidence of wants pehle se maujood hai, isliye us deal ke liye money ki zaroorat nahi hai. Baaki zyaadatar khareedari ke liye hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Use aisa wheat farmer dhoondhna hoga jise tailoring bhi chahiye
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
- Kapda money ke liye becho
- Money lekar rice seller ke paas jao
- Pay karo aur rice lo
- Kapda buno
Answer dekho
- Kapda buno
- Kapda money ke liye becho
- Money lekar rice seller ke paas jao
- Pay karo aur rice lo
3.2 Money ke modern forms
Money hamesha tumhari jeb ke notes jaisa nahi dikhta tha. Jo bhi cheez log bade paimaane par accept karte the, woh kaam kar sakti thi. Shuruaati India mein cheezon ke liye anaaj aur pashu diye jaate the. Phir sone, chaandi aur taambe ke coins aaye, jinka metal khud keemti tha, aur woh twentieth century tak chalte rahe. Neeche ki timeline kuch milestones dikhati hai.
India mein money: kuch milestones
- c. 6th century BCE
Punch-marked coins
Symbols se thappe lage chaandi ke tukde, India ke sabse puraane coins mein se.
- 4th–6th century CE
Gupta gold coins
Raajaon aur deviyon wale gold dinars.
- 1540s
Sher Shah Suri ka rupiya
Fixed weight ka ek chaandi ka coin, jisse rupee ko uska naam mila.
- 1861
Government paper money
Paper Currency Act ne Government of India ko notes issue karne ki permission di.
- 1935–38
RBI aur uska pehla note
Reserve Bank of India 1935 mein khula aur 1938 mein usne apna pehla note, ₹5 ka note, issue kiya.
- 1957
Decimal coins
Ek rupee 100 naye paise ka ho gaya.
- 2010
₹ symbol
India ne rupee ke liye apna symbol apnaya.
- 2016
Demonetisation aur UPI
8 November ko purane ₹500 aur ₹1,000 ke notes legal tender nahi rahe; UPI usi saal pehle launch ho chuka tha.
Currency
Aaj ka money currency hai: paper notes aur coins. ₹500 ke note ko beech se phaado to tumhare haath mein kaagaz ke do tukde honge jinki keemat lagbhag kuch nahi, lekin wahi note poora ho to hafte bhar ki sabzi khareed leta hai. Uski value is baat mein nahi ki woh kis cheez se bana hai. Woh ek rule mein hai jis par sab bharosa karte hain.
Yeh rule kanoon se tay hota hai. RBI Act, 1934 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) ko currency notes issue karne ka akela adhikaar deta hai, jo woh central government ki taraf se karta hai. Kanoon in notes ko legal tender bhi banata hai: rupee notes mein kiya payment India mein kahin bhi debt chuka deta hai, aur jise payment mil raha hai woh unhe mana nahi kar sakta. Kisi note ko dekho, tumhe government ki guarantee aur RBI Governor ka signed promise milega ki woh bearer ko pay karega. Poora desh iske peeche khada hai, isliye sab rupee accept karte hain.
Paper notes aur coins jinhe government money ke roop mein authorise karti hai. India mein RBI central government ki taraf se notes issue karta hai, aur woh legal tender hote hain.
Banks mein deposits
Money ka doosra form bank accounts mein rehta hai. Bhola ko lo, jo Guwahati mein bus stand ke paas chai ki stall chalata hai. Shaam tak uske cash box mein lagbhag ₹4,000 ho jaate hain, aur raat bhar ghar mein rakhna risky hai. Isliye zyaadatar din woh iska bada hissa apne savings account mein daal deta hai. Wahan yeh safe rehta hai, thoda interest kamaata hai, aur woh ise kabhi bhi ATM ya bank counter se nikaal sakta hai.
Kyunki account holder yeh money demand par nikaal sakta hai, aise balances ko demand deposits (माँग जमा) kehte hain. Inka ek doosra, aur zyaada hairaan karne wala use bhi hai: inse bina cash chhue seedhe doosre logon ko pay kiya ja sakta hai.
Bank account mein rakha money jise holder jab chahe nikaal sakta hai. Ise cheque, debit card ya UPI se doosron ko pay kiya ja sakta hai.
Farida ko lo, jo Lucknow mein ek tailoring unit chalati hai. Use apne cloth supplier Joseph ko ₹38,500 dene hain. Notes ginne ki jagah woh use ek cheque likhti hai: ek signed parchi jo uske bank ko kehti hai ki uske account se Joseph ko ₹38,500 pay karo. Joseph ise apne bank mein jama karta hai. Dono banks cheque ko ek clearing house ke through settle karte hain, aur money uske account se Joseph ke account mein chala jaata hai (Fig. 3.2). Ek bhi note haath nahi badalta.
4/4₹38,500 accounts ke beech move hota hai: Farida ka balance ghatta hai aur Joseph ka badhta hai. Koi cash use nahi hota.
Upar do bank boxes hain: ₹1,20,000 balance wala Farida ka bank aur ₹45,000 wala Joseph ka bank. Neeche ek clearing house box hai. Pehle step mein Farida ke bank ke neeche Joseph ke naam ₹38,500 ka cheque hai, jis par Farida ka sign hai. Doosre step mein cheque khisak kar Joseph ke bank mein jama hota hai. Teesre step mein cheque gayab ho jaata hai aur dashed arrows dikhate hain ki uski image Joseph ke bank se clearing house aur phir Farida ke bank tak check aur approve hone jaati hai. Aakhri step mein banks ke beech ek arrow ₹38,500 ko move hote dikhata hai, aur balances badal kar Farida ka ₹81,500 (minus) aur Joseph ka ₹83,500 (plus) ho jaate hain.
Account holder ka signed likha hua order jo bank ko kehta hai ki us account se ek tay rakam us par likhe naam wale vyakti ko pay karo.
ExampleJoseph ke naam Farida ka ₹38,500 ka cheque.
To demand deposits money ka kaam karte hain. Shops, suppliers aur employers inhe payment mein waise hi accept karte hain jaise notes ko, aur yeh seedhe debts chuka dete hain. Isiliye economists currency plus demand deposits ko modern economy ka money maante hain. Yeh doosre type ka money banking system ki den hai. Banks hata do to na jama karne ki jagah bachegi, na cheque ya UPI ke liye nikaalne ko kuch. Modern money ki kahani banks ki kahani bhi hai.
Digital payments: chalte-phirte deposits
8 November 2016 ko government ne purane ₹500 aur ₹1,000 ke notes ka legal-tender status waapas le liya, jo us samay chal rahi currency ka lagbhag 86 per cent the. Logon se kaha gaya ki inhe banks mein jama karein. Is kadam ko demonetisation kehte hain, aur iska maqsad black money aur nakli notes se ladna aur logon ko bank accounts se payment ki taraf le jaana tha. Economists aaj bhi bahas karte hain ki yeh in maqsadon mein kitna kaamyaab hua, lekin isne digital payments ki taraf badlaav ko tez zaroor kiya.
Debit cards, internet banking, point-of-sale card machines aur sabse zyaada Unified Payments Interface (UPI) ab logon ko phone se apne demand deposits kharch karne dete hain. UPI ko National Payments Corporation of India ne RBI ki nigraani mein banaya, aur yeh 2016 mein live hua. 2025–26 mein isne 24,162 crore se zyaada transactions handle kiye jinki value lagbhag ₹314 lakh crore thi (Ministry of Finance, August 2026). Sirf September 2026 mein isse lagbhag 2,407 crore payments hue, yaani roz lagbhag 80 crore (NPCI).
Shop par ₹500 pay karne ke chaar tareeke
Cash
- Currency haath badalti hai
- Bank ki zaroorat nahi
- Phone ya network ke bina chalta hai
Cheque
- Tumhare bank ko ek paper order
- Tumhara demand deposit move karta hai
- Seconds nahi, ghante lagte hain
UPI ya debit card
- Tumhare bank ko ek instant order
- Tumhara demand deposit move karta hai
- Bank account aur phone ya card chahiye
Credit card
- Bank tumhari jagah shop ko pay karta hai
- Tum bank ke karzdaar ho: yeh ek loan hai
- Late pay karne par interest lagta hai
Chalo inhe solve karein (NCERT p. 42): answers ke saath
Farida ko apne tailors ki weekly wages dene ke liye ₹15,000 cash chahiye. Woh apni cheque book se apne account se yeh cash kaise nikaal sakti hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerWoh ₹15,000 ka 'self' cheque likhti hai aur use apni branch ke counter par deti hai.
- 'Pay' wali line mein woh Self likhti hai, kyunki woh khud ko pay kar rahi hai.
- Woh shabdon mein 'Fifteen thousand only' aur ankon mein ₹15,000 likhti hai, date daalti hai aur sign karti hai.
- Woh ise apni branch ke cash counter par deti hai, aur cashier uske demand deposit se use ₹15,000 de deta hai.
Joseph ko diya Farida ka cheque clear ho gaya hai.
Kaun sa statement sahi hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Farida ka balance ghatta hai aur Joseph ka badhta hai
Cheque ₹38,500 ko Farida ke demand deposit se nikaal kar Joseph ke demand deposit mein daalta hai. Balances badalne ke liye cash ki zaroorat nahi.Farida ke paas shuru mein ₹1,20,000 the. Cheque ke baad woh UPI se ₹12,000 ka electricity bill bhi bharti hai. Ab uska balance kitne rupees hai?
₹Answer dekho
Answer 69500 ₹
₹1,20,000 − ₹38,500 − ₹12,000 = ₹69,500.
Ek shopkeeper kehta hai, 'Sirf notes aur coins hi asli money hain. Mere bank account mein jo hai woh bas ek number hai.' Kya tum sehmat ho? Do kaaran do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerNahi. Uska deposit demand par nikaala ja sakta hai aur usse seedhe doosron ko pay kiya ja sakta hai, aur use cash jitna hi accept kiya jaata hai.
- Demand par nikaal sakte hain: woh balance ko kabhi bhi cash mein badal sakta hai, isliye yeh notes jitna hi achha hai.
- Payment mein accept hota hai: suppliers, landlords aur government us balance se cheques, transfers aur UPI accept karte hain. Yeh bina cash ke debts chukaata hai, aur yahi money ka kaam hai.
- To currency ke saath demand deposits bhi money hain. Yeh banking system par tike hain, lekin isse yeh kam asli nahi ho jaate.
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Kyunki government ise authorise karti hai aur kanoon ise legal tender banata hai
Answer dekho
- (A) Cheque
- (B) UPI payment
- (C) Debit-card payment
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer RBI
3.3 Banks ki loan activities
Log jo money jama karte hain, bank uska kya karta hai? Ek din kisi branch ko dekho. Kuch customers cash nikaalte hain, kuch cash jama karte hain, aur dono lagbhag barabar ho jaate hain. Aisa kam hi hota hai ki ek hi din bahut log badi rakam nikaalein. Isliye bank ko cash aur reserves ka sirf ek patla cushion chahiye, apne deposits ka ek chhota hissa. Baaki woh farmers, traders, students, ghar khareedne walon aur businesses ko udhaar deta hai jinhe funds chahiye.
4/4Borrowers ₹9 interest dete hain; depositors ko ₹4 milte hain. ₹5 ka gap bank ke kharche aur profit chalata hai.
Left mein depositors, beech mein bank ki building aur right mein borrowers. Pehle step mein ek arrow dikhata hai ki depositors bank mein ₹100 daalte hain. Doosre step mein bank ka money column do hisson mein bant jaata hai: cash ke roop mein rakha ₹10 ka chhota hatched hissa aur ₹90 ka bada hissa. Teesre step mein ek arrow dikhata hai ki ₹90 borrowers ko 10 per cent par udhaar diya gaya. Aakhri step mein borrowers bank ko ₹9 interest dete hain, bank depositors ko 4 per cent par ₹4 interest deta hai, aur ek line par likha hai bank keeps ₹5, yaani ₹9 aur ₹4 ke beech ka gap. Saare rates examples hain.
To bank savers aur borrowers ke beech khada hai, aur jinke paas extra money hai unhe un logon se milata hai jinhe money chahiye. Uska inaam Fig. 3.3 wala margin hai: maan lo borrowers se 10 per cent liya aur savers ko 4 per cent diya. Bank ki zyaadatar income isi margin se aati hai, kisi bhi fees se kahin zyaada. Isse staff aur branches ka kharcha chalta hai, doobe hue loans ki bharpaai hoti hai aur profit bachta hai.
Bank ka interest margin
Ek bank branch ke paas ₹200 crore ke deposits hain aur woh depositors ko 3.5% saalana deta hai. Woh ₹170 crore 9.5% saalana par udhaar deta hai. Ek saal ke liye woh kitna interest kamaata hai, kitna interest deta hai, aur dono ke beech ka gap nikaalo.
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Loans par liye interest aur deposits par diye interest ke beech ka gap
Answer dekho
Answer 5.9 lakh ₹
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
3.4 Credit ki do alag situations
Udhaar lena roz ki zindagi ka hissa hai. Ek family monthly instalments par phone khareedti hai. Ek farmer dealer se beej leta hai aur harvest ke baad pay karta hai. Ek shop wholesaler se stock leti hai aur agle hafte hisaab karti hai. Har case mein ek side abhi money, goods ya services deti hai, aur doosri side baad mein pay karne ka promise karti hai. Is arrangement ko credit (साख) kehte hain, aur jo amount baaki hai woh loan hai. Kya credit borrower ke liye achha hai? Do kahaniyan batati hain ki jawaab situation par depend karta hai.
Aisa arrangement jismein lender abhi money, goods ya services deta hai, aur borrower baad mein unke liye pay karne ka promise karta hai, aam taur par interest ke saath.
Situation 1: Diwali ki bheed. Gurpreet Amritsar mein ek chhoti mithai ki dukaan chalati hai. Diwali se pehle ke teen hafton mein uski sale saal ke kisi bhi teen mahinon se zyaada hoti hai, lekin tabhi jab uski shelves bhari hon. Chhe hafte pehle use khoya, cheeni, dry fruit aur gift boxes chahiye, aur do extra helpers bhi. Uski apni savings sirf ek hissa cover karti hain. Isliye woh ek overdraft se ₹1 lakh nikaalti hai jo bank ne use dukaan ke stock ke against diya hai. Tyohaar ki bheed uski shelves khaali kar deti hai, aur chhe hafton ke andar woh apni sales se bank ko interest samet poora paisa lauta deti hai.
Yahan credit ne Gurpreet ki working capital ka kharcha uthaaya: woh raw materials aur wages jinke liye business ko sales ka paisa aane se pehle pay karna padta hai. Loan ke bina woh apne sabse achhe season mein bahut kam bech paati. Loan ke saath usne zyaada kamaaya, aasaani se lautaaya aur extra profit apne paas rakha, isliye credit ne uski haalat behtar kar di.
Situation 2: ek borewell jo fail ho gaya. Lakshmi Andhra Pradesh ke Anantapur district mein teen acre baarish par nirbhar zameen par kheti karti hai. Sardi mein doosri fasal ugaane ki ummeed mein woh borewell khudwaane ke liye ek moneylender se 3% mahine par ₹40,000 udhaar leti hai. Bore se bas thoda sa paani nikalta hai, aur jaise-jaise sookha mausam aage badhta hai aur water table girta hai, woh poori tarah sookh jaata hai. Na sardi ki fasal hoti hai, na extra income. Phir se koshish karne ke liye woh aur gehra khudwaane ko aur udhaar leti hai, aur woh bore bhi fail ho jaata hai. Do saal baad uska debt farm se poore saal ki kamaai se bhi zyaada ho jaata hai, aur uska kuch hissa chukaane ke liye woh ek acre zameen moneylender ko de deti hai. Ab woh saal ke kuch hisse mein doosron ke kheton par kaam karti hai.
Zyaadatar farm borrowing borewells ke liye nahi, balki khud fasal ke liye hoti hai. Farmer buvaai ke time beej, fertiliser, diesel ya bijli aur sprays ke liye pay karta hai. Paisa tabhi wapas aata hai jab harvest bikti hai, teen mahine ya usse bhi baad. Ek crop loan is intezaar ko paar karata hai. Uska repayment harvest par tika hai: achhi fasal use chuka deti hai, aur fail hui fasal use latka deti hai. Aur harvest baarish, keedon aur prices par depend karti hai jin par kisi farmer ka control nahi.
4/4Kya hoga, yeh risk par depend karta hai, aur is par ki cheezein bigadne par koi support hai ya nahi.
Upar ek pill par likha hai a loan is taken. Pehle step mein neeche ke dono raaste dhundhle hain. Doosre step mein left wala raasta solid green boxes mein chamakta hai: sweet shop, Diwali stock sold, loan repaid aur profit, aur aakhir mein tick ke saath better off. Teesre step mein right wala raasta dashed vermillion boxes mein chamakta hai: borewell, bore runs dry, can't repay aur debt grows, aur aakhir mein cross ke saath land given up. Aakhri step mein dono raaste dikhte hain aur neeche ek box par likha hai outcome depends on risk plus support.
Lakshmi ki kahani ka ek naam hai. Jab loan chukaaya nahi ja sakta, to purane loans par naye loans chadhte jaate hain. Agar har season family ko debt mein aur gehra le jaata hai, to borrower ek debt trap (कर्ज़-जाल) mein hai. Yeh shabd bilkul fit baithta hai: woh jitni mehnat karti hai, uski kamaai ka utna zyaada hissa interest mein chala jaata hai, aur bahar nikalne mein aksar family ko apni zameen, apni sabse keemti asset, gawaani padti hai.
Aisi situation jismein borrower loan chuka nahi paata aur kaam chalaane ke liye naye loans leta hai. Debt badhta rehta hai, aur use chukaane ke baad uski haalat pehle se bhi buri ho jaati hai.
To credit apne aap mein na achha hai na bura. Natija is baat se tay hota hai ki activity kitni risky hai, aur cheezein bigadne par borrower ko koi sahaara milta hai ya nahi. Gurpreet ki tyohaar wali sales lagbhag pakki thi, aur uske bank ne kam rate liya. Lakshmi aise groundwater par daav laga rahi thi jo woh dekh nahi sakti thi, aur uska lender 36 per cent saalana le raha tha. Support kai roop mein ho sakta hai: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (2016) jaisa crop insurance, saste loans, ya aisa lender jo zyaada time dene ko taiyaar ho. Inmein se koi bhi ek bure season ko debt trap banne se rok sakta hai.
- dena wala interest
- principal, yaani udhaar li gayi rakam
- per month ya per year interest ka rate, decimal mein (3% = 0.03)
- time, rate wali unit mein hi (months ya years)
Moneylender ka loan kaise badhta hai
Lakshmi 12 mahine ke liye 3% mahine ke simple interest par ₹40,000 udhaar leti hai. (a) Use kitna interest dena hai, aur kul kitna lautana hai? (b) Rate ko yearly rate mein badlo. (c) 9% saalana wale bank loan par kitna kam interest lagta?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Chalo inhe solve karein (NCERT p. 44): answers ke saath
Gurpreet aur Lakshmi ke loans ko saath-saath rakho: har ek ne udhaar kyun liya, har ek ke liye kya galat ho sakta tha, aur har kahani ka ant kaise hua.
Solution dikhao
AnswerGurpreet: tyohaar ka stock (working capital); stock na bikne ka risk; haalat behtar. Lakshmi: borewell; paani na milne aur mehange lender ka risk; debt trap, zameen gayi.
Table 3.2 Gurpreet Lakshmi Credit kyun? Diwali ki bheed se pehle saamaan, boxes aur helpers Doosri fasal ke liye borewell khudwaana Risk kya tha? Sales kam hone par mithai bina biki reh jaati; kharab hone se pehle kam time Bore mein paani nahi; 3% mahine lene wala moneylender Natija? Stock bika, loan chuka, kamaai badhi Sookhe bores, badhta debt, ek acre gaya: debt trap Maan lo Gurpreet har tyohaar ke season se pehle aise hi udhaar leti hai aur sales achhi rehti hain. Paanch saal mein uski dukaan kahan ho sakti hai? Phir bhi kya galat ho sakta hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerWoh dukaan badha sakti hai (equipment, staff, savings) aur use kam credit chahiye hoga; lekin ek bura season ya price badhna phir bhi nuksaan kar sakta hai.
Har achha season uski savings aur naam badhata hai. Paanch saal mein woh bada stove ya fridge khareed sakti hai, saal bhar workers rakh sakti hai, companies aur caterers ko bech sakti hai, aur apne stock ka zyaada hissa khud ke paise se le sakti hai. Uski dukaan badi hogi aur use credit ki kam zaroorat hogi. Risks phir bhi rahenge: baadh ya curfew se bigda tyohaar, khoye ki price mein tez uchhaal, ya koi naya competitor stock ko bina bika chhod sakta hai. Credit sabse zyaada tab madad karta hai jab borrower aise jhatke bhi jhel sake.
Teen cheezein batao jinhone Lakshmi ke loan ko itna risky banaya: paani, khudaai ki cost, aur lender ke baare mein socho. Har ek ke liye risk kam karne ka ek tareeka suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerGroundwater pakka nahi (survey, farm pond); ek baar ka bada kharcha (subsidy, chhoti shuruaat); moneylender ka 36% saalana (bank ya cooperative loan).
- Paani aur climate: sookhe district mein groundwater gir raha hai aur uska andaaza lagaana mushkil hai, isliye bore fail ho sakta hai. Pehle groundwater survey, ya baarish ka paani jama karne ke liye farm pond, risk kam karte.
- Khudaai ki cost: borewell ek bada, ek baar ka kharcha hai jo fail hone par kuch nahi kamaata. Micro-irrigation ke liye government ki madad, ya pehle koi sasta option try karna, kam udhaar ka matlab hota.
- Lender: 3% mahina yaani 36% saalana, isliye debt tezi se badhta hai aur lender uski zameen par daava kar sakta hai. Single-digit rate wala bank ya cooperative loan kahin sasta padta.
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Kyunki kharche buvaai ke time aate hain lekin income sirf harvest ke baad aati hai
Answer dekho
Answer 4500 ₹
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
3.5 Terms of credit
Koi bhi loan agreement padho, tumhe chaar tarah ki conditions milengi. Pehli hai price. Principal, yaani udhaar li gayi rakam ke upar, borrower ko ek tay interest rate par interest dena hota hai. Lenders rate per year ya per month batate hain, aur dono mein confuse hona aasaan hai: 2% mahina chhota lagta hai, lekin yeh 24% saalana hai.
Doosri hai security. Kai lenders chahte hain ki loan na chukne par unke paas koi sahaara ho. Isliye borrower ek asset girvi rakhta hai, jise collateral (समर्थक ऋणाधार) kehte hain, jaise zameen ke kaagaz, sone ke gehne, fixed deposit ya tractor. Borrower use use karta rehta hai, lekin agar loan nahi chukaaya gaya, to lender use bech kar apna baaki paisa le sakta hai.
Koi keemti cheez jo borrower guarantee ke roop mein lender ke paas girvi rakhta hai, jaise zameen ke kaagaz, sona, gaadi, pashu ya fixed deposit. Agar loan nahi chukaaya gaya, to lender use bech sakta hai.
ExampleTractor loan ke liye girvi rakhe gaye farmer ke land records.
Formal lenders documents bhi maangte hain: identity aur address ka proof, salary slips ya bank statements jaisa income ka proof, aur farm loans ke liye land records. Aakhir mein hai mode of repayment. Yeh harvest ke baad ek saath poori rakam ho sakti hai, barabar monthly instalments (EMIs) ya weekly payments, ya phir lender ko diya gaya kaam ya fasal bhi. Yeh chaaron milkar terms of credit hain (Fig. 3.5).
5/5Mode of repayment: kitna lautana hai, kitni baar aur kitne time tak.
Loan ₹90,000 heading wale card mein chaar rows hain: interest, 11 per cent saalana; collateral, the scooter itself; documents, ID aur income proof; repayment, 36 monthly EMIs. Pehle step mein card akela dikhta hai. Doosre step mein interest wali row highlight hoti hai aur ek note par likha hai price of borrowing. Teesre step mein highlight collateral par jaata hai aur note par likha hai lender's safety net. Chauthe step mein woh documents par jaata hai, note ke saath proof you can repay. Aakhri step mein woh repayment par jaata hai, note ke saath how and when you pay.
Woh sab kuch jo lender ek loan ke liye tay karta hai: interest ka rate, maangi gayi security, zaroori kaagaz aur loan kaise lautana hai.
Imran kul kitna pay karta hai
Imran apna ₹90,000 ka loan ₹2,946 ki 36 monthly instalments mein chukaata hai (11% saalana par bank ke loan calculator ka figure). Woh kul kitna lautaata hai, aur usmein se kitna interest hai?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Kya Imran ko moneylender se yahi deal milti? Kya bina bank statements wale farm worker ko usi bank se yeh milti? Lagbhag pakka nahi. Jo terms milti hain woh lender ke type aur borrower ke paas kya hai, us par badalti hain, jaisa agla section ek hi gaon ke andar dikhata hai.
Chalo inhe solve karein (NCERT p. 45): answers ke saath
Ek bank ₹50,000 ka loan dene se pehle borrower se uski sone ki choodiyan girvi rakhne ko kehta hai. Bank aisa kyun chahta hai? Agar woh loan nahi chukaati to choodiyon ka kya hota hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerSona bank ko loan na chukne se bachaata hai; agar woh default karti hai, to bank loan wasoolne ke liye use bech sakta hai.
Choodiyan collateral hain. Lender pakka nahi ho sakta ki har borrower lautayega, isliye woh kam se kam loan jitni keemat ka asset maangta hai. Agar woh chuka deti hai, to choodiyan wapas mil jaati hain. Agar nahi, to bank apna baaki paisa wasoolne ke liye unhe bech sakta hai, taaki uske depositors ka paisa na doobe.
Pooja daily wage par offices saaf karti hai aur uske paas na zameen hai na sona. Ravi bank clerk hai aur uska apna flat hai. Kise bank se udhaar lena aasaan lagega, aur kyun? Isse gareebi aur udhaar ke baare mein kya pata chalta hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerRavi: uske paas salary, documents aur girvi rakhne ko flat hai. Pooja ke paas collateral aur income proof nahi hai, isliye gareeb hona bank credit milna mushkil bana deta hai aur use mehange lenders ki taraf dhakelta hai.
- Ravi ke paas salary slips aur bank statements hain, aur uska flat collateral ban sakta hai, isliye bank use safe maanta hai.
- Pooja ke paas na collateral hai na steady income ka likha hua proof, isliye bank use risky maanta hai aur mana kar sakta hai.
- Kyunki crore logon ki haalat Pooja jaisi hai, gareebi khud banks se udhaar lena mushkil bana deti hai. Gareeb log informal lenders ke paas jaate hain aur zyaada pay karte hain: gareebi credit ko kam bhi karti hai aur mehenga bhi.
Inmein se kis loan ki terms of credit sabse aasaan hain?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) 9% saalana, koi collateral nahi, chhoti monthly instalments
Aasaan terms ka matlab hai kam rate, kam ya bilkul nahi collateral aur paperwork, aur aasaan repayment. 48% wale loan mein kaagaz nahi chahiye, lekin uska rate aur repayment terms bahut sakht hain.
Answer dekho
- (A) Interest rate
- (B) Collateral
- (D) Mode of repayment
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Borrower ka mehnat karne ka promise
Answer dekho
Answer 30 %
3.6 Credit ke alag-alag arrangements
Terms of credit kaise badalti hain, yeh dekhne ke liye chalo ek kaalpanik gaon chalte hain jise hum Rampur kahenge, jahan nahrein dhaan aur sabzi ke kheton ko paani deti hain. Iske teen log humein batate hain ki woh udhaar kaise lete hain.
Kanta do acre mein tamatar aur baingan ugaati hai. Woh market town ke ek dealer se beej aur fertiliser khareedti hai aur harvest ke baad pay karti hai. Interest ki kabhi baat nahi hoti, lekin ek pench hai: fertiliser ka ek bag cash mein ₹1,000 ka hai aur 'credit par' ₹1,120 ka, jiska hisaab chaar mahine baad hona hai. Woh extra ₹120 chhupa hua interest hai, lagbhag 3% mahina. Dealer yeh bhi zid karta hai ki woh apni sabziyan usi ke through beche. Woh usi din price tay karta hai aur commission leta hai, isliye use paisa wapas milna pakka hai aur woh uski fasal se do baar kamaata hai.
Harish ke paas aath acre zameen hai aur land records uske naam par hain. Uske paas bank ka Kisan Credit Card hai, jisse bank use har fasal ke liye 7% saalana par paisa deta hai. Woh saal ke andar chuka deta hai, isliye government uske liye interest ka kuch hissa bharti hai. Loan use sirf 4% saalana padta hai (Modified Interest Subvention Scheme, 2025–26). Pichhle saal bank ne use power tiller ke liye bhi loan diya, uski zameen collateral thi. Woh apna dhaan tab aur wahan bechta hai jab aur jahan price sabse achha ho.
Babloo ke paas koi zameen nahi hai. Woh season mein kheton par aur sookhe mahinon mein ek brick kiln par kaam karta hai. Pichhle saal uski maa beemaar padi, aur sirf agle gaon ka ek moneylender hi turant paisa dene ko taiyaar tha. Usne bina kaagaz aur bina security ke 4% mahine par ₹8,000 diye. Babloo iske liye mahine mein lagbhag ₹250 nikaal paata hai. Kiln season se pehle contractor bhi use ek advance deta hai, jo uski wages se kaata jaata hai, aur jab tak woh chuk nahi jaata, Babloo kiln chhod nahi sakta. Jab aisa debt kisi worker ki chhod kar jaane ki azaadi chheen leta hai, to woh bonded labour ban jaata hai, jise Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 ne gair-kanooni bana diya.
5/5Ek hi gaon, terms of credit bilkul alag.
Left column mein borrowers hain: 8 acre wala Harish, 2 acre wali Kanta aur bina zameen wala Babloo; right column mein lenders hain: formal likha solid box mein bank, aur informal likhe dashed boxes mein input dealer aur moneylender. Pehle step mein koi arrow nahi hai. Doosre step mein bank se Harish tak ek arrow jaata hai jis par likha hai 7 per cent a year, 4 per cent if on time. Teesre step mein input dealer se Kanta tak arrow jaata hai jis par likha hai about 3 per cent a month, hidden, plus sell crop to him. Chauthe step mein moneylender se Babloo tak arrow jaata hai jis par likha hai 4 per cent a month, no security. Aakhri step mein teenon arrows ek saath dikhte hain.
Babloo ka debt badhta kyun rehta hai
Babloo par moneylender ke ₹8,000 baaki hain. Har mahine lender baaki rakam ka 4% interest jodta hai, aur Babloo ₹250 deta hai. Kya debt kabhi ghatega? Ek saal mein kya hota hai?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Cooperatives se loans
Banks ke baad gaon wale India mein saste credit ka doosra bada source cooperative (सहकारी समिति) hai. Cooperative ek aisa business hai jiske maalik wahi log hain jo use use karte hain. Gujarat ke laakhon milk producers ka Amul India ka sabse jaana-maana cooperative hai. Credit cooperative yahi kaam paise ke saath karta hai: uske members usmein bachat karte hain aur usse udhaar lete hain.
India mein cooperative credit teen tiers mein bana hai. Ek primary agricultural credit society (PACS) gaon mein ya uske paas kaam karti hai, uske upar district central cooperative bank hai, aur sabse upar state cooperative bank. Rampur ki PACS ek committee chalati hai jise uske members chunte hain. Uska paisa members ke shares aur savings se aata hai, aur upar se district bank ke loans se. Woh Kisan Credit Cards par crop loans deti hai aur pump set, doodh dene wali bhains ya fish pond ke liye bhi udhaar deti hai. Lautaaya gaya har rupaya phir kisi doosre member ko udhaar diya ja sakta hai.
Aisa organisation jiske maalik uske members hain, jo ek common maqsad ke liye apne resources ek saath jodte hain. Credit cooperative members ke deposits leta hai aur members ko theek-thaak rates par udhaar deta hai.
| Borrower | Lender | Saalana interest | Baaki conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Harish, 8 acres | Bank (KCC) | 7%, ya time par chukaane par 4% | Land records; harvest ke baad chukaana |
| Kanta, 2 acres | Input dealer | Lagbhag 36% (3% mahina, credit price mein chhupa) | Fasal dealer ke through hi bechni hogi |
| Babloo, bina zameen | Moneylender | 48% (4% mahina) | Koi security nahi; jitna ho sake lautaata hai |
| Society ke members | Cooperative (PACS) | Crop loans ke liye 7% | Member hona aur bachat karna zaroori |
Chalo inhe solve karein (NCERT p. 47): answers ke saath
Rampur mein credit ke sources list karo. Har ek ko formal ya informal mark karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerBank aur cooperative society (formal); input dealer aur moneylender (informal); kiln contractor ka advance bhi informal hai.
- Formal: bank, aur primary agricultural credit society (jiske peeche district central cooperative bank hai).
- Informal: input dealer, agle gaon ka moneylender, aur kiln contractor jo Babloo ko wages ka advance deta hai.
Un sab cheezon ki list banao jinke liye Rampur ke log udhaar lete hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerBeej aur fertiliser, power tiller, ilaaj, advance mein di gayi wages, pump set, doodh dene wali bhains, fish pond.
Beej aur fertiliser (Kanta, Harish); power tiller (Harish); uski maa ka ilaaj aur kiln advance (Babloo); aur cooperative ke through crop loans, pump set, doodh dene wali bhains aur fish pond. Kuch loans income badhate hain (fasal, tiller, bhains); kuch sirf zaroorat poori karte hain (beemaari), jisse unhe chukaana mushkil hota hai.
Kanta (do acre), Harish (aath acre) aur Babloo (bina zameen) ko saath-saath rakho. Har ek ke liye rate, maangi gayi security aur chukaane ka tareeka kaise alag hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerHarish zameen aur records ke against 4–7% saalana; Kanta prices mein chhupa lagbhag 36% saalana, fasal bechne ki shart ke saath; Babloo bina security ke 48% saalana.
- Harish: 7% saalana (time par chukaaye to 4%); security ke roop mein land records aur zameen; harvest ke baad chukaata hai aur jahan chahe bechta hai.
- Kanta: koi likha hua interest nahi, lekin credit price lagbhag 3% mahina (36% saalana) padti hai; use dealer ke through usi ki tay price par bechna padta hai.
- Babloo: 4% mahina = 48% saalana; girvi rakhne ko kuch nahi, isliye lender zyaada leta hai; mahine mein sirf ₹250 lautaata hai, isliye debt badhta hai.
- Borrower ke paas jitna kam hai, rate utna ooncha aur conditions utni sakht.
Kanta aur Harish milti-julti mitti par fasal ugaate hain. Numbers se dikhao ki sirf credit ki wajah se Harish ki per acre income kaise zyaada ho sakti hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerChhe mahine ke ₹20,000 ke inputs par Harish lagbhag ₹400 interest deta hai aur Kanta lagbhag ₹3,600; Kanta ko dealer ki price par bechna bhi padta hai.
Chhe mahine ke season ke liye ₹20,000 ke inputs lo. Time par chukaane wala Harish 20,000 × 0.04 × 0.5 = ₹400 deta hai. Kanta ki credit price lagbhag 3% mahina padti hai: 20,000 × 0.03 × 6 = ₹3,600. Kanta ko dealer ke through uski tay price par bechna bhi padta hai, jabki Harish ruk kar wahan bech sakta hai jahan price sabse achhi ho. Kam kharcha aur behtar price ka matlab hai Harish ki zyaada income.
Rampur mein sasta credit maujood hai. Isse bahar kaun hai, aur andar aane ke liye unhe kya chahiye hoga?
Solution dikhao
AnswerKanta jaise chhote farmers aur Babloo jaise bina zameen ke workers bahar hain; unhe collateral, kaagaz, ya kisi cooperative ya SHG ki membership chahiye hogi.
Sasta formal credit un logon tak pahunchta hai jo security aur documents de sakte hain, jaise apne land records ke saath Harish, aur cooperative ke members. Kanta ke paas girvi rakhne ko kam hai aur Babloo ke paas kuch nahi, isliye woh informal lenders ko 36–48% saalana dete hain. PACS join karna, ya aisa SHG jo group ke roop mein udhaar le sake, unke andar aane ka raasta hoga.
Sahi jawaab chuno.
Example 3.4 ki madad se batao, agar kuch na badle to ek saal baad Babloo par moneylender ke lagbhag kitne rupees baaki honge, nearest rupee tak?
₹Answer dekho
Answer 9052 ₹
Har mahine debt ko 1.04 se guna kiya jaata hai aur ₹250 ghataaye jaate hain. 12 mahine baad yeh lagbhag ₹9,052 hota hai, shuruaati ₹8,000 se zyaada.Rampur mein itne kam log Harish ki tarah bank se udhaar kyun lete hain?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Bank land records aur security maangta hai jo zyaadatar families ke paas nahi hai
Banks documents aur collateral ke against udhaar dete hain. Account koi bhi khol sakta hai, aur bank ka rate dealer se kahin kam hai.
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
- Harish : Bank ke paas land records
- Kanta : Fasal lender ke through becho
- Babloo : Koi security nahi, ooncha rate
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Members ke deposits aur cooperative bank ke ek bade loan se
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
3.7 India mein formal sector credit
Rampur ke lenders do groups mein bante hain. Banks aur cooperatives formal sector credit dete hain: woh registered hain, rules maante hain aur un par nigraani hoti hai. Moneylenders, traders, employers, rishtedaar aur dost informal sector credit dete hain: unki terms koi check nahi karta.
Banks aur cooperatives se loans, jo registered hain aur jin par Reserve Bank of India nigraani rakhta hai.
Moneylenders, traders, employers, rishtedaaron, doston aur doosre private lenders se loans, jinki terms par koi authority nigraani nahi rakhti.
India ka kitna udhaar formal hai? Sabse achha saboot National Statistical Office ke All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) se milta hai. Iska latest round 2019 (NSS 77th round) mein hua aur isne record kiya ki 30 June 2018 ko households par kitna baaki tha. Gaon mein baaki paise ka lagbhag do-tihaai formal lenders ka tha aur ek-tihaai informal lenders ka. Towns aur cities mein formal hissa kahin zyaada tha (Fig. 3.7). Us samay lagbhag 35 per cent rural households aur 22 per cent urban households karz mein the.
3/3Gaon ke log towns aur cities ke logon se kahin zyaada informal lenders par depend karte hain.
Do horizontal stacked bars, har ek solid blue formal hisse aur hatched orange informal hisse mein bata hua. Pehle step mein sirf rural bar dikhta hai: 66 per cent formal aur 34 per cent informal. Doosre step mein uske neeche urban bar aata hai: 87 per cent formal aur 13 per cent informal. Aakhri step mein text ki do lines unhe compare karti hain: rural, 1 in 3 informal; urban, 1 in 8 informal. Ek legend solid aur hatched fills samjhaata hai.
Reserve Bank of India formal lenders par nigraani rakhta hai. Woh yeh kai tareekon se karta hai:
- Woh deposits ka woh hissa tay karta hai jo banks ko reserves ke roop mein rakhna hota hai, yaani cash reserve ratio, aur check karta hai ki woh use rakhte hain.
- Woh banks se sirf bade businesses ko nahi, priority sectors ko bhi udhaar dilwaata hai. April 2025 se bank ki lending ka 40 per cent aise sectors ko jaana chahiye, jismein 18 per cent agriculture ko, 10 per cent small aur marginal farmers ko aur 12 per cent weaker sections ko (RBI, Priority Sector Lending Directions, 2025).
- Banks ko RBI ko regularly report karna hota hai ki woh kitna udhaar dete hain, kisko, aur kin interest rates par.
Informal lenders par aisa koi watchdog nahi hai. Money-lending ek state subject hai, aur zyaadatar states mein aise kanoon hain jo moneylenders se licence lene ko kehte hain aur unke interest par cap lagaate hain. Lekin zyaadatar informal loans bharose par, bina kisi likhe record ke diye jaate hain, aur lender par depend borrowers shaayad hi kabhi complaint karte hain, isliye in kanoonon ko laagu karna mushkil hai. Asal mein rate wahi hota hai jis par ek majboor borrower raazi ho jaaye, aur wasooli mein dhamkiyan ya sabke saamne beizzati bhi ho sakti hai.
Fark ko numbers mein dekho. Ek saal ke liye ₹40,000 par 7% wala bank crop loan ₹2,800 interest leta hai; 3% mahina wala moneylender ₹14,400. Yeh ₹11,600 ka gap woh paisa hai jo family khaane, school fees ya savings se kho deti hai. Mehenga credit yeh bhi seemit karta hai ki log kya try karne ki himmat karein. Jo tailor doosri sewing machine se zyaada kama sakta hai, woh use nahi khareedega agar loan saari extra income kha jaaye. Aur jab har mahine ka interest borrower ki chukaane ki capacity se zyaada ho, jaise Rampur mein Babloo ke saath, to debt ghatne ki jagah badhta hai. Neeche calculator mein doosre loans try karo.
Iska ilaaj hai banks aur cooperatives ka zyaada udhaar dena, sabse zyaada gaon mein. Jab credit sasta ho, to farmer behtar beej le sakta hai, weaver doosra loom aur ek naujawaan chhoti repair shop. Har extra income desh ke development mein judti hai. Banks tak pahunch badhi hai: 2014 se khule Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana ke accounts August 2026 mein 59.09 crore the (Ministry of Finance). Lekin account sirf pehla kadam hai; asli baat yeh hai ki kya gareeb log banks se sahi terms par udhaar bhi le paate hain.
Formal aur informal credit: kise kya milta hai?
Formal credit barabar nahi bant-ta. Surveys mein milta hai ki household jitna ameer, uske loans ka utna bada hissa banks aur cooperatives se aata hai. Gareeb households, gaon aur shehar dono mein, moneylenders, employers aur traders par kahin zyaada tike hain. Natija na-insaafi hai: jo families ooncha interest sabse aasaani se de sakti hain woh sabse kam deti hain, aur jo sabse kam de sakti hain woh sabse zyaada.
Ise theek kaise kiya jaaye? Do badlaav, aur dono zaroori hain. Kul milakar formal credit zyaada hona chahiye, taaki kam loans mehange informal lenders se aayein. Aur iska bada hissa sirf khaate-peete logon tak nahi, gareeb households tak pahunchna chahiye, taaki jinhe saste loans ki sabse zyaada zaroorat hai unhe woh sach mein milein.
Chalo inhe solve karein (NCERT p. 50): answers ke saath
Do tarah ke lenders, formal aur informal, ko chaar headings mein compare karo: kaun udhaar deta hai, nigraani, cost, aur collateral ya conditions.
Solution dikhao
AnswerFormal: banks aur cooperatives, RBI ki nigraani mein, kam interest, collateral aur documents chahiye. Informal: moneylenders, traders, employers, dost; koi nigraani nahi; ooncha interest; kam kaagaz lekin sakht conditions.
Table 3.6 Formal Informal Kaun udhaar deta hai Banks, cooperatives Moneylenders, traders, employers, rishtedaar, dost Nigraani RBI ke rules aur regular reports Koi regular nigraani nahi Cost Kam interest Kahin zyaada interest Collateral, conditions Aam taur par collateral aur documents chahiye Kam kaagaz, lekin fasal ya mazdoori se bandhan, koi record nahi, chukaane ka dabaav Agar sahi rates par loans sirf zameen ya salary walon tak nahi, har household tak pahunchein, to India ko kya faayda hoga?
Solution dikhao
AnswerSasta credit income badhata hai, naye kaam-dhandhon ko badhaava deta hai aur debt traps se bachaata hai, aur yeh sab development mein judta hai.
- Yeh chhote farmers, artisans aur vendors ko invest karne aur zyaada kamaane deta hai.
- Yeh borrower ki income ka zyaada hissa lender ki jagah family ke paas rakhta hai.
- Yeh un debt traps ko rokta hai jinmein families apni zameen ya kaam chunne ki azaadi kho deti hain.
- Yeh logon ko naye business shuru karne ke liye protsaahit karta hai, jisse jobs banti hain. Yeh sab milkar desh ka development aage badhate hain.
Kuch log suggest karte hain ki RBI jaisi authority ko moneylenders aur doosre informal lenders par bhi nigraani rakhni chahiye. Is idea ke paksh mein ek argument aur vipaksh mein ek argument do, aur samjhao ki aisi nigraani mushkil kyun hogi.
Solution dikhao
AnswerPaksh mein: borrowers ko bahut oonche rates aur pareshaan kiye jaane se bachaata hai. Vipaksh ya saavdhaani: rules sakht hon to lenders gareebon ko udhaar dena band kar sakte hain. Mushkil isliye kyunki loans bahut saare, chhote, bina likhe aur laakhon gaon mein phaile hain.
Paksh mein: nigraani interest rates par cap laga sakti hai, likhe records zaroori kar sakti hai aur pareshaan karna rok sakti hai, jisse gareeb borrowers bachenge. Vipaksh mein, ya ek saavdhaani: agar rules sakht hon aur formal lenders phir bhi gareebon tak na pahunchein, to informal lenders udhaar dena band kar sakte hain aur logon ke paas koi credit nahi bachega. Kai log kehte hain ki behtar jawaab banks, cooperatives aur SHGs ko badhaana hai. Mushkil kyun hai: informal lenders anginat hain aur laakhon gaon mein bikhre hain, aur unke loans aam taur par likhe nahi jaate. Borrowers unpar depend karte hain aur complaint karne se darte hain. Money-lending ke kanoon states banate hain, jinhe unhe laagu karna pehle se mushkil lagta hai.
Textbook ke Graph 2 mein loans ka formal hissa sabse gareeb households se sabse ameer tak badhta hai. Is badhne ke teen kaaran do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerUnke paas collateral, documents aur steady income hai, aur woh banks ke kareeb rehte hain; banks unhe zyaada safe maante hain.
Ameer households ke paas girvi rakhne ko zameen, ghar, sona ya deposits hote hain, salary slips, tax returns ya land records hote hain, aur woh aksar bank branches ke paas rehte hain. Banks unhe kam risk wala maante hain aur aasaani se udhaar dete hain. Gareeb households ke paas collateral aur kaagaz nahi hote, unki income aksar irregular hoti hai aur woh branch se door reh sakte hain, isliye banks hichkichaate hain aur gareeb log informal lenders ke paas jaate hain.
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Ek primary agricultural credit society
Answer dekho
Answer 34 %
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Yeh pakka karne ke liye ki banks farmers, small businesses aur weaker sections ko bhi udhaar dein
3.8 Gareebon ke liye self-help groups
Sunita ke baare mein socho, jo Bihar ke Gaya district ke ek gaon mein bakriyan paalti hai. Uski ek bakri beemaar pad jaati hai aur use kal tak ₹5,000 chahiye. Sabse paas ki bank branch 12 km door hai; woh income ka proof aur girvi rakhne ko kuch maangti hai, aur loan mein kai din lagenge. Agli gali ka ek moneylender saalon se uski family ko jaanta hai. Woh usi shaam bina kisi form ke use cash de deta hai, jabki pichhle saal ka udhaar abhi baaki hai. Uski keemat baad mein aati hai: ₹500 mahina interest, kuch bhi likha hua nahi, aur der hone par uske darwaaze par chakkar. Fig. 3.9 dikhata hai ki itni gareeb families Sunita wala raasta kyun chunti hain.
4/4Self-help groups mein group ka bharosa collateral ki jagah le leta hai.
Do panels. Pehle step mein bank-loan panel chaar rukaawatein dikhata hai, har ek par cross: branch far away, collateral needed, papers needed, slow to approve; moneylender panel dhundhla hai. Doosre step mein moneylender panel chaar ticks ke saath chamakta hai: lives nearby, knows you, no papers, cash the same day. Teesre step mein uske neeche ek box par likha hai but very high interest, no records, pressure. Aakhri step mein neeche ek green bar par likha hai SHG: group trust replaces collateral.
1992 mein NABARD ke pehle pilot ke baad se gareebon tak pahunchne ka ek alag raasta poore India mein phaila hai. Idea simple hai. Ek mohalle ki gareeb auraton ko chhote savings circles mein saath laao jinhe self-help groups (SHGs, स्वयं सहायता समूह) kehte hain, taaki bahut saari chhoti bachat milkar ek aisa fund ban jaaye jo unke control mein ho. Ek group mein aam taur par 10 se 20 members hote hain. Woh har hafte ya mahine milti hain, aur har ek ek tay chhoti rakam bachaati hai, jitna woh kar sake. (Tumhari textbook ek typical group ko 15–20 members ka batati hai jo har ek ₹25–100 bachaati hain.)
5/5Chukaane ki zimmedaari poore group ki hai, aur cycle phir se shuru hota hai.
12 women, ₹200 a month each shabdon ke chaaron taraf paanch boxes ka ek cycle. Pehle step mein sirf upar wala box dikhta hai: save every month. Doosre step mein ek arrow pool, group fund tak jaata hai. Teesre step mein ek arrow lend, to members tak jaata hai. Chauthe step mein ek arrow ek blue box tak jaata hai, bank loan to the group. Aakhri step mein ek arrow repay together tak jaata hai, aur ek aakhri arrow wapas save par aakar cycle poora karta hai.
Jab kisi member ko school fees ya beemaar bachche ke liye paisa chahiye, woh moneylender ki jagah is fund se udhaar leti hai. Woh group ke tay kiye rate par interest deti hai, jo moneylender se kahin kam hai, aur woh interest group ka apna fund badhata hai. Jo group kuch time (textbook kehti hai ek-do saal) bachat aur repayment karta rehta hai, woh ek track record banaata hai, aur phir banks use udhaar dete hain. Loan poore group ko diya jaata hai, taaki members income ka koi source shuru kar sakein ya badha sakein. Isse bakri ya gaay, sewing machine ya loom, chhoti dukaan ka stock, ya beej aur fertiliser khareede ja sakte hain. Isse moneylender ke paas girvi rakhi zameen bhi wapas mil sakti hai.
SHG ko koi bahar wala nahi chalata. Meetings mein auratein har loan saath milkar tay karti hain: kise milega, kitna bada hoga, kis liye hai, interest aur instalments. Aur kyunki bank ka loan poore group par baaki hai, jo member pay karna band karti hai use bank ke dhyaan dene se bahut pehle apne padosiyon se sunna padta hai. Yahi saajhi zimmedaari banks ko un gareeb auraton ke groups ko udhaar dene ke liye raazi karti hai jinke paas girvi rakhne ko kuch nahi: group ka bharosa collateral ki jagah le leta hai.
Ek chhota group, aam taur par ek mohalle ki 10–20 auraton ka, jo regular bachat karti hain aur apni jodi hui bachat se ek doosre ko udhaar deti hain. Group banks se bhi udhaar leta hai aur chukaane ki zimmedaari sab ki milkar hoti hai.
SHG loan ya moneylender ka?
12 auraton ka ek group, har ek ₹200 mahina bachaati hai. (a) Ek saal baad unhone milkar kitna bachaaya? (b) Meena group se 10 mahine ke liye 1% mahina par ₹10,000 udhaar leti hai. Moneylender 4% mahina leta. Group se udhaar lekar woh kitna interest bachaati hai?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Har hafte milne se auraton ko apna ek manch bhi milta hai. Jo auratein akele udhaar nahi le sakti thi, unhe income milti hai aur use kaise kharch karna hai is par unki baat suni jaati hai. Groups paise se bahut aage ke mudde bhi uthaate hain: bachche ki padhaai, health centre jaana, ghar mein hinsa, toota hand pump. National rural livelihoods mission ke tahat gaon ke SHGs milkar badi federations banate hain jo banks, markets aur officials se mol-bhaav kar sakti hain.
Grameen Bank of Bangladesh
Grameen ne duniya ko dikhaaya ki gareeb auraton ko udhaar dena daan nahi hai. Groups ke roop mein iske borrowers ne achhe se paisa lautaaya, aur unke loans poultry farms, looms, tailoring units aur gaon ki dukaanon mein badal gaye. Lekin microcredit koi jaadui ilaaj nahi hai, aur economists aaj bhi bahas karte hain ki sirf chhote loans families ko gareebi se kitna bahar nikaal sakte hain. Lagta hai yeh skills, markets aur public services ke saath sabse achha kaam karta hai. Gareebon tak sahi credit pahunchane ke naye tareeke dhoondhna developing countries ki badi chunautiyon mein se ek hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Group ki saajhi zimmedaari hai aur members pakka karti hain ki loans chukaaye jaayein
- Group bank se udhaar leta hai
- Members regular bachat karti hain
- Members saath milkar chukaati hain
- Group fund se chhote loans
Answer dekho
- Members regular bachat karti hain
- Group fund se chhote loans
- Group bank se udhaar leta hai
- Members saath milkar chukaati hain
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Key terms
Summary aur key points
- Barter ko double coincidence of wants chahiye; money, jise sab accept karte hain, yeh zaroorat khatam karta hai aur medium of exchange hai (Section 3.1).
- Currency isliye accept hoti hai kyunki RBI use central government ke liye issue karta hai aur kanoon use legal tender banata hai (currency).
- Demand deposits demand par nikaale ja sakte hain aur cheque, card ya UPI se pay kiye ja sakte hain, isliye currency ke saath woh bhi money maane jaate hain (deposits, digital payments).
- Banks deposits ka chhota hissa cash aur reserves ke roop mein rakhte hain, baaki udhaar dete hain, aur interest gap se kamaate hain (Section 3.3).
- Credit borrower ki income badha sakta hai, ya risky situation mein bina support ke use debt trap mein dhakel sakta hai (Section 3.4).
- Interest rate, collateral, documents aur mode of repayment terms of credit hain; yeh lender aur borrower ke saath badalti hain (Section 3.5, Section 3.6).
- Cooperatives members ke deposits jodte hain, cooperative banks se udhaar lete hain aur members ko theek-thaak rates par udhaar dete hain (cooperatives).
- Formal lenders (banks, cooperatives) par RBI nigraani rakhta hai aur woh saste hain; informal lenders par koi nigraani nahi aur woh aam taur par kahin mehenge hain (Section 3.7).
- 2018 mein rural household debt ka do-tihaai formal aur ek-tihaai informal tha; towns mein informal hissa kahin chhota tha (AIDIS 2019) (Section 3.7).
- Ameer households ke zyaadatar loans formal sources se aate hain, jabki gareeb informal sources par depend karte hain; formal credit badhna chahiye aur gareebon tak pahunchna chahiye (kise credit milta hai).
- Self-help groups gareeb auraton ko bachat karne, ek doosre ko udhaar dene aur bina collateral ke banks se udhaar lene dete hain, kyunki zimmedaari poore group ki hoti hai (Section 3.8).
- Bangladesh ke Grameen Bank ne dikhaaya ki gareeb auratein bharosemand borrowers hain (Grameen Bank).
Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)
Apne khud ke example se samjhao ki risky situation mein liya gaya loan borrower ko pehle se buri haalat mein kaise chhod sakta hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerJab risky kaam fail hota hai, to loan chukaaya nahi ja sakta, interest chadhta jaata hai, naye loans aate hain aur assets chhin sakte hain: yahi debt trap hai.
Example: Odisha ka ek machhuaara season se pehle naya net aur engine khareedne ke liye ek trader se 3% mahina par ₹60,000 udhaar leta hai. Ek cyclone ki wajah se boats chhe hafte kinaare par rehti hain aur catch kam hoti hai. Woh loan ka sirf kuch hissa chukaata hai, jabki ₹1,800 mahina ka interest uske baaki karz mein judta rehta hai. Agle season woh sirf samundar mein jaane ke liye phir udhaar leta hai, aur use apni catch trader ko kam price par bechni padti hai. Agar nuksaan chalta raha, to use apni boat bechni pad sakti hai. Jo credit uski income badhaane ke liye tha, usne use aur gareeb kar diya. Bina support (insurance, sasta lender, rahat) ke ooncha risk credit ko debt trap bana deta hai.
Ek mobile repairer ko haircut chahiye, lekin barber ka phone bilkul theek chal raha hai. Is case se dikhao ki barter mein kya problem aati hai, aur money usse kaise bachaata hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerMoney har kisi ko kisi ko bhi bechne aur kisi se bhi khareedne deta hai, isliye dono ki wants ka match hona zaroori nahi.
Mobile repairer ko haircut chahiye, lekin barber ka phone theek chal raha hai, isliye seedhi adla-badli fail ho jaati hai. Money ke saath repairer kisi bhi customer ke phone theek karke paisa kamaata hai aur barber ko money mein pay karta hai. Barber use apni marzi ki kisi bhi cheez par kharch kar sakta hai. Kyunki money sab accept karte hain, kisi side ko doosre ki service chahiye hona zaroori nahi: ek mushkil adla-badli ek sale aur ek purchase ban jaati hai.
Savers aur borrowers ke beech kadi ke roop mein bank ka role samjhao. Is role se bank kaise kamaata hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeh savers se deposits leta hai, chhota hissa cash mein rakhta hai, baaki borrowers ko udhaar deta hai aur loan aur deposit interest ke beech ka gap kamaata hai.
Savers apna extra paisa jama karte hain aur interest kamaate hain. Kyunki kisi bhi din kuch hi depositors paisa nikaalte hain, bank ek chhota hissa cash aur reserves mein rakhta hai aur baaki un logon ko udhaar deta hai jinhe funds chahiye: farmers, traders, students, businesses. Woh borrowers se savers ko diye rate se zyaada rate leta hai. Yahi fark uski main income hai, jisse woh kharche chalata hai aur profit kamaata hai.
₹10 se ₹500 tak ka koi bhi rupee note lo. Upar ke paas aur Governor ke signature ke bagal mein chhapi lines padho. Yeh tumhe kya batati hain ki log chhape hue kaagaz ke tukde ko money kyun maante hain?
Solution dikhao
AnswerNote par Reserve Bank of India ka naam hai, likha hai ki central government iski guarantee deti hai, aur Governor ka bearer ko pay karne ka promise hai. RBI aur government ke sahaare, aur kanoon se legal tender hone ki wajah se, ise sab accept karte hain.
- Upar: Hindi aur English mein Reserve Bank of India aur Guaranteed by the Central Government.
- Signature ke bagal mein: Governor ka promise, 'I promise to pay the bearer the sum of … rupees'.
- Matlab: note ki value ki zimmedaari RBI ki hai aur government uske peeche khadi hai. Kanoon ise legal tender banata hai, isliye payment mein ise mana nahi kiya ja sakta. Isiliye kaagaz ke roop mein kam value wala note poore India mein accept hota hai.
Kaaran do ki India ko households ke udhaar mein banks aur cooperatives ka hissa kyun badhaana chahiye.
Solution dikhao
AnswerInformal credit mehenga hai, us par nigraani nahi aur woh debt traps mein le jaata hai; rural debt ka ek-tihaai aaj bhi informal hai; sasta formal credit income aur kaam-dhandhe badhata hai.
- 2018 mein rural household debt ka lagbhag ek-tihaai ab bhi informal lenders ka tha (AIDIS 2019).
- Informal loans kahin zyaada mehenge hain, isliye borrowers ki income ka zyaada hissa interest mein jaata hai aur debt traps aam hain.
- Informal lenders par nigraani nahi hoti aur woh borrowers ko pareshaan kar sakte hain.
- Sasta formal credit logon ko fasal, chhote udyog aur trade mein invest karne deta hai, jisse income badhti hai aur development mein madad milti hai.
Ek dost kehti hai ki self-help groups 'bas savings clubs' hain. Use samjhao ki SHG gareeb auraton ke liye credit paane ka raasta kaise hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerGareeb auratein chhoti bachat jodti hain, ek doosre ko udhaar deti hain aur group ke roop mein bina collateral ke banks se udhaar leti hain, kyunki group repayment ki guarantee deta hai.
Gareebon ko bank loans nahi milte kyunki unke paas collateral aur documents nahi hote. SHG 10–20 auraton ko saath laata hai jo regular bachat karti hain aur ek doosre ko saste mein udhaar deti hain. Record banne ke baad group apne naam par bank se udhaar leta hai. Kyunki repayment ki zimmedaari poora group leta hai, members ka aapas mein bharosa collateral ki jagah le leta hai. SHGs auraton ko social mudde par milkar kaam karne ka manch bhi dete hain.
Ek bank ek din mein teen loan applicants ko mana kar deta hai. Iske teen alag kaaran suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerCollateral nahi, documents ya steady income nahi, pehle loan na chukaane ka record, ya bahut risky maqsad.
- Unke paas girvi rakhne ko collateral nahi hai.
- Unke paas documents nahi hain: identity, address ya income proof, land records.
- Unki income irregular hai ya kaam bahut risky hai, jaise bina insurance ki baarish par nirbhar fasal.
- Unhone pehle ke loans nahi chukaaye, jo unki credit history mein dikhta hai.
Un tareekon ki list banao jinse RBI banks par nazar rakhta hai. Aisi nigraani kyun zaroori hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerWoh check karta hai ki banks zaroori reserves rakhein, priority-sector lending targets tay karta hai aur regular reports leta hai. Isse depositors ki hifaazat hoti hai aur pakka hota hai ki chhote borrowers ko bhi credit mile.
- Woh deposits ka woh hissa tay karta hai jo banks ko reserves ke roop mein rakhna hai (cash reserve ratio) aur check karta hai ki woh rakhein, taaki depositors ko pay kiya ja sake.
- Woh banks se sirf bade businesses ko nahi, priority sectors jaise agriculture, small aur marginal farmers, small enterprises aur weaker sections ko bhi udhaar dilwaata hai.
- Woh regular reports leta hai ki banks kitna udhaar dete hain, kisko aur kin rates par.
- Kyun zaroori hai: banks janta ki bachat rakhte hain, isliye laaparwaah lending depositors ko barbaad kar sakti hai; aur akele chhod diye jaayein to banks chhote borrowers ko ignore kar sakte hain, jinhe phir mehange informal credit par depend rehna padega.
"Sasta aur fair credit development ki chaabi hai." Is statement ko analyse karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerCredit working capital, investment aur kaam-dhandhon ke liye paisa deta hai, jisse income aur jobs badhti hain; lekin mehenga ya risky credit debt traps laata hai. Isliye credit development mein tabhi madad karta hai jab woh affordable ho aur sab tak pahunche.
- Production ke liye paisa: shopkeepers stock aur farmers inputs kamaane se pehle khareedte hain, jaise Gurpreet ne Diwali se pehle kiya.
- Investment aur jobs: tiller, sewing machine ya chhoti workshop ke loans output badhate hain aur kaam paida karte hain.
- Lekin cost maayne rakhti hai: 30–60% saalana par interest saara faayda kha jaata hai, aur debt traps zameen chheen sakte hain.
- Pahunch maayne rakhti hai: aaj ameeron ko zyaadatar formal credit milta hai; agar gareebon ke paas sirf informal loans bachein, to inequality badhti hai.
- Nishkarsh: credit tab development ko aage badhata hai jab woh sasta, fair aur banks, cooperatives aur SHGs ke through har jagah milta ho.
Rekha ko mobile-repair stall kholne ke liye ₹80,000 chahiye. Use bank aur local moneylender mein se kis basis par chunna chahiye?
Solution dikhao
AnswerInterest, collateral aur documents, repayment schedule, speed aur safety compare karo: agar woh bank ki conditions poori kar sake to bank sasta aur zyaada fair hai.
- Interest: bank lagbhag 10–12% saalana le sakta hai; 3% mahina wala moneylender 36% leta hai. Ek saal ke liye ₹80,000 par yeh lagbhag ₹8,000–9,600 banaam ₹28,800 hai.
- Collateral aur documents: bank ko income proof, business plan ya guarantor chahiye ho sakta hai; moneylender ko kam kaagaz chahiye. Agar woh kisi SHG mein hai, to group madad kar sakta hai.
- Repayment: bank ki EMIs ka pehle se pata hota hai; moneylender achaanak paisa maang sakta hai.
- Safety: bank par RBI ki nigraani hai; moneylender par nahi. Agar woh bank ki conditions poori kar sake, to bank behtar choice hai.
Ramesh Bundelkhand mein 1.2 hectare baarish par nirbhar zameen par kheti karta hai. Woh crore logon mein se ek hai: 2 hectare se chhoti holdings India ki farm holdings ka paanch mein se chaar se bhi zyaada hissa hain (Agriculture Census 2015–16). Use har kharif season se pehle lagbhag ₹30,000 chahiye.
Do kaaran do jinki wajah se bank Ramesh ko mana kar sakta hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerChhota, baarish par nirbhar plot yaani pakki income nahi; uske paas saaf land records ya doosri security na ho; aur chhota loan handle karna bank ke liye mehenga hai.
Uska plot chhota aur baarish par nirbhar hai, isliye uski income monsoon par tiki hai. Uske paas saaf land records ya girvi rakhne ko kuch aur na ho. Aur uska loan chhota hai, isliye use handle karne ki bank ki cost us par kamaaye interest ke mukaable zyaada hai.
Teen doosre lenders batao jinke paas woh ja sakta hai, aur batao inmein se kaun formal hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerEk cooperative society (formal), ek SHG, aur informal lenders jaise moneylender, trader ya bada landowner.
Gaon ki primary agricultural credit society (formal, aur sasti); ek SHG ya farmers' group jo bank se udhaar le; ya informal lenders jaise moneylender, input dealer ya trader, bada landowner, rishtedaar aur dost.
Ek trader 6 mahine ke liye 2.5% mahina par ₹30,000 ke inputs deta hai, agar Ramesh apni fasal use beche. Interest nikaalo, aur is offer ki chhupi cost samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerInterest ₹4,500 (7% saalana par ₹1,050 ke mukaable); use apni fasal bhi harvest ke baad trader ki kam price par bechni hogi.
Interest = 30,000 × 0.025 × 6 = ₹4,500, jabki 7% saalana wale bank crop loan par 30,000 × 0.07 × 0.5 = ₹1,050. Chhupi cost shart mein hai: Ramesh ko harvest ke turant baad trader ko bechna hoga, jab prices sabse kam hoti hain, isliye woh apni fasal ki price par phir nuksaan uthaata hai.
Kam rate par udhaar lene mein Ramesh ki madad kya kar sakta hai? Teen tareeke suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerKisan Credit Cards, cooperatives, SHGs, priority-sector lending, zyaada rural branches, crop insurance.
- 7% saalana, ya time par chukaane par 4%, wale Kisan Credit Card loans.
- Primary agricultural credit society ki membership.
- Bina collateral ke udhaar lene ke liye SHG ya farmers' group join karna ya banana.
- Banks RBI ka small aur marginal farmers ko 10% lending ka target poora karein, aur zyaada rural branches kholein.
- Crop insurance, taaki ek bura season debt trap mein na badle.
Blanks bharo.
Jo households hain, woh loans ke liye sabse zyaada moneylenders, traders aur employers par depend karte hain.
Answer dekho
Answer poor
Gareeb households informal sources par depend karte hain; ameer households ke zyaadatar loans formal lenders se aate hain.Jab udhaar hota hai, to borrower ki income ka bada hissa repayment mein jaata hai aur debt chadh sakta hai.
Answer dekho
Answer costly
Udhaar ki oonchi cost debt ka bojh badhaati hai.Bank ki main income loans par kamaaye interest aur par diye interest ke beech ka gap hai.
Answer dekho
Answer deposits
Dono rates ke beech ka gap bank ki main income hai.Agar borrower chuka nahi paata, to lender woh land papers, sona ya deposit bech sakta hai jo ke roop mein girvi rakha gaya tha.
Answer dekho
Answer collateral
Collateral woh security hai jise lender na chukaaye gaye loan ko wasoolne ke liye bech sakta hai.
Sabse sahi jawaab chuno.
SHG apne members ko jo loans deta hai, un par interest rate kaun tay karta hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Group ke members
SHG members bachat aur loans ke faisle khud lete hain.Inmein se kaun sa lender informal sector ka hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Borrower ko kaam par rakhne wala landowner
Employers informal lenders hain; banks aur cooperatives formal hain.
Assertion (A): Banks apne paas jama zyaadatar paisa udhaar de sakte hain. Reason (R): Kisi bhi ek din depositors ka sirf ek chhota hissa cash nikaalne aata hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) A aur R dono sahi hain, aur R, A ko samjhaata hai
Kyunki kisi bhi din withdrawals kam hote hain, bank ko sirf chhota hissa cash mein rakhna padta hai aur baaki woh udhaar de sakta hai.Assertion (A): Loan lene se borrower ki income hamesha badhti hai. Reason (R): Credit borrower ko kamaai aane se pehle kharche poore karne deta hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (D) A galat hai, lekin R sahi hai
R sahi hai: credit kamaai aane tak ka gap bharta hai. A galat hai: agar kaam fail ho jaaye, jaise Lakshmi ki fasal ke saath hua, to credit borrower ko pehle se buri haalat mein chhod sakta hai.Ek sabzi wali ko 8 mahine ke liye ₹25,000 chahiye. Ek trader yeh 2.5% mahina par deta hai; cooperative society 9% saalana par. Dono simple interest lete hain.
Trader ka liya interest, rupees mein:
₹Answer dekho
Answer 5000 ₹
25,000 × 0.025 × 8 = ₹5,000.Cooperative ka liya interest, rupees mein:
₹Answer dekho
Answer 1500 ₹
25,000 × 0.09 × 8/12 = ₹1,500.Cooperative se udhaar lekar woh kitne rupees bachaati hai?
₹Answer dekho
Answer 3500 ₹
5,000 − 1,500 = ₹3,500.
Passage padho aur sawaalon ke jawaab do. Jharkhand ke ek gaon ki baarah auraton ne 2023 mein har mahine ₹100-₹100 bachaana shuru kiya. Ek saal ke andar unhone saat members ko beej aur dawaiyon ke liye chhoti rakam udhaar di. 2025 mein ek bank ne bina koi security maange group ko ₹1,50,000 diye. Do members ne bakriyan khareedi, teen ne ek chhota poultry unit lagaaya, aur ek ne local dukaanon ke liye patte ki plates banana shuru kiya. Apni meetings mein unhone panchayat se hand pump theek karwaane ko bhi kaha.
Pehle 12 mahinon mein group ne kitne rupees bachaaye?
₹Answer dekho
Answer 14400 ₹
12 × ₹100 × 12 = ₹14,400.Bank bina security ke udhaar dene ko kyun taiyaar tha?
Solution dikhao
AnswerGroup ke paas regular bachat aur udhaar dene ka record tha, aur chukaane ki zimmedaari sab ki milkar hai.
Group ne ek saal se zyaada regular bachat ki aur udhaar diya, jisse dikha ki woh paisa sambhaal sakta hai. Loan group ke naam par hai aur saare members repayment ke liye zimmedaar hain, isliye unka aapas ka bharosa aur dabaav collateral ki jagah le leta hai.
Passage se dikhao ki SHGs loans dene se zyaada kaam karte hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerMembers ne gaon ki ek problem (hand pump) panchayat ke saamne uthaayi.
Meetings gaon ki ek saajhi chinta, toote hand pump, ke liye manch ban gayi, jise unhone panchayat ke saamne uthaaya. SHGs auraton mein sirf credit hi nahi, social mudde par bhi kadam uthaane ka confidence banaate hain.
Bank account ke jin deposits ko holder kabhi bhi nikaal sakta hai, unhe deposits kehte hain.
Answer dekho
Answer demand
Yeh demand par nikaale ja sakte hain, isliye yeh demand deposits hain.Shopkeeper ko pay karne ke liye cash, UPI, debit card aur credit card sab use ho sakte hain. Inmein se kaun money hai, kaun money move karne ke tareeke hain, aur kaun credit ka form hai? Samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerCash money (currency) hai. UPI aur debit cards money (tumhara demand deposit) move karte hain. Credit card tumhe bank se short-term loan deta hai.
- Cash currency hai, khud money, RBI ka issue kiya legal tender.
- UPI aur debit card tumhare bank ko instructions hain ki tumhare demand deposit se pay karo. Deposit money hai; app ya card sirf use move karta hai.
- Credit card se bank tumhari taraf se shop ko pay karta hai. Ab tum bank ke karzdaar ho aur tumhe chukaana hai, late hone par interest ke saath. Yeh credit ka form hai, tumhara apna money nahi.
- To har plastic card money nahi hai; kuch sirf tumhare deposit ke darwaaze hain, aur ek loan ka darwaaza hai.
Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo
Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.
Quick check: MCQs
- 3.1 Medium of exchange ke roop mein money3 questions
- Digital payments: chalte-phirte deposits4 questions
- 3.3 Banks ki loan activities3 questions
- 3.4 Credit ki do alag situations3 questions
- 3.5 Terms of credit3 questions
- Cooperatives se loans3 questions
- Formal aur informal credit: kise kya milta hai?4 questions
- Grameen Bank of Bangladesh3 questions
Key terms (English + Hindi)
- barter systemवस्तु विनिमय प्रणालीvastu vinimay pranali
- Bina money ke goods ya services ki seedhe doosre goods ya services se adla-badli.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- chequeचेकchek
- Account holder ka signed likha hua order jo bank ko kehta hai ki us account se ek tay rakam ek naamit vyakti ko pay karo.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- collateralसमर्थक ऋणाधारsamarthak rinadhar
- Koi keemti cheez, jaise land papers, sona, gaadi ya deposit, jo borrower guarantee ke roop mein girvi rakhta hai; loan na chukne par lender use bech sakta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- cooperative societyसहकारी समितिsahkari samiti
- Aisi sanstha jiske members apne resources jodte hain; credit cooperative members ke deposits leta hai aur members ko udhaar deta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- credit (loan)साख (ऋण)saakh (rin)
- Aisa arrangement jismein lender abhi money, goods ya services deta hai, baad mein pay kiye jaane ke promise ke badle.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- currencyकरेंसीkarensi
- Paper notes aur coins. India mein RBI central government ki taraf se notes issue karta hai, aur kanoon unhe payment mein accept karne laayak banata hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- debt trapकर्ज़-जालkarz-jaal
- Aisi situation jismein borrower chuka nahi paata, debt badhta rehta hai, aur use chukaane ke baad uski haalat pehle se buri ho jaati hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- demand depositमाँग जमाmaang jama
- Bank account ka paisa jise holder kabhi bhi nikaal sakta hai; ise cheque, card ya UPI se doosron ko pay kiya ja sakta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- double coincidence of wantsआवश्यकताओं का दोहरा संयोगaavashyaktaon ka dohra sanyog
- Jab do logon mein se har ek ke paas woh hai jo doosre ko chahiye, aur use woh chahiye jo doosre ke paas hai. Iske bina barter nahi chal sakta.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- formal sector creditऔपचारिक क्षेत्रक ऋणaupcharik kshetrak rin
- Banks aur cooperatives se loans, jo registered hain aur jin par RBI nigraani rakhta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- informal sector creditअनौपचारिक क्षेत्रक ऋणanaupcharik kshetrak rin
- Moneylenders, traders, employers, rishtedaaron aur doston se loans; inki terms koi authority check nahi karti.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- interest rateब्याज दरbyaj dar
- Udhaar lene ki price: loan ke upar borrower jo pay karta hai, loan ke percentage ke roop mein, har mahine ya saal ke liye.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- medium of exchangeविनिमय का माध्यमvinimay ka madhyam
- Aisi cheez jise sab payment mein accept karte hain, aur jo goods aur services ki har khareed-bikri mein beech ki kadi hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- self-help group (SHG)स्वयं सहायता समूहsvayam sahayata samuh
- Ek chhota group, aam taur par ek mohalle ki 10–20 auratein, jo saath bachat karti hain, ek doosre ko udhaar deti hain aur group ke roop mein bank se udhaar leti hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- terms of creditऋण की शर्तेंrin ki sharten
- Loan ki saari conditions ek saath: interest rate, collateral, documents aur use chukaane ka tareeka.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →