Development: Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Hinglish mein
Understanding Economic Development · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗
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Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge
- Samjhao ki alag-alag life situations wale log development ke baare mein alag, aur kabhi-kabhi aapas mein takraane wale, ideas kyun rakhte hain
- Pehchaano ki developmental goals mein income ke saath-saath equality, freedom, security aur respect bhi aate hain
- Average (per capita) income calculate karo aur samjhao ki averages unequal distribution ko kaise chhupa sakte hain
- Batao ki World Bank countries ko income per person ke hisaab se kaise group karta hai aur India kahan khada hai
- Infant mortality, literacy, school enrolment aur life expectancy se states aur countries ko compare karo, aur samjhao ki sirf income kaafi kyun nahi hai
- Samjhao ki public facilities well-being ko kaise behtar karti hain aur UNDP ka Human Development Index health, education aur income ko kaise jodta hai
- Groundwater aur crude oil ko renewable aur non-renewable resources ke examples lekar development ki sustainability samjhao
NCERT Social Science Class 10, Chapter 1, pp. 2–17 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.
Tumhari life kis cheez se behtar hogi? Patna ki Class 10 ki ek student shaayad achche college mein seat bolegi. Uski daadi shaayad ghar ke paas ek hospital bolengi, aur shehar ke bahar ka ek kisaan shaayad har season mein apne kheton ke liye paani bolega. Har jawaab development (विकास) ki ek chhoti si tasveer hai: yeh vishwas ki life behtar ho sakti hai, aur saath mein kuch idea ki wahan tak kaise pahunchein.
In jawaabon ke peechhe aur bhi mushkil sawaal hain. Kaunsi zaroorat pehle aani chahiye? Fayda kisko milna chahiye, aur yeh fayda kitni fairly baanta jaana chahiye? Is chapter mein hum dekhenge ki progress ke baare mein logon ke ideas kaise alag hote hain, hum development ko kaise measure kar sakte hain, aur states aur countries ko kaise compare kiya ja sakta hai. Hum yeh bhi poochhenge ki kya aaj ki progress un logon ke liye bhi tik sakti hai jo abhi paida nahi hue. History aur political science bhi yahan tumhari madad karenge: present past se hi nikalta hai, aur democracy mein citizens yeh choices milkar tay karte hain.
1.1 Development kya promise karta hai — alag log, alag goals
Apne jaan-pehchaan ke logon ke baare mein socho: ek padosi jo auto-rickshaw chalata hai, ek cousin jo engineering entrance test ki taiyaari kar raha hai, ek kisaan jiske khet monsoon ka intezaar karte hain. Har ek se poochho ki progress kaisi dikhegi, aur jawaab alag-alag honge. Har insaan pehle wahi maangta hai jo uski situation ko sabse zyada badal de.
| Vyakti | Development ka kya matlab ho sakta hai |
|---|---|
| Vidarbha ka ek cotton farmer jo baarish par nirbhar hai | Doosri fasal ke liye paani, cotton ka sahi daam, bina bhaari interest ke loans |
| Bengaluru ka ek delivery rider | Pakki kamaai, accident insurance, orders ke beech aaraam karne ki safe jagah |
| Ek chhote shehar ki Class 10 ki ladki | Paas mein college, safe transport, apne bhai jaisi hi freedom |
| Ek family jiski textile mill hai | |
| Odisha coast par ek machhuaara family | |
| Ek brick-kiln worker jo har season migrate karta hai | |
| Ek retired teacher jo akele rehte hain |
Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.
Right-hand column ko upar se neeche padho. Kisaan pehle paani aur daam ke baare mein sochta hai, rider kaam par security ke baare mein, student education aur freedom ke baare mein. Inmein se koi galat nahi hai. Unke goals alag hain kyunki unki lives alag hain: woh kahan rehte hain, unke paas kya hai, woh kya kaam karte hain aur unhe kya cheez rokti hai. Isse chapter ka pehla lesson milta hai: alag situations wale log development se alag-alag cheezein chahte hain.
3/3Company ka goal aur gaon ka goal ek hi pahaadi par dono poore nahi ho sakte: goals conflict karte hain.
Paanch logon ki ek list, har ek ek simple figure ki tarah bana hai: ek baarish par nirbhar kisaan, ek delivery rider, Class 10 ki ek ladki, ek cement company aur ek pahaadi gaon. Pehle step mein sirf log dikhte hain. Doosre step mein har ek se ek arrow us cheez ki taraf jaata hai jo woh sabse zyada chahte hain: saal bhar paani; fixed pay aur insurance; college aur barabar freedom; pahaadi ko quarry karna; aur jungle aur charaagaah ko bachaana. Teesre step mein pehli teen rows fade ho jaati hain, aakhri do goals laal dashes ke box mein hain jinke beech ek zigzag hai, aur ek note mein likha hai: ek pahaadi, ulti ummeedein.
Goals ek doosre ke khilaaf bhi kheench sakte hain. Ek dukaandaar chahta hai ki sadak chaudi ho jaaye taaki zyada customers gaadi lekar aa sakein, jabki us sadak par sabzi bechne wale vendors apni jagah kho denge. Ek cement company limestone ke liye ek pahaadi ko quarry karna chahti hai. Neeche wala gaon lakdi, charaai aur un jharnon ke liye usi pahaadi par nirbhar hai jo uske kuon ko paani dete hain. Isse doosra lesson nikalta hai: ek group ki progress doosre group ka nuksaan ho sakti hai, aur yeh kisi ki rozi-roti bhi barbaad kar sakti hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Unki life situations aur zarooratein alag hain
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Ek company pahaadi ko quarry karna chahti hai; neeche ka gaon pahaadi ka jungle bachaana chahta hai
1.2 Income aur doosre goals
Table 1.1 ko phir se dekho. Lagbhag har row kisi na kisi roop mein zyada paise maangti hai: pakka kaam, behtar pay, fasal ka sahi daam. Zyada income se family behtar kha sakti hai, bachchon ko school mein rakh sakti hai aur beemaari jhel sakti hai. Isliye zyada income ek aisa goal hai jo lagbhag sabka hai.
Ab ek aise worker ki kalpana karo jo achcha kamaata hai lekin har din usse sirf isliye badtameezi se baat ki jaati hai kyunki woh kahan se aaya hai. Ya ek aisi young woman ki kalpana karo jo salary kamaati hai lekin ghar se bahar nikalne ke liye permission leni padti hai. Koi bhi ise achchi life nahi kahega, pay chahe jitni ho. Log barabar samjhe jaana chahte hain, apne faisle khud lena chahte hain, safe feel karna chahte hain aur respect paana chahte hain. Family ke saath tyohaar ki ek shaam ka kharcha kam hota hai, phir bhi tum use paison ke liye nahi bechoge: achchi life sirf cheezon se nahi banti.
Koi bhi survey dignity ya safety ke ehsaas ko aasaani se score nahi kar sakta, isliye aise goals official reports se chhoot jaate hain. Yeh reports ki kamzori hai, iska matlab yeh nahi ki yeh goals kam important hain.
Samay ke saath logon ki life mein sudhaar: zyada income, aur saath mein behtar health, education, freedom, security aur dignity, aise tareekon se jo doosron ke saath fair hon.
ExampleEk gaon ko sadak, secondary school aur peene ka saaf paani milta hai, aur uski families zyada kamaati hain bina kisi ko bahar dhakele.
Dekho ki goals ka mix ek asli faisle mein kaise dikhta hai. Meera ne abhi nursing diploma poora kiya hai. Mumbai ka ek private hospital use ek saal ke contract par ₹45,000 mahina offer karta hai, jismein baar-baar night shifts hain. Uske home town ka district hospital fixed hours wali permanent post par ₹32,000 mahina offer karta hai. Sirf pay dekho to Mumbai jeetta hai. Lekin Meera job security, apne budhe hote parents ke saath samay aur seekhne ke mauke ko bhi tolti hai. Fig. 1.2 dikhata hai ki balance kaise badal sakta hai.
3/3Family ke saath samay jodo aur Offer B jeet jaata hai Meera ke liye. Koi aur, goals ko alag tarah se tolkar, A chun sakta hai.
Ek balance scale jiske left pan par Offer A (city, contract) aur right pan par Offer B (home, permanent) hai. Pehle step mein left pan par higher pay likha ek bada block hai aur right pan par lower pay likha ek chhota block, isliye beam left ki taraf neeche jhukta hai. Doosre step mein right pan par security likha ek block joda jaata hai aur beam barabar ho jaata hai. Teesre step mein right pan par family time likha ek block joda jaata hai aur beam right ki taraf, Offer B ki taraf, neeche jhuk jaata hai.
Meera ke do offers
Mumbai hospital (Offer A)
- ₹45,000 mahina
- ek saal ka contract
- night shifts, family se door
- busy wards: tez seekhna
Home-town hospital (Offer B)
- ₹32,000 mahina
- permanent post
- fixed hours, family ke paas
- kam specialist cases
Women ka kaam dikhata hai ki yeh goals kitne uljhe hue hain. Apni kamaai wali aurat ko aksar ghar mein zyada aawaaz milti hai. Phir bhi ho sakta hai ki woh job le hi na paaye. Andhera hone ke baad sadkein unsafe ho sakti hain, ya uski family ab bhi ummeed kar sakti hai ki saara gharelu kaam wahi kare. Isliye income, safety aur respect ek doosre par nirbhar hain: ek mein progress doosron mein progress ko aasaan banati hai.
To developmental goals ek bundle ki tarah aate hain: zyada income, aur saath mein equality, freedom, security, respect aur un faislon mein apni baat rakhne ka haq jo kisi ki life ko shape karte hain.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 6): answers ke saath
Do classmates ki raay alag hai. Raghav kehta hai ki log alag tarah ka development sirf isliye chahte hain kyunki har insaan unique hai. Fatima kehti hai ki yeh mainly isliye hai kyunki log alag circumstances mein rehte hain. Development samajhne mein kiski explanation zyada madad karti hai, aur kyun?
Solution dikhao
AnswerFatima ki explanation zyada useful hai.
Log alag hote hain, lekin sirf isse yeh pata nahi chalta ki woh kya maangenge. Unke circumstances batate hain: baarish par nirbhar kisaan irrigation chahta hai, bina contract wala worker job security chahta hai, ghar mein rakhi gayi ladki padhne ki freedom chahti hai.
Kyunki goals life situations se nikalte hain, hum unka andaaza laga sakte hain, milti-julti situations wale logon ko group kar sakte hain, aur dekh sakte hain ki goals kahan takra sakte hain. Isliye Fatima ki explanation zyada useful hai, haalaanki personal pasand ka bhi kuch role hota hai.
Kya alag goals aur conflict karne wale goals mein koi fark hai? Har ek ka ek example dekar samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerAlag goals sab saath mein poore ho sakte hain; conflicting goals nahi, kyunki ek ko poora karna doosre ko rok deta hai.
Alag goals: ek student library chahta hai aur ek kisaan cold-storage unit chahta hai. Dono ban sakte hain; ek doosre ko nahi rokta.
Conflicting goals: ek company pahaadi ko quarry karna chahti hai jabki neeche ka gaon apna jungle aur jharne bachaana chahta hai. Ek goal poora karna doosre ko barbaad kar deta hai.
Isliye dono shabdon ka matlab ek nahi hai: saare conflicting goals alag hote hain, lekin saare alag goals conflict nahi karte.
Apni life ya mohalle se teen aise choices batao jo logon ne paise ke alawa doosri wajahon se kiye.
Solution dikhao
AnswerJaise: school jaate waqt raaste mein safety, government office mein respect se pesh aaya jaana, family ke saath bitaane ke liye samay.
Possible examples: (1) parents ka door ke thode behtar school ki jagah safe transport wala paas ka school chunna; (2) ek family ka fixed hours wali job pasand karna taaki beemaar daada-daadi ke liye koi ghar par rahe; (3) public kuaan ya mandir use karte waqt logon ka chahna ki unki caste ya religion jo bhi ho, unke saath respect se pesh aaya jaaye; (4) ek saaf, shaant mohalla.
Har case mein choice sirf paise se tay nahi hota.
Section 1.1 aur Section 1.2 ka 80 words ka ek summary likho jo Class 8 ka student samajh sake.
Solution dikhao
Ek model answer: Development ke baare mein logon ke ideas unki life situations par nirbhar karte hain, isliye alag logon ke alag goals hote hain. Kuch goals conflict karte hain, isliye jo ek group ke liye development hai woh doosre ko nuksaan pahuncha sakta hai. Lagbhag sab zyada income chahte hain, lekin log equality, freedom, security aur respect bhi chahte hain. Inhe measure karna mushkil hai, lekin yeh kam important nahi hain. Asli choices, jaise do jobs mein se chunna, goals ke mix ko tolte hain, isliye development income aur life ki quality, dono ke baare mein hai.
Answer dekho
- (A) doosron se respect
- (C) apna kaam chunne ki freedom
- (E) hinsa se safety
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Log sirf income nahi, balki goals ke mix ko tolte hain
1.3 National development
Ab sawaal ko ek family se badhakar 140 crore se zyada logon ke desh tak le jao. Apni class se poochho ki India ko develop hone ke liye kya karna chahiye. Tumhe sunne ko mil sakta hai: zyada factories, behtar government schools, saaf nadiyaan, gaon mein zyada jobs, tez trains, corruption ke khilaaf sakht action. Har idea ke supporters hain, aur inmein se kuch doosron ke khilaaf kheenchte hain.
To phir ek desh kaise chune? Kuch sawaal madad karte hain. Kya plan bahut logon ki madad karta hai, ya sirf kuch ki? Kya yeh un logon ke saath fair hai jo iski keemat chukaayenge? Kya kam nuksaan ke saath zyada fayda paane ka koi tareeka hai? National development ke baare mein sochne ka matlab hai yeh sawaal khulkar poochhna, aur unhe public debate, courts, elections aur chuni hui governments ke kaam se suljhaana.
4/4Sahi compensation, paas mein dobara bane ghar aur ek underpass nuksaan kam karte hain aur zyaadatar fayda bana rehta hai.
Left mein ek city aur right mein ek port ke beech ki zameen ka ek schematic view, jiske beech mein khet aur ek gaon hain. Pehle step mein ek dashed outline planned expressway dikhati hai jo kheton aur gaon ke teen gharon se guzarta hai. Doosre step mein road ban jaati hai, traffic arrows dono taraf chalte hain, teen ghar fade ho jaate hain, aur do plus signs par shorter commute aur faster freight likha hai. Teesre step mein dashed laal rings road ke neeche gaye kheton ki patti aur gharon ko mark karti hain, aur minus signs par farmland lost aur homes moved likha hai. Chauthe step mein ek underpass road ko cross karta hai, paas mein teen naye ghar khade hain, aur ticks par homes rebuilt, fair compensation aur underpass likha hai.
Fig. 1.3 aise hi ek plan ko follow karta hai. Expressway development maana jaaye ya nahi, yeh is par nirbhar hai ki hum kiske fayde aur nuksaan ginte hain, aur nuksaan uthaane walon ke liye kya kiya jaata hai. Alag log desh ke liye kya achcha hai, iske baare mein alag, aur conflicting bhi, ideas rakh sakte hain, aur ek fair process ko sabki baat sunni padti hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 7): answers ke saath
Ek city block ki kalpana karo jahan chaalis manzil ka glass office tower tin ki chhat wale gharon ki ek basti ke bagal mein khada hai, jahan khuli naaliyaan hain aur sirf ek shared paani ka nal hai. Is area ke liye teen developmental goals suggest karo aur batao ki har ek se kisko fayda hoga.
Solution dikhao
AnswerJaise: har ghar ke liye nal ka paani aur toilets; dhaki naaliyaan aur kachra collection; pakka ghar ya basti ka upgrade.
Possible goals: (1) har ghar ke liye nal ka paani aur toilets, jisse basti ki families ko sabse zyada madad milti hai aur poore block mein beemaari kam hoti hai; (2) dhaki naaliyaan aur regular kachra collection, jisse sabko fayda hota hai, office workers ko bhi; (3) pakka, upgraded ghar ya paas mein fair resettlement, taaki families ko bas nikaal na diya jaaye; (4) ek school, clinic ya skill training, shaayad office companies ke support se.
Dhyaan do ki tower ke maalik basti ko hatana pasand kar sakte hain, jabki residents wahin rehkar use behtar banana chahte hain: goals conflict kar sakte hain.
Yeh kaalpanik news brief padho: "Saalon tak Riverpur town ke upar ki taraf (upstream) ek tannery bina treat kiya waste nadi mein chhodkar paise bachaati rahi. Uska leather ka saamaan bade shehron mein saste mein bikta tha. Neeche ki taraf (downstream) machhli ki pakad kam ho gayi aur nadi ka paani use karne wale kai gaon waale beemaar pad gaye."
Kisko fayda hua aur kisko nuksaan?
Solution dikhao
AnswerTannery ke maalikon aur saste leather ke khareedaaron ko fayda hua; downstream ki machhuaara families aur gaon waalon ko nuksaan hua.
Maalikon ne waste treat karne ka kharcha bachaaya, aur shehar ke khareedaaron ne kam daam diye. Machhuaara families ki income gayi, gaon waalon ki health kharaab hui aur ilaaj par paise kharch hue, aur khud nadi downstream ke sabke liye kharaab ho gayi.
Is region ke liye ek fair development goal suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerNadi ko zehreela kiye bina jobs aur industry ki growth: treated waste, sakhti se laagu rules aur nuksaan uthaane walon ko compensation.
Goal saari industry band karna nahi hona chahiye, kyunki tannery jobs deti hai. Goal yeh hona chahiye ki tannery apna waste treat kare, pollution laws laagu hon, nadi saaf ho, aur jo log beemaar pade ya jinki machhli ki pakad gayi unhe compensation mile, taaki industry ke faydon ki keemat downstream ke sabse gareeb log na chukaayein.
Agar tum apni gaon panchayat ya ward committee mein hote, to kaunse teen sudhaaron ke liye zor dete? Unhe rank karo aur wajah batao.
Solution dikhao
Jawaab alag-alag honge. Ek achcha jawaab teen thos goals batata hai (jaise ladkiyon ke liye paidal doori par secondary school, regular kachra collection, ek chalta hua health centre) aur pehle choice ki wajah deta hai, jaise isse kitne logon ko madad milegi ya zaroorat kitni urgent hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Kisko fayda hota hai, keemat kaun chukaata hai, aur kya nuksaan uthaane walon ko sahi compensation milta hai?
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
1.4 Alag countries ya states ko kaise compare karein?
Log aksar kuch countries ko developed aur kuch ko developing kehte hain. Agar development ka matlab alag logon ke liye alag hai, to koi countries ko aise kaise baant sakta hai? Ek aasaan paheli se shuru karo.
Maan lo tumhare school ko ek team inter-school quiz mein aur doosri kabaddi tournament mein bhejni hai. Tum dono teams ko ek hi test se nahi chunoge: ek ke liye general knowledge matter karta hai, doosre ke liye taakat aur speed. Countries ko compare karna bhi aise hi kaam karta hai. Pehle hum tay karte hain ki kya compare karna hai, phir kuch features chunte hain jo use pakadte hain, aur aakhir mein sabko un features par measure karte hain.
Countries ke liye sabse zyada use hone wala feature income hai. Soch yeh hai ki zyada income se log apni zaroorat aur pasand ki zyada cheezein khareed sakte hain. Isliye zyada income wale desh ko aam taur par kam income wale desh se zyada developed maana jaata hai.
Lekin kaunsi income? Desh mein rehne wale sab logon ki income jodne par uski total income milti hai. Countries ko compare karne ke liye total income ek kamzor paimaana hai, kyunki unki population mein bahut fark hota hai. India ki total income Switzerland se kai guna hai, phir bhi ek typical Swiss resident ek typical Indian se kahin zyada ameer hai. India ki income lagbhag 160 guna zyada logon mein baanti jaati hai. Humein asal mein yeh jaanna hai ki ek average insaan ke paas kya hai. Isliye hum desh ki total income ko uski population se divide karke uski average income nikaalte hain, jise uski per capita income (प्रति व्यक्ति आय) bhi kehte hain.
- per capita (average) income
- ek saal mein desh ya state ki total income
- uski population
Kisi desh ya state ki total income ko uski population se divide karne par jo milta hai: ek saal mein ek average insaan ki income.
Example₹16 lakh crore ko 8 crore logon mein baantne par ₹2 lakh per person milta hai.
Bada total, chhota average
Do kaalpanik states ke ek saal ke yeh figures hain. State P: total income ₹16 lakh crore, population 8 crore. State Q: total income ₹10.5 lakh crore, population 3.5 crore. Kis state ki total income zyada hai, aur kiski per capita income zyada hai?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
World Bank countries ko kaise group karta hai
World Bank income per person ke hisaab se duniya ki economies ko chaar groups mein baantta hai. Uska paimaana gross national income (GNI) per capita hai, jise ek method (Atlas method) se US dollars mein badla jaata hai jo exchange rates ke achaanak utaar-chadhaav ko smooth kar deta hai. Groups har saal 1 July ko revise hote hain.
| Group | 2025 mein GNI per person (US dollars) | Examples (US dollars, 2025) |
|---|---|---|
| Low income | 1,175 ya usse kam | Mozambique 570, Ethiopia 1,110 |
| Lower-middle income | 1,176 se 4,635 | Nepal 1,570, India 2,760, Bangladesh 2,840 |
| Upper-middle income | 4,636 se 14,375 | Sri Lanka 4,670, Indonesia 5,120, China 14,230 |
| High income | 14,375 se zyada | Germany 60,200, United States 88,810 |
2025 mein India ki GNI per capita lagbhag 2,760 US dollars thi, jo use lower-middle-income countries mein rakhti hai. High-income group ki countries ko aksar developed countries kaha jaata hai. Lekin yeh label aam taur par West Asia ki kuch oil-rich countries ya kuch bahut chhoti countries ko nahi diya jaata.
Averages disparities ko chhupa dete hain
Averages kaam ke hain, lekin woh gumraah bhi kar sakte hain. Chhah-chhah households wale do kaalpanik gaon lo. Amli mein mahine ki household incomes ₹14,000, ₹16,000, ₹15,000, ₹17,000, ₹16,000 aur ₹18,000 hain. Bakul mein yeh ₹5,000, ₹6,000, ₹4,000, ₹7,000, ₹6,000 aur ₹68,000 hain.
4/4Bakul mein ek household ke paas saari income ka lagbhag 71 per cent hai. Average yeh baat chhupa deta hai.
Same scale par bane do bar charts, hazaar rupaye mahina mein. Pehle step mein sirf Village Amli dikhta hai: lagbhag ek jaisi height ke chhah bars, jin par 14, 16, 15, 17, 16 aur 18 likha hai. Doosre step mein uske bagal mein Village Bakul aata hai: paanch chhote bars jin par 5, 6, 4, 7 aur 6 likha hai, aur ek bahut lamba bar jis par 68 likha hai. Teesre step mein 16 par ek dashed line dono charts ke aar-paar jaati hai, jis par both average 16 likha hai. Chauthe step mein Bakul ka lamba bar mote outline se ghira hai aur ek note kehta hai ki ek household ke paas 71 per cent income hai.
Same average, alag zindagiyaan
Amli aur Bakul mein mahine ki average household income nikaalo. Phir batao ki agar tum yeh nahi chun sakte ki kis household mein paida hoge, to tum kis gaon mein rehna pasand karoge.
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Zyaadatar log Amli chunte hain: wahan na koi bahut ameer hai na koi bahut gareeb. Average jagahon ko compare karne ke liye ek kaam ka number deta hai. Lekin woh is baare mein chup rehta hai ki income asal mein kiske paas hai: kya woh barabar distributed hai ya kuch logon ke paas. Same average wali do jagahein rehne ke liye bilkul alag ho sakti hain.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 9): answers ke saath
School, sport ya roz ki life se teen aisi situations batao jismein log average nikaalkar cheezon ko compare karte hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerJaise: class ke average marks, ek batter ka batting average, ek shehar ki average rainfall.
Examples: (1) ek test mein do sections ko unke average marks se compare karna; (2) cricketers ko batting average (runs per dismissal) se compare karna; (3) shehron ko average annual rainfall ya average temperature se compare karna; (4) bikes ko km per litre average mileage se compare karna.
Ek dost kehta hai ki total incomes compare karna kaafi hai. Samjhao ki states ya countries ko compare karte waqt economists average income kyun pasand karte hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerKyunki yeh population ke fark ka dhyaan rakhta hai aur mote taur par batata hai ki ek typical insaan kya afford kar sakta hai.
Total incomes ko fairly compare nahi kiya ja sakta, kyunki ek bade desh ki total income zyada ho sakti hai jabki uske log gareeb hon. Population se divide karne par ek average insaan ki income milti hai, isliye bahut alag size ki jagahon ko bhi compare kiya ja sakta hai.
Income kai zarooraton se bhi judi hai: zyada income se log aam taur par zyada khaana, ghar, education aur health care khareed sakte hain. Isliye per capita income ek theek-thaak pehla indicator hai, haalaanki poora nahi.
Amli aur Bakul ki average income bilkul same hai. Yeh kehne se pehle ki dono barabar khushhaal hain, income ke baare mein humein aur kya jaanna zaroori hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerIncome kaise baanti gayi hai: households mein barabar, ya zyaadatar kuch logon ke paas.
Amli aur Bakul dono ka average ₹16,000 mahina hai, lekin Amli ki income kaafi barabar baanti hai jabki Bakul mein ek household ke paas uska lagbhag 71 per cent hai. Isliye humein income ka distribution bhi dekhna padega: woh kitni barabari se baanti gayi hai.
Ek district collector announce karta hai ki district mein average income paanch saal mein 10 per cent badh gayi. Ek farm worker kehti hai ki uski family ab pehle se kam kamaati hai. Kya dono sach ho sakte hain? Numbers se dikhao kaise.
Solution dikhao
AnswerNahi: average tab bhi badh sakta hai jab kai families utna hi ya usse kam kamaayein.
Nahi. Maan lo ek district mein chaar families mahine ke ₹10,000, ₹10,000, ₹10,000 aur ₹30,000 kamaati hain. Average ₹60,000 ÷ 4 = ₹15,000 hai.
Paanch saal baad woh ₹9,000, ₹9,000, ₹10,000 aur ₹38,000 kamaati hain. Total ab ₹66,000 hai, isliye average ₹16,500 hai, yaani 10 per cent ki badhat. Phir bhi do families pehle se kam kamaati hain aur ek utna hi. Saara fayda sabse ameer family ko gaya.
Table 1.3 ka use karke har country ko, uski 2025 ki GNI per capita (US dollars) ke saath, uske World Bank group mein rakho.
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
Answer- Uganda, 1,120 : low income
- Pakistan, 1,500 : lower-middle income
- Brazil, 10,550 : upper-middle income
- Japan, 38,340 : high income
Uganda ka 1,120, 1,175 se kam hai (low). Pakistan ka 1,500, 1,176 aur 4,635 ke beech hai (lower-middle). Brazil ka 10,550, 4,636 aur 14,375 ke beech hai (upper-middle). Japan ka 38,340, 14,375 se upar hai (high). Figures: World Bank, World Development Indicators.India ko developed country maane jaane ke liye kin badlaavon ki zaroorat hai, us par ek paragraph likho. Is chapter se kam se kam teen alag tarah ke goals use karo.
Solution dikhao
Ek model answer: Developed banne ke liye India ko incomes badhaani hongi, lekin yeh kaam ka sirf ek hissa hai. Achchi jobs gaon aur chhote shehron tak pahunchni chahiye, taaki fayda kuch logon tak simat na jaaye. Har bachcha school poora kare, aur har family ke paas saaf paani, sanitation aur paas mein ek chalta hua health centre ho, taaki kam babies ki maut ho aur log lambi, swasth zindagi jiyen. Women padh sakein, kaam kar sakein aur safely aa-ja sakein. Aakhir mein, growth groundwater ko khatam na kare aur nadiyon aur hawa ko zehreela na kare, taaki agli generation ko aisa desh mile jo develop hota reh sake.
Answer dekho
Answer 30000 ₹
Answer dekho
Answer 3
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Countries ki population mein bahut fark hota hai
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Lower-middle income
1.5 Income aur doosre criteria
Humne dekha ki log pay se kahin zyada cheezein tolte hain. To kya hum poore state ko bhi isi tarah judge na karein? Chalo chaar states ke saath income ko test karte hain.
| State | Per capita income, 2024–25 (₹) | Infant mortality rate, 2023 (per 1,000 live births) | Life expectancy at birth, 2019–23 (saal) | Gross enrolment ratio, Classes 9–12, 2024–25 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Telangana | 3,87,623 | 18 | 70.8 | 83.6 |
| Kerala | 3,08,338 | 5 | 75.1 | 94.1 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 1,52,615 | 37 | 67.6 | 56.7 |
| Bihar | 69,321 | 23 | 69.3 | 44.7 |
Sirf income se judge karein to Telangana is group mein sabse upar hai aur Bihar sabse neeche. Ab baaki columns ko padho. Kerala ki income per person Telangana se lagbhag paanchwa hissa kam hai, phir bhi uska infant mortality rate (शिशु मृत्यु दर) 5 hai jabki Telangana ka 18. Matlab, har 1,000 zinda paida hue babies mein se Telangana mein 13 zyada babies apne pehle birthday se pehle mar jaate hain. Kerala ke log average mein lagbhag chaar saal zyada jeete bhi hain, aur uske zyada teenagers Classes 9 se 12 mein enrolled hain.
Doosra pair bhi milti-julti kahani batata hai. Madhya Pradesh ki income per person Bihar se do guna se zyada hai, lekin uska infant mortality rate 37 hai jabki Bihar ka 23, aur uske log average mein kam jeete hain. Schooling mein lekin Madhya Pradesh aage hai. Koi ek number sab kuch nahi pakadta: har indicator logon ki life ke alag hisse par roshni daalta hai.
Ek saal mein har 1,000 live births par kitne babies apne pehle birthday se pehle mar jaate hain, uski sankhya.
Example18 ka IMR matlab hai ki 1,000 zinda paida hue babies mein se 18 ek saal ke hone se pehle mar jaate hain.
7 saal aur usse zyada umar ke logon ka woh percentage jo samajhkar padh aur likh sakte hain.
Example80 per cent literacy rate matlab 7 ya usse zyada umar ke har 100 logon mein se 80 padh aur likh sakte hain.
Kisi age group ke bachchon ka woh hissa jo asal mein school jaata hai, percentage mein.
ExampleAgar 15 se 17 saal ke har 100 young logon mein se 69 school mein hain, to us age group ka net attendance ratio 69 hai.
Hamari table attendance ratio ke ek kareebi rishtedaar ko use karti hai, gross enrolment ratio (GER). Classes 9 se 12 ke liye yeh un classes mein enrolled students ki sankhya hai, kisi bhi umar ke, 14 se 17 saal ke saare young logon ke percentage ke roop mein. Kyunki zyada umar ke students bhi gine jaate hain, GER 100 se upar bhi ja sakta hai. Tumhari textbook iski jagah net attendance ratio use karti hai, jabki literacy rate har umar mein padhne-likhne ko dekhta hai. Yeh sab poochhte hain ki kitne logon ko woh education mil rahi hai jiski unhe zaroorat hai.
3/3Cross karti lines dikhati hain ki income aur health kahan match nahi karte: zyada ameer hamesha zyada swasth nahi hota.
Do ranked lists aamne-saamne hain. Left mein states 2024–25 ki income per person se ranked hain: 1 Telangana (3.88 lakh rupaye), 2 Kerala (3.08 lakh), 3 Madhya Pradesh (1.53 lakh), 4 Bihar (0.69 lakh). Doosre step mein right mein ek list aati hai, 2023 mein sabse kam infant deaths se ranked: 1 Kerala (IMR 5), 2 Telangana (18), 3 Bihar (23), 4 Madhya Pradesh (37). Teesre step mein lines har state ki do positions ko jodti hain; Telangana aur Kerala ki lines cross karti hain, aur Madhya Pradesh aur Bihar ki bhi, har line alag dash pattern mein bani hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Kerala
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Kuch enrolled students official umar se bade ya chhote hain
1.6 Public facilities
Kam income per person wala state health aur schooling mein behtar kaise kar sakta hai? Jawaab ka ek hissa yeh hai ki family ki apni kamaai, chahe kitni bhi badi ho, kuch cheezein khareed hi nahi sakti. Sabse zaroori cheezon mein se kai poori community tak ek saath pahunchti hain, ya phir kisi tak nahi.
Dengue ke baare mein socho. Ek family har hafte apna water cooler khaali kar sakti hai aur mosquito nets ke neeche so sakti hai. Lekin agar gali ki naaliyaan band hain aur padosi ke purane tyres mein baarish ka paani jama hota hai, to machhar phir bhi panpenge. Sirf milkar ki gayi koshish, jismein municipality naaliyaan saaf kare aur spray kare aur har ghar ruka hua paani hataaye, sabko bachaati hai. Saaf hawa bhi aisi hi hai: koi family apne liye poore shehar ki hawa filter nahi kar sakti.
Milkar provide karna aksar sabse sasta tareeka bhi hota hai. Treatment plant se paanch sau gharon tak ek pipe network ka kharcha per ghar aam taur par paanch sau private borewells aur filters se kahin kam hota hai. Isse ghar-ghar groundwater khaali hone se bhi bachaav hota hai. Streetlights, bus service, library aur health centre, har ek kam per person kharche par bahut logon ki seva karta hai. Fig. 1.6 dikhata hai ki bahut logon ke diye taxes kaise sabke use ki facilities bante hain.
4/4Milkar provide karna aksar per family kahin sasta padta hai, jaise saikdon borewells ki jagah ek pipe network.
Chaar steps ka ek flow diagram. Pehle, families, shops label wala ek ghar aur ek dukaan taxes label wala arrow government label wali ek khambhon wali building ki taraf bhejte hain. Doosre, spends label wala ek arrow government se neeche public services heading ke neeche chaar tiles tak jaata hai: school, health centre, ration shop aur piped water. Teesre, tiles se ek arrow everyone uses them label wale teen logon tak jaata hai. Chauthe, beech mein ek highlighted note kehta hai ki ek shared pipe network 500 borewells se kam kharche ka hai.
Tumhari apni education bhi ek saanjhi kaamyaabi hai. School tabhi khulta hai, aur khula rehta hai, jab bahut si families chahti hain ki unke bachche padhein aur public money teachers, buildings aur midday meals ka kharcha uthaata hai. Jahan secondary school nahi hai, door hai ya wahan pahunchna unsafe hai, wahan kai teenagers Class 8 ya 10 ke baad padhai chhod dete hain. Doori aur safety ki chinta khaas taur par ladkiyon ko ghar par rok leti hai.
Table 1.4 mein Kerala ki badhat ka bada hissa isi tarah ki public provision ki wajah se hai. Dashakon se state ne schools, literacy, health centres aur nurses mein invest kiya hai, isliye basic services zyaadatar gaon tak pahunchti hain. Khaana bhi aise hi kaam karta hai. Public Distribution System (PDS, सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली) ke tahat ration shops sasta anaaj dete hain. January 2024 se, paanch saal ki ek central scheme (PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana) ke tahat, lagbhag 81 crore logon ko har mahine ka anaaj ka ration muft mila hai. Jin families ko chalti hui ration shop par bharosa hai, woh anaaj par kam kharch karti hain aur doodh, daal aur sabziyon ke liye zyada paisa bachta hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 12): answers ke saath
Table 1.4 use karo: kya Telangana infant mortality, life expectancy aur enrolment mein Kerala se aage hai, jaise woh per capita income mein hai? Isse kya pata chalta hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerNahi. Kerala teeno mein behtar hai, haalaanki Telangana ki income per person zyada hai.
Telangana ki per capita income (₹3,87,623) Kerala (₹3,08,338) se zyada hai. Lekin Kerala ka IMR 5 hai jabki Telangana ka 18, uski life expectancy 75.1 saal hai jabki 70.8 saal, aur Classes 9 se 12 ke liye uska GER 94.1 per cent hai jabki 83.6 per cent.
Isliye zyada income ka matlab apne aap behtar health aur education nahi hai. Health care aur schooling ki public provision bahut matter karti hai.
Water pipes aur mosquito control ke alawa, do aisi services batao jinka kharcha har family ke liye kam ho jaata hai jab poora town unhe share karta hai. Ek ko samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerJaise: public bus service, vaccination drive, fire station, public park.
Examples: (1) har family ke vehicle khareedne ki jagah town ki bus service; (2) ek vaccination campaign jo sabko measles se bachaata hai; (3) poore town ki seva karta ek fire station; (4) ek public park ya playground; (5) nadi ke kinaare flood embankments. Har case mein ek shared facility kam per person kharche par bahut logon ki seva karti hai.
Do districts ko apne health centres ke liye same paisa milta hai, lekin ek patients ki kahin behtar seva karta hai. Paise ke alawa teen wajahein suggest karo jo is fark ko samjha sakein.
Solution dikhao
AnswerNahi. Imaandaar management, trained aur maujood staff, aur logon ki jaagrukta aur bhaagidaari bhi matter karti hai.
Nahi. Doosre factors hain: (1) kya teachers, doctors aur nurses jaisa staff trained hai aur asal mein maujood hai; (2) imaandaar, efficient management taaki funds aur dawaaiyaan users tak pahunchein; (3) logon ki jaagrukta aur maang, jaise parents ka regular classes par zor dena; (4) pahunch, yaani facility tak pahunchne ke liye sadak, transport aur safety; (5) samaaj ka nazariya, jaise ladkiyon ko school bhejne ki ichchha.
State X mein zyaadatar gareeb rural families ration shops se anaaj khareedti hain; State Y mein kam families. Kis state mein gareeb families ko behtar khaana milne ki sambhaavna hai? Is fark ki wajah kya ho sakti hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerState X mein, jahan PDS zyaadatar gareeb families tak pahunchta hai.
State X ki gareeb families ko shaayad behtar khaana milta hai, kyunki ration shops ka sasta ya muft anaaj doosre khaane ke liye paisa bachaata hai aur daam badhne par unhe bachaata hai.
Fark is baat se aa sakta hai ki PDS kitna achcha kaam karta hai: regular khulne wali shops, imaandaar dealers, sahi ration cards, kaafi anaaj ki supply aur logon ko pata hona ki unka haq kya hai.
Nutrition measure karna: body mass index
Achchi health achche nutrition se shuru hoti hai. Koi underweight hai ya overweight, yeh check karne ka ek jaldi tareeka hai body mass index (BMI): kilograms mein weight ko metres mein height ke square se divide karo.
BMI nikaalna
Ananya ka weight 52 kg hai aur height 162 cm hai. Ek decimal place tak uska BMI nikaalo.
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Answer dekho
Answer (1) 21, (2) 12
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Dengue outbreak se bachaav
Answer dekho
Answer 20 kg/m²
1.7 Human Development Report
Agar income kaafi nahi hai, to hum aur kya ginein? United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 1990 ki apni pehli Human Development Report se iska jawaab de raha hai. Yeh income mein do cheezein jodta hai: logon ki zindagi kitni lambi aur swasth hai, aur unhe kitni education milti hai.
4/4Inko milaakar 0.685 ka HDI milta hai: 193 countries mein India 130th hai.
Ek base par khade teen pillars wali ek building. Pehle step mein sirf left pillar khada hai: Health, life expectancy at birth, 72.0 saal. Doosre step mein beech ka pillar judta hai: Education, years of school, 13.0 expected aur adults ke liye 6.9. Teesre step mein right pillar judta hai: Income, GNI per person in PPP dollars, 9,047. Chauthe step mein pillars par ek chhat rakhi jaati hai jis par Human Development Index, 0.685, rank 130 of 193 likha hai. Base ke neeche ek note kehta hai India, data for 2023, Human Development Report 2025.
Teeno dimensions ko ek number mein joda jaata hai, Human Development Index (HDI, मानव विकास सूचकांक), jo 0 se 1 tak jaata hai. Health ko janm par life expectancy se measure kiya jaata hai. Education ko un saalon se measure kiya jaata hai jitni schooling bachche expect kar sakte hain, aur 25 saal aur usse upar ke adults ke mean years of schooling se. Standard of living ko GNI per person se measure kiya jaata hai, jise PPP dollars mein badla jaata hai. 2025 report, jo 2023 ka data use karti hai, 193 countries ko rank karti hai; India 0.685 ke HDI ke saath 130th hai.
| Country | HDI rank | HDI value | Life expectancy (saal) | Expected years of schooling | Mean years of schooling (umar 25+) | GNI per person (2021 PPP dollars) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 78 | 0.797 | 78.0 | 15.5 | 8.0 | 22,029 |
| Sri Lanka | 89 | 0.776 | 77.5 | 13.1 | 10.8 | 12,616 |
| Maldives | 93 | 0.766 | 81.0 | 12.8 | 7.4 | 19,317 |
| Bhutan | 125 | 0.698 | 73.0 | 13.2 | 5.8 | 13,843 |
| India | 130 | 0.685 | 72.0 | 13.0 | 6.9 | 9,047 |
| Bangladesh | 130 | 0.685 | 74.7 | 12.3 | 6.8 | 8,498 |
| Nepal | 145 | 0.622 | 70.4 | 13.8 | 4.5 | 4,726 |
| Pakistan | 168 | 0.544 | 67.6 | 7.9 | 4.3 | 5,501 |
Table ko row by row padho to kuch hairaani wali baatein dikhti hain. Sri Lanka, jiski population kahin chhoti hai, paanchon measures mein India se aage hai. Bangladesh ki income per person India se kam hai, lekin uske log lagbhag teen saal zyada jeete hain, aur dono countries rank 130 share karti hain. Bhutan ki income per person Sri Lanka se zyada hai, phir bhi woh 36 jagah neeche hai. Main wajahein yeh hain ki uske adults ne kahin kam saal schooling ki hai aur uske log kam jeete hain. Nepal ke bachche ab India ke bachchon se zyada saal school ki ummeed kar sakte hain, jabki Nepal ki income per person India ki lagbhag aadhi hai.
Neeche ke explorer mein koi bhi do countries, ya koi bhi do Indian states compare karo. Aise pairs dhoondho jahan zyada ameer jagah zyada swasth ya zyada padhi-likhi nahi hai.
Report ka title hi uska message hai: yeh human development ke baare mein hai. Economy jo bhi paida karti hai, woh is baat ke liye matter karta hai ki woh logon ke liye kya karta hai: kya woh lamba jeete hain, seekhte hain, aur dignity ke saath jeete hain. Saalon mein UNDP ne saath ke measures bhi jode hain. Unmein se ek har country ke andar inequality ke hisaab se HDI ko adjust karta hai. 2025 report mein inequality India ke HDI ko lagbhag 31 per cent kam kar deti hai, jo region ke bade nuksaanon mein se ek hai. Jaise do gaon ne dikhaaya, national average bade gaps chhupa sakta hai.
Answer dekho
- (A) lambi aur swasth zindagi
- (B) knowledge (education)
- (D) theek-thaak standard of living
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Life expectancy
Answer dekho
Answer Sahi
1.8 Development ki sustainability
Jo development apni hi neenv ko kha jaaye, woh tik nahi sakta. Jo kisaan aaj naya phone khareedne ke liye agle season ka beej bech de, uske paas kal fasal nahi hogi. Countries bhi yahi risk kahin bade paimaane par jhelti hain. 1960s se scientists chetaavni de rahe hain ki duniya jis tarah badh rahi hai woh hamesha nahi chal sakta. Hum minerals khodte hain, fuels jalaate hain, paani pump karte hain aur kachra itni tezi se phenkte hain jitna nature sambhaal nahi sakti. Yeh raasta aane wali generations ko gareeb chhod sakta hai.
1987 mein Norway ki Gro Harlem Brundtland ki adhyakshta wale ek United Nations commission ne apni report Our Common Future mein is idea ko ek naam diya.
Aisa development jo aaj ke logon ki zarooratein poori kare, bina aane wali generations ki apni zarooratein poori karne ki kshamata ko kam kiye.
ExampleHar saal sirf utna groundwater pump karna jitna baarish wapas bharti hai, taaki hamare pote-potiyon ke liye bhi kuen chalte rahein.
Dharti har insaan ki zaroorat poori karne ke liye kaafi deti hai, lekin har insaan ke laalach ke liye nahi.
Groundwater: dabaav mein ek renewable resource
Groundwater ek renewable resource (नवीकरणीय संसाधन) hai. Har monsoon mein baarish mitti mein samaati hai aur zameen ke neeche paani rakhne wali ret aur chattaan ki parton ko phir se bhar deti hai. Lekin renewable ka matlab kabhi khatam na hone wala nahi hai. Agar har saal baarish jitna wapas bharti hai usse zyada paani bahar pump kiya jaaye, to water table girta hai, kuen aur gehre khodne padte hain, aur kuch aakhir mein sookh jaate hain.
2/3Zyada pumps baarish ke wapas bharne se zyada nikaalte hain, isliye water table apne pehle level se neeche gir jaata hai.
Ek cross-section jismein ground line ke upar badal, baarish aur fasal hai, uske neeche bhoori mitti, ek neela paani wala layer jiske upar water table likha hai, aur sabse neeche chattaan. Recharge label wale dashed arrows paani ko surface se neeche le jaate hain, aur pipe wala ek pump house paani upar kheenchta hai, jis par pumping likha hai. Doosre step mein do aur pumps dikhte hain, water table earlier level likhi dashed line se kaafi neeche gir jaata hai, aur neela layer sikud jaata hai. Teesre step mein more recharge label wale extra recharge arrows dikhte hain, aur water table apne earlier level ki taraf kuch had tak wapas uthta hai.
Aisa kyun hota hai? Kai dabaav milkar paani nikaalna badhaate hain. Kai states mein farm pumps free ya sasti electricity par chalte hain, aur paddy aur sugarcane jaisi zyada paani wali fasalein sookhe regions mein ugaayi jaati hain. Shehar tezi se badh rahe hain, aur jo taalaab aur wetlands pehle baarish ko sokh lete the, unpar building ban rahi hai. Upaay sabko pata hain: check dams aur recharge pits, drip aur sprinkler irrigation, local baarish ke hisaab se fasalein, aur aise rules jo paani bachaane ko reward karein.
Crude oil: ek resource jo khatam ho jaata hai
Crude oil, coal aur natural gas ko banne mein laakhon saal lage, isliye practically Dharti mein har ek ki ek seemit maatra hai. Yeh non-renewable resources (अनवीकरणीय संसाधन) hain: jala hua har barrel hamesha ke liye chala jaata hai. Exploration se naye deposits milte hain. Lekin discovery sirf woh oil dikhati hai jo pehle se wahan tha; woh aur oil nahi banati, isliye total sirf ghat sakta hai.
Renewable aur non-renewable resources
Renewable
- nature dobara bharti hai: groundwater, jungle, machhli, mitti
- agar renew hone se zyada tezi se liya jaaye to phir bhi overuse ho sakta hai
- example: baarish ke bharne se zyada tezi se groundwater pump karna
Non-renewable
- fixed stock: crude oil, coal, natural gas, metal ores
- naye finds jaane hue stock mein jodte hain, lekin use use sirf ghataata hai
- example: engine mein jala oil hamesha ke liye chala jaata hai
Ek stock kitna chalega? Ek simple andaaza known reserves ko har saal ke use se divide karta hai.
3/4Ek naya field 150 million barrels jodta hai: usi rate par ab oil 20 saal chalta hai.
Left mein ek lamba tank 15 barabar orange slices se bhara hai, aur uske neeche use label wala ek chhota outlet pipe hai. Right mein rule hai: years left equals reserves divided by use per year. Pehle step mein working 450 divided by 30 equals 15 years padhti hai, aur ek note kehta hai 15 slices, one per year. Doosre step mein neeche wali slice laal outline mein hai aur note kehta hai one slice equals one year's use. Teesre step mein upar paanch peeli dashed slices judti hain, note kehta hai new find adds 150, aur working 600 divided by 30 equals 20 years padhti hai. Chauthe step mein outlet pipe mota ho jaata hai, note kehta hai use rises to 40 a year, aur working 600 divided by 40 equals 15 years padhti hai. Saari amounts million barrels mein hain.
Oil kitna chalega?
Ek kaalpanik country ke proved oil reserves 450 million barrels hain aur woh saal mein 30 million barrels produce karti hai. (a) Is rate par uske reserves kitne saal chalenge? (b) Ek naya field 150 million barrels jodta hai. Ab kitne saal? (c) Agar phir production badhkar 40 million barrels saal ho jaaye, to reserves kitne saal chalenge?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Do cases par sawaal (NCERT pp. 14–15): answers ke saath
Teen wajahein batao ki India ke kuch hisson mein groundwater recharge se zyada tezi se kyun pump ho raha hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerSookhe areas mein zyada paani wali fasalein, pumps ke liye sasti ya free bijli, badhte shehar, aur khoye hue taalaab aur wetlands.
(1) Paddy aur sugarcane jaisi zyada paani wali fasalein sookhe regions mein ugaayi jaati hain. (2) Free ya sasti electricity se kisaan lambe ghanton tak pumps chala paate hain. (3) Badhte shehar aur industries har saal zyada paani kheenchte hain. (4) Jo taalaab, tanks aur wetlands pehle baarish ko andar samaane dete the, unhe bhar diya gaya ya unpar building ban gayi, isliye kam paani recharge hota hai.
Teen tareeke suggest karo jinse khet aur shehar badhte rahein aur baarish ke wapas bharne se zyada groundwater na nikaalein.
Solution dikhao
AnswerHaan, zyada recharge karke aur kam barbaad karke.
Haan, agar extraction ko recharge ke andar rakha jaaye. Tareeke hain: (1) check dams, recharge pits aur rooftop rainwater harvesting; (2) drip aur sprinkler irrigation, jo kheton mein paani bhar dene se kahin kam paani use karte hain; (3) local baarish ke hisaab se fasalein ugaana, jaise sookhe areas mein millets aur daalein; (4) metering aur pricing jo paani bachaane ko reward karein; (5) gaon ke taalaab aur tanks ko phir se zinda karna.
Kisi country ke development ke liye crude oil important kyun hai? Teen uses batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeh transport aur machines ko fuel deta hai aur kai industries ka raw material hai.
Crude oil ko refine karke buses, trucks, tractors aur ships ke liye petrol aur diesel banaaya jaata hai; kuch power plants aur factories ke liye fuels; aur plastics, fertilisers, paints aur dawaaiyon ke liye raw materials. Isliye kami ya daam mein uchhaal lagbhag har sector ko dheema kar dete hain, aur isi wajah se oil development se gehraai se juda hai.
India apna zyaadatar crude oil import karta hai. Agar duniya mein oil ke daam tezi se badhein to isse kya problems ho sakti hain? Risk kam karne ke do tareeke suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerMehenga transport aur saamaan, bada import bill aur suppliers par nirbharta; renewables aur efficiency se risk kam karo.
Problems: sabke liye transport aur saamaan mehenga ho jaata hai, kisaan diesel ke liye zyada dete hain, import bill badhta hai aur zyada foreign exchange kharch hota hai, aur India supplier countries ki jangon ya faislon ke aage kamzor rehta hai.
Risk kam karne ke tareeke: solar, wind aur doosri renewable energy badhao; public transport aur electric vehicles use karo; fuel ko zyada efficiently use karo; strategic oil reserves banao; aur kuch ki jagah bahut saare suppliers se khareedo.
Pollution borders nahi maanta. Fasal ke thoonth (stubble) jalaane ka sardiyon ka dhuaan kai states mein phail jaata hai, aur kahin bhi chhoda gaya carbon dioxide har country ko garam karta hai. Hamare future ek doosre se bandhe hain. Aisi problems ek subject akele hal nahi kar sakta, isliye ecologists, engineers, economists aur philosophers zyada se zyada inpar saath mein kaam kar rahe hain.
Development ek aisa sawaal hai jiska jawaab har generation naye sire se deti hai. Citizens aur individuals ke roop mein hum poochhte rahenge ki achchi life kya hai aur usmein hissa kisko milta hai. Hum yeh bhi poochhenge ki jo log abhi paida nahi hue, unke prati hamara kya farz hai.
Answer dekho
- (A) groundwater
- (C) jungle (forests)
- (E) samundar ki machhliyaan
Answer dekho
Answer 125 %
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Quick revision: indicators
Summary aur key points
- Alag log development se alag cheezein chahte hain kyunki unki life situations alag hain, aur ek group ka development doosre ko nuksaan pahuncha sakta hai (Section 1.1).
- Zyada income ke alawa log equality, freedom, security aur respect chahte hain; jo goals measure karna mushkil hai woh bhi matter karte hain (Section 1.2).
- National development ka matlab hai conflicting ideas ke beech fairly chunna, yeh poochhte hue ki fayda kisko hai aur keemat kaun chukaata hai (Section 1.3).
- Countries compare karne ke liye hum per capita (average) income use karte hain: total income ko population se divide karke ((1.1)).
- World Bank countries ko GNI per capita se group karta hai; 2025 mein India, lagbhag 2,760 US dollars ke saath, ek lower-middle-income country tha (Table 1.3).
- Averages chhupa dete hain ki income kaise distributed hai: same average wali do jagahein bahut unequal ho sakti hain (Averages disparities chhupa dete hain).
- Zyada ameer state hamesha zyada swasth ya behtar padha-likha nahi hota, isliye hum infant mortality, life expectancy, literacy aur enrolment bhi compare karte hain (Table 1.4).
- Schools, health care, saaf paani aur ration shops jaisi public facilities aksar milkar sabse achchi aur sabse sasti tarah se di jaati hain (Section 1.6).
- BMI, yaani kilograms mein weight ko metres mein height ke square se divide karna, nutrition ka ek jaldi check hai ((1.2)).
- UNDP ka Human Development Index life expectancy, schooling aur income ko jodta hai; 2025 report mein India 193 mein se 130th tha (Section 1.7).
- Sustainable development aaj ki zarooratein poori karta hai bina aane wali generations ki apni zarooratein poori karne ki kshamata ko nuksaan pahunchaaye (Section 1.8).
- Groundwater jaise renewable resources ka overuse ho sakta hai, aur crude oil jaise non-renewable resources khatam ho jaate hain (Groundwater, Crude oil).
Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)
Ek newspaper states ko is hisaab se rank karna chahta hai ki woh kitne developed hain. Kaunsa choice sabse poori tasveer dega?
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Income, education aur health indicators ek saath
Har akela indicator development ka sirf ek pehlu dikhata hai. Income, education aur health ek saath kahin zyada poori tasveer dete hain, aur HDI ke peechhe yahi idea hai.Human Development Report 2025 ke anusaar India ke in padosiyon mein se kiski HDI rank India se behtar hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka 89th hai, India ke 130th se bahut aage. Nepal (145), Myanmar (150) aur Pakistan (168) India se neeche hain.Ek gali ke paanch households ki average monthly income ₹12,000 hai. Inmein se chaar ₹9,000, ₹15,000, ₹8,000 aur ₹14,000 kamaate hain. Paanchwa household kitna kamaata hai?
₹Answer dekho
Answer 14000 ₹
Total = 5 × ₹12,000 = ₹60,000. Chaar jaani hui incomes ka jod ₹46,000 hai, isliye paanchwa ₹60,000 − ₹46,000 = ₹14,000 hai.Us measure ka naam batao jis par World Bank ke income groups based hain. Akele use karne par yeh gumraah kyun kar sakta hai? Do wajahein do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerIncome per person (GNI per capita); yeh chhupa deta hai ki income kaise baanti gayi hai aur health, education, freedom aur environment ko nazarandaaz karta hai.
World Bank countries ko GNI per capita se group karta hai, yaani US dollars mein unki average income per person.
Limitations: (1) average is baare mein kuch nahi batata ki income kaise distributed hai, isliye ek country ka average zyada ho sakta hai jabki bahut log gareeb hon; (2) income health, education, safety, freedom ya environment ki halat nahi dikhati; (3) paisa kai public goods nahi khareed sakta, jaise saaf hawa ya epidemics se bachaav, isliye zyada income ke saath bhi health kharaab ho sakti hai.
World Bank aur UNDP ke paimaanon ko compare karo. Kaunsa zyada poori tasveer deta hai, aur kyun?
Solution dikhao
AnswerWorld Bank sirf income per person use karta hai; UNDP ka HDI income ko health aur education ke saath jodta hai.
World Bank countries ko ek hi indicator se rank karta hai, Atlas dollars mein GNI per capita.
UNDP ka Human Development Index teen dimensions jodta hai: health (janm par life expectancy), education (expected aur mean years of schooling) aur standard of living (PPP dollars mein GNI per capita). Isliye UNDP dekhta hai ki income logon ki life ke liye kya karti hai, sirf income ko nahi.
Jagahon ke development ko compare karne ke liye averages kyun useful hain, aur woh kaise gumraah kar sakte hain? Apna ek example do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerAverages alag size ki jagahon ko comparable banate hain, lekin inequality chhupa dete hain.
Hum averages isliye use karte hain kyunki woh poori population ko ek number mein badal dete hain jise alag size ki jagahon mein compare kiya ja sakta hai.
Lekin averages chhupa dete hain ki income kaise baanti gayi hai. Jaise, do housing societies dono ki average family income ₹50,000 mahina ho sakti hai. Ek mein har family ₹45,000 se ₹55,000 ke beech kamaati hai; doosri mein nau families ₹10,000-₹10,000 kamaati hain aur ek ₹4,10,000 kamaati hai. Average same hai, (9 × 10,000 + 4,10,000) ÷ 10 = ₹50,000, lekin dono societies ki zindagi bilkul alag hai.
Bihar ki per capita income Madhya Pradesh se kam hai lekin infant mortality rate bhi kam hai. Ek classmate nateeja nikaalta hai: "To per capita income humein kuch nahi batati aur ise hata dena chahiye." Kya tum sehmat ho? Wajahein do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerNahi. Income ab bhi important hai, lekin use doosre indicators ke saath use karna chahiye.
Main poori tarah sehmat nahi hoon. Example dikhata hai ki sirf income kaafi nahi hai: Madhya Pradesh ki income per person Bihar se do guna se zyada hai (2024–25 mein ₹1,52,615 vs ₹69,321), phir bhi uska infant mortality rate zyada hai (2023 mein 37 vs 23).
Lekin income phir bhi matter karti hai. Isse tay hota hai ki families kya afford kar sakti hain, aur secondary school enrolment mein Madhya Pradesh Bihar se aage hai. Zyada incomes se governments ko schools aur hospitals ke liye zyada tax revenue bhi milta hai.
Isliye per capita income ko hataana nahi chahiye. Ise health aur education measures ke saath kai indicators mein se ek hona chahiye, aur HDI bilkul yahi karta hai.
Aaj Indian gharon, kheton aur factories ko kaunse energy sources chalaate hain? 2075 ke India ki kalpana karo: tab kaunse sources zyada matter karenge, aur kyun?
Solution dikhao
Aaj: coal (zyaadatar electricity aur kai industries), crude oil products (petrol, diesel, LPG, kerosene), natural gas, kai gaon mein lakdi aur uple, hydroelectricity, nuclear power, aur solar aur wind power ka tezi se badhta hissa.
Ab se pachaas saal baad: solar, wind aur doosre renewables shaayad kahin zyada matter karenge, kyunki fossil fuels non-renewable hain, India apna zyaadatar oil import karta hai, aur coal aur oil jalaane se hawa pollute hoti hai aur climate garam hota hai. Doosri sambhaavnaayein hain green hydrogen, batteries aur electric vehicles, small hydro aur biogas, aur behtar energy efficiency.
Ek country groundwater pump karke aur pehle se zyada coal jalaakar apni income tezi se badhaati hai. Yeh growth sustainable development kyun nahi maani ja sakti?
Solution dikhao
AnswerKyunki jo development resources ko khatam kare ya environment ko nuksaan pahunchaaye, use aane wali generations ke liye banaaye nahi rakha ja sakta.
Development ka matlab hai tikna. Agar hum groundwater ka overuse karein, non-renewable fuels jala daalein ya hawa aur nadiyon ko pollute karein, to shaayad aaj incomes badha lein lekin aane wali generations ke liye kam resources aur kharaab environment chhod jaayein. Sustainable development aaj ki zarooratein poori karta hai bina aane wali generations se unki zarooratein poori karne ki kshamata chheene, taaki progress chalti rahe.
Mahatma Gandhi ke baare mein aksar kaha jaata hai ki unhone kaha tha, Dharti ke paas sabki zarooraton ke liye kaafi hai lekin kisi ke laalach ke liye nahi. Yeh idea development ki debate par kaise laagu hota hai?
Solution dikhao
Dharti ke resources (paani, jungle, fuels, minerals) sabki basic zarooratein poori kar sakte hain agar unhe samajhdaari se use kiya jaaye aur fairly baanta jaaye. Mushkil tab shuru hoti hai jab kuch log, companies ya countries zaroorat se kahin zyada use karte hain: profit ke liye groundwater pump karna, jungle kaatna, ya fuel ko barbaad karke jalaana.
Yeh sustainability se judta hai (overuse aane wali generations ke liye kam chhodta hai), distribution se (kuch ke paas zaroorat se kahin zyada hai jabki doosron ke paas basic cheezein bhi nahi) aur khud development ke matlab se (zyada consumption hamesha behtar nahi hota). Yeh idea humein kehta hai ki development ko is baat se measure karein ki kya sabki zarooratein poori ho rahi hain, abhi aur aage bhi.
Apne ilaake mein pichhle mahine ke baare mein socho. Hawa, paani, mitti ya hariyaali ko nuksaan ke chaar sign batao jo tumne dekhe.
Solution dikhao
Examples: sardiyon mein dhuaan aur dhool jo hawa ko khatarnaak bana dete hain; sewage, jhaag ya plastic se bhari nadi ya jheel; kuon aur handpumps mein girta paani ka level; khule plots mein phenka ya jalaaya gaya kachra; sadkon ya buildings ke liye kaate gaye ped; fertilisers aur pesticides ke overuse se khaari ya zehreeli hui mitti; traffic ka shor.
Table 1.7 use karke har indicator ke liye sabse achchi aur sabse kharaab position wali country ki list banao.
Solution dikhao
- HDI rank aur HDI value: sabse upar China (78th, 0.797); sabse neeche Pakistan (168th, 0.544).
- Life expectancy: sabse upar Maldives (81.0 saal); sabse neeche Pakistan (67.6 saal).
- Expected years of schooling: sabse upar China (15.5); sabse neeche Pakistan (7.9).
- Mean years of schooling: sabse upar Sri Lanka (10.8); sabse neeche Pakistan (4.3).
- GNI per person: sabse upar China (22,029 PPP dollars); sabse neeche Nepal (4,726).
Child stunting wali table padho aur sawaalon ke jawaab do.
Table 1.85 saal se kam umar ke stunted bachche (apni umar ke hisaab se bahut chhote), %. Source: NFHS-5 (2019–21); state figures Economic Survey 2025–26, Statistical Appendix, Table 8.15 mein compile kiye gaye. State Stunted bachche (%) Kerala 23.4 Punjab 24.5 Gujarat 39.0 Bihar 42.9 All India 35.5 Har sau mein se Bihar mein Kerala ki tulna mein lagbhag kitne zyada chhote bachche stunted hain? Isse kya pata chalta hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerLagbhag 20 zyada (42.9 − 23.4 = 19.5): Bihar ka rate Kerala ka lagbhag do guna hai.
Kerala mein har 100 chhote bachchon mein se lagbhag 23 stunted hain, jabki Bihar mein lagbhag 43, yaani lagbhag do guna. Kerala ke bachchon ka nutrition kahin behtar hai, jo uski mazboot health services aur kam infant mortality se match karta hai.
Gujarat ki income per person India mein zyada walon mein se hai, phir bhi uske lagbhag paanch mein se do chhote bachche stunted hain. Isse income ko paimaana maanne ke baare mein kya pata chalta hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerZyada average income achche nutrition ki guarantee nahi hai; distribution aur public services matter karte hain.
Zyada average income un gareeb families ko chhupa sakti hai jo kaafi poshtik khaana nahi khareed sakti, aur nutrition saaf paani, sanitation, maaon ki health aur child-care services par bhi nirbhar karta hai. Isliye sirf income nahi dikha sakti ki bachchon ko kitna achcha khaana mil raha hai.
India sabke liye kaafi anaaj ugaata hai, phir bhi uske ek-tihaai se zyada chhote bachche stunted hain. Wajahein suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerGareebi, asamaan pahunch, anaaj ke alawa kharaab diet, unsafe paani se beemaari, aur maa aur bachche ki care mein kamiyaan.
Possible wajahein: (1) gareeb families shaayad kaafi khaana nahi khareed paatin, khaas taur par daal, doodh, ande aur sabziyaan, kyunki sirf anaaj balanced diet nahi hai; (2) unsafe paani aur kharaab sanitation se baar-baar beemaari bachchon ko nutrients absorb karne se rokti hai; (3) kai maayein khud undernourished hain, isliye babies chhote paida hote hain; (4) PDS aur child-care services har jagah barabar achcha kaam nahi karte; (5) infants aur chhote bachchon ko khilaane ke baare mein jaagrukta ki kami.
Assertion (A): Kerala ka infant mortality rate zyada per capita income wale kai states se kam hai. Reason (R): Kerala lambe samay se apne zyaadatar logon ko basic health aur education services de raha hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) A aur R dono sahi hain, aur R, A ki sahi explanation hai
A sahi hai (Kerala ka IMR 5, Telangana aur Haryana jaise ameer states se kam hai), aur R sahi hai aur use samjhaata hai: dur-dur tak phaili public health aur education services infant deaths ko kam rakhti hain.Passage padho aur sawaalon ke jawaab do. "Das saal mein Sonapur district ki average household income ek-paanchwa hissa badh gayi. Zyaadatar badhat ek nayi mine se aayi jismein 2,000 workers kaam karte hain, jinmein se kai district ke bahar se hain. Unhi saalon mein mine ke paas ke gaon ke kuen sookh gaye, aur district ka ladkiyon ka akela higher secondary school zyaadatar gaon se 18 km door hai." (District kaalpanik hai.)
Kya average income mein badhat saabit karti hai ki Sonapur ki zyaadatar families ki halat behtar hai? Samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerNahi. Badhat shaayad zyaadatar mine workers aur maalikon ko gayi jabki gaon ki families ka paani chala gaya.
Nahi. Average isliye badh sakta hai ki kuch log kahin zyada kamaane lagein. Yahan fayda zyaadatar mine aur uske workers ko gaya, jinmein se kai bahar ke hain, jabki gaon ki families ke kuen chale gaye. Isliye kai local families ki halat behtar nahi hui hogi, ya shaayad aur bhi kharaab hui hogi.
Sonapur ko developed kehne se pehle income ke alawa do indicators batao jo tum check karoge.
Solution dikhao
AnswerJaise: peene ke safe paani tak pahunch aur Classes 9 se 12 mein ladkiyon ka enrolment.
Useful indicators hain peene ke safe paani tak pahunch, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, secondary school mein ladkiyon ka net attendance ya enrolment, aur households mein income kaise distributed hai.
Passage mein kaunsa badlaav sustainability ka sawaal uthaata hai, aur kyun?
Solution dikhao
AnswerSookhte kuen: mine groundwater ko recharge se zyada tezi se khatam ya kharaab kar rahi hai.
Sookhte kuen. Groundwater tabhi renewable hai jab use recharge se zyada tezi se na nikaala jaaye; mining shaayad water table gira rahi hai ya aquifer ko nuksaan pahuncha rahi hai, jisse mine band hone ke kaafi baad tak gaon aur kheti ko nuksaan hoga.
Ek public facility suggest karo jo Sonapur ki ladkiyon ki sabse zyada madad kare, aur apna choice samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerGaon ke paas ladkiyon ka higher secondary school, ya maujooda school tak safe free transport.
Paas ka higher secondary school, ya free aur safe school bus, sabse zyada madad karega, kyunki doori aur safety badi wajahein hain jinse ladkiyaan Class 10 ke baad padhai chhod deti hain. Education unki aage ki income aur health bhi badhayegi.
Map skill. India ke outline map par dhoondho aur label karo: (a) 2023 mein sabse kam infant mortality rate wala state; (b) woh teen states jinka sabse zyada rate, 37, ek jaisa tha; (c) 2024–25 mein sabse kam per capita income wala state. (Economic Survey 2025–26 mein diye gaye major states use karo.)
Solution dikhao
Answer(a) Kerala (b) Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh (c) Bihar
(a) Kerala (IMR 5). (b) Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh aur Chhattisgarh (har ek ka IMR 37). (c) Bihar (₹69,321).
Sources: Economic Survey 2025–26, Statistical Appendix, Tables 8.2 aur 1.11A. States ko printed outline map par mark karo; yeh chapter maps nahi banata.
Ek saal mein har 1,000 live births par apne pehle birthday se pehle marne wale babies ki sankhya ko kehte hain.
Answer dekho
Answer infant mortality rate
Yeh infant mortality rate (IMR) hai, ek important health indicator.Human Development Report kaunsa organisation publish karta hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (B) United Nations Development Programme
UNDP 1990 se Human Development Report publish kar raha hai. World Bank income groupings publish karta hai, HDI nahi.Ek country ki total income ₹24 lakh crore hai aur population 12 crore. Uski per capita income kitne lakh rupaye hai?
lakh ₹Answer dekho
Answer 2 lakh ₹
24 lakh crore ÷ 12 crore = 2 lakh rupaye per person.
Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo
Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.
Quick check: MCQs
- 1.1 Development kya promise karta hai — alag log, alag goals3 questions
- 1.2 Income aur doosre goals2 questions
- 1.3 National development2 questions
- Averages disparities ko chhupa dete hain4 questions
- 1.5 Income aur doosre criteria3 questions
- Nutrition measure karna: body mass index3 questions
- 1.7 Human Development Report3 questions
- Crude oil: ek resource jo khatam ho jaata hai3 questions
Key terms (English + Hindi)
- body mass indexशरीर द्रव्यमान सूचकांकsharir dravyaman suchakank
- Kilograms mein weight ko metres mein height ke square se divide karna; nutrition ka ek mota check.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- developmentविकासvikas
- Samay ke saath logon ki life mein sudhaar: zyada income, aur saath mein behtar health, education, freedom, security aur dignity.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- gross enrolment ratioसकल नामांकन अनुपातsakal namankan anupat
- School ke kisi stage mein enrolment, kisi bhi umar ka, us stage ki official umar ke bachchon ke percentage ke roop mein; yeh 100 se zyada ho sakta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- Human Development Indexमानव विकास सूचकांकmanav vikas suchakank
- UNDP ka 0 se 1 tak ka index jo life expectancy, years of schooling aur income per person ko jodta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- infant mortality rateशिशु मृत्यु दरshishu mrityu dar
- Ek saal mein har 1,000 live births par apne pehle birthday se pehle marne wale babies ki sankhya.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- life expectancyजीवन प्रत्याशाjeevan pratyasha
- Agar abhi ke death rates chalte rahein to ek newborn baby ke jeene ke average saal.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- literacy rateसाक्षरता दरsaksharta dar
- 7 saal aur usse upar ke logon ka percentage jo samajhkar padh aur likh sakte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- mean years of schoolingस्कूली शिक्षा के औसत वर्षskooli shiksha ke ausat varsh
- 25 saal aur usse upar ke logon ki poori ki hui education ke average saal.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- net attendance ratioनिवल उपस्थिति अनुपातnival upasthiti anupat
- Kisi age group ke bachchon ka woh hissa jo asal mein school jaata hai, percentage mein.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- non-renewable resourceअनवीकरणीय संसाधनanavikaraniya sansadhan
- Aisa resource jo seemit maatra mein hai, jaise crude oil ya coal, aur use karne par khatam ho jaata hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- per capita incomeप्रति व्यक्ति आयprati vyakti aay
- Kisi country ya state ki total income ko uski population se divide karna; ek average insaan ki income.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- Public Distribution Systemसार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणालीsarvajanik vitaran pranali
- Ration shops ka government network jo anaaj aur doosri zaroori cheezein kam daam par ya muft deta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- purchasing power parityक्रय शक्ति समताkray shakti samata
- Incomes ko badalne ka ek tareeka taaki ek unit har country mein goods aur services ki ek hi tokri khareede.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- renewable resourceनवीकरणीय संसाधनnavikaraniya sansadhan
- Aisa resource jise nature dobara bharti hai, jaise groundwater ya jungle; iska phir bhi overuse ho sakta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- sustainable developmentसतत विकासsatat vikas
- Aisa development jo aaj ki zarooratein poori kare bina aane wali generations ki apni zarooratein poori karne ki kshamata ko kam kiye.