Resources and Development: Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Hinglish mein

Fan on karo, bus se school jao, dal-chawal ki plate khao: har kaam mein kuch aisa use hota hai jo nature se shuru hua aur jise logon ne badla. Yeh chapter poochta hai ki nature ki kisi cheez ko resource kya banata hai, aur India apne resources ki planning aur protection kaise karta hai. Phir yeh do resources, land aur soil, ko dhyaan se dekhta hai, jo humare jeene ke tareeke ko itna zyada shape karte hain.

1.1 Resources aur unke types

Upper Assam ki hills ke neeche crude oil laakhon saal tak pada raha, aur kisi ke kaam ka nahi tha. Woh useful tab bana jab logon ne use drill karna, refine karna aur aise price par bechna seekha jo buyers de sakein.11Assam ka Digboi 1901 se oil refine kar raha hai, isliye yeh India ki sabse purani chalti refinery hai. Tab tak woh bas rocks ka hissa tha.

To humare aas-paas ki koi cheez resource (संसाधन) tabhi kehlati hai jab woh teen tests pass kare. Use tak pahunchne aur use karne ki technology humare paas honi chahiye, uska use affordable hona chahiye, aur society ko uska use accept hona chahiye. Exam ki language mein, resource technologically accessible, economically feasible aur culturally acceptable hona chahiye. Ek bhi test fail hua to woh cheez bas ‘saamaan’ hi rehti hai.

Cheezon ko resources banana nature, technology aur institutions ka teamwork hai: banks, laws, markets, government departments aur panchayats. Is team ke centre mein log hain. Hum technology invent karte hain, institutions banate hain aur kaam karte hain (Fig. 1.1). Isiliye resources sirf nature ke free gifts nahi hain. Insaan khud bhi ek resource hain, aur unki ginti aur skills tay karti hain ki baaki har resource se kitna milega.

Resources ko classify karne ke chaar tareeke

Ek hi resource ko chaar tarah se sort kar sakte hain, is par depend karta hai ki hum uske baare mein kya sawaal poochte hain (Fig. 1.2).

• Origin ke hisaab se: kya woh living hai? Biotic resources living world se aate hain: forests, crops, fish, livestock aur log. Abiotic resources non-living hote hain: rocks, metals, paani aur sunlight.
• Exhaustibility ke hisaab se: kya woh renew ho sakta hai? Renewable resources natural processes se wapas bhar jaate hain: sunlight, wind, behta paani, aur forests aur wildlife bhi, agar hum unka overuse na karein. Non-renewable resources banne mein laakhon saal lage, isliye ek baar khatam hua stock humare liye kho jaata hai: coal, petroleum, natural gas aur metal ores.
• Ownership ke hisaab se: iska maalik kaun hai? Individual resources kisi ek insaan ke hote hain, jaise kisaan ka khet ya private kuan. Community resources gaon ya town mein sabke share kiye hote hain: talaab, grazing ground, park, cremation ground. National resources desh ke hote hain, jaise uske forests, rivers, minerals aur coast ke saath ka sea. International resources kisi ek desh ki seema se bahar hote hain, jaise saare coasts se door deep ocean floor, aur unka use international bodies control karti hain.
• Status of development ke hisaab se: hum uske saath kahan tak pahunche hain? Potential resources ke baare mein pata hai ki woh kisi region mein hain, lekin abhi use nahi hote, jaise Gulf of Khambhat ki tez tides. Developed resources ka survey ho chuka hai, unki quality aur quantity naapi ja chuki hai, aur woh use mein hain, jaise Jharia field mein mine hone wala coal. Stock woh material hai jo humari needs poori kar sakta hai, lekin use use karne ki technology humare paas nahi hai, jaise nuclear fusion se energy. Reserves stock ka woh hissa hain jise hum abhi bhi use kar sakte hain lekin baad ke liye bacha kar rakhte hain, jaise garmi ke mahino ke liye dam ke peeche roka gaya paani.

Tumhari textbook ka classification tree natural resources ko human resources se bhi alag karta hai. Human resources ko quantity (kitne log) aur quality (unki health, education aur skills) se judge kiya jaata hai. Log structures aur institutions bhi banate hain, jaise schools, hospitals, banks aur cooperatives, jo baaki har resource ko use karne mein madad karte hain.

1.2 Resources ka development

Sau saal pehle bahut kam log sochte the ki coal, forests ya groundwater kam pad sakte hain: lagta tha ki nature unhe free mein aur bina limit ke de rahi hai. Is soch se laaparwah use hua, aur laaparwah use ne teen badi problems khadi ki:

• Khatam hona: jab kuch users apni zaroorat se kahin zyada le lete hain, to stocks ghat jaate hain.
• Unequal sharing: jab resources kuch logon ke haath mein jama ho jaate hain, to society haves aur have-nots, yaani ameer aur gareeb, mein bant jaati hai.
• Ecological crises: bina soche-samjhe use se global warming, patli ozone layer, polluted hawa aur paani, aur degraded land aaye hain.

Isse do sabak milte hain. Pehla, resources ko barabari se share karna chahiye. Aisi duniya jismein kuch log aur desh zyada-tar resources khatam kar dein, na theek ho sakti hai na peaceful, aur uska future khatre mein hai. Doosra, unka use aise plan karna chahiye ki har tarah ki life, aaj bhi aur aage bhi, bach sake. Survival ke liye aisi planning sustainable development (सतत् पोषणीय विकास) ka hissa hai. Fig. 1.4 yeh idea groundwater ke example se dikhata hai.

1.3 Resource planning

Resource planning (संसाधन नियोजन) ka matlab hai pehle se tay karna ki resources ko samajhdaari se kaise use karein, aur India dikhata hai ki yeh kyun zaroori hai. Jharkhand ki coal belt se Rajasthan ke deserts aur Arunachal Pradesh ki baarish se bheegi hills tak jao, to resources poori tarah badal jaate hain (Table 1.3). Koi region ek resource mein ameer aur doosre mein gareeb ho sakta hai; bas kuch hi regions ke paas lagbhag sab kuch hota hai jo unhe chahiye, aur kuch mein koi zaroori cheez kam hoti hai.

Koi ek plan in sab regions mein fit nahi ho sakta. Isiliye India apne resources ki planning har level par karta hai: nation, har state, har region aur har locality ke liye.

1.3.1 India mein resource planning

Resource planning ek decision nahi, balki teen kaamon ki ek chain hai (Fig. 1.5):

1. Har region ke resources ko pehchaano aur list karo: unka survey karo, map banao, aur andaaza lagao ki kitne hain aur kitne achhe hain.
2. Development plans ko laagu karne ke liye sahi technology, trained logon aur institutions ke saath ek planning set-up banao.
3. Har resource plan ko desh ke overall development plan mein fit karo.

India Independence ke thodi der baad shuru hue First Five Year Plan (1951–56) se in goals ke peeche laga hai. 2015 mein Planning Commission ki jagah NITI Aayog aaya, jo ab aisi planning par salah deta hai.

Chaabi ke bina khazane ka sandook kisi kaam ka nahi. Develop hone ke liye region ko resources chahiye, lekin unhe use karne ki technology aur unka use organise karne ke liye institutions bhi chahiye; inke bina ameer deposits gareeb gaon ke bagal mein pade reh sakte hain. Isi tarah India mein aise regions hain jo resources mein ameer hain lekin economically backward hain, aur aise regions bhi jinke paas kam resources hain lekin woh prosperous hain.

History bhi yahi sabak sikhaati hai. Nineteenth century mein Britain ki machines aur steamships ki wajah se woh India mein raw cotton sasta khareed paata, Lancashire ki mills mein use spin aur weave karta, aur kapda wapas Indians ko bechta. Colonies ko unke resources ke liye chaaha jaata tha, aur behtar technology ne colonisers ko unhe exploit karne aur raaj karne diya; India ne kai phases mein yeh jhela. India ke liye sabak: uske resources uske logon ke liye kya karte hain, yeh sirf is par depend nahi karta ki zameen mein kya pada hai. Yeh available technology, workers ki skills aur uski history ke experience par bhi depend karta hai.

1.3.2 Resources ka conservation

Resources ke bina development nahi ho sakta. Lekin din-raat chalta tube well, ya forest jo wapas ugne se tez kaata jaaye, logon, economies aur environment, sabko nuksaan pahunchata hai. Iska jawab hai conservation, jo ghar, gaon, desh aur poori duniya milkar karein. Global slogan banne se bahut pehle India aur bahar ke thinkers ne iski baat ki thi.

Gandhiji ki nazar mein Earth ko khaali karne wali cheez need nahi, greed thi, aur unhe aisi technology par bharosa nahi tha jo logon aur nature ko exploit kare. Laakhon ki ginti mein saamaan banane wali badi factories (mass production) ki jagah woh production by the masses chahte the: kaam bahut saare logon mein bata ho, jaise har ghar mein chalta charkha.

1.4 Land resources

Aaj tumne jo kuch kiya, ghar mein sone se lekar chawal khaane aur bus se school jaane tak, sab mein land use hui. Forests, wildlife, crops, factories, roads aur phone towers, sab ispar khade hain. Lagbhag har doosre resource ke ulat, iski maatra fixed hai: India aur land nahi bana sakta, bas yeh plan kar sakta hai ki jo hai use kaise use kare.

India ki relief dekho to chaar tarah ki land milti hai: mountains, plateaus, plains aur islands. Land area ka lagbhag 43 per cent plains, 30 per cent mountains aur 27 per cent plateaus hain (Fig. 1.6). Har ek humare liye alag kaam karta hai.

1.4.1 Land utilisation

Government ke land records India ki land ko use ke hisaab se paanch groups mein baant-te hain. Yeh categories har land-use table ki language hain, isliye inhe achhe se seekh lo:

1. Forests.
2. Kheti ke liye available nahi land:
   • barren aur waste land, jaise pathreeli ya desert land
   • non-agricultural uses mein lagi land: ghar, roads, railways, factories
3. Baaki uncultivated land (fallow ko chhodkar):
   • permanent pastures aur grazing land
   • miscellaneous tree crops aur groves wali land, jo net sown area mein nahi gini jaati
   • culturable waste land: is par kheti ho sakti hai lekin yeh 5 se zyada agricultural years se bina kheti ke padi hai
4. Fallow land:
   • current fallow: ek agricultural year ya usse kam ke liye bina boye chhodi gayi
   • current fallow ke alawa fallow: 1 se 5 agricultural years tak bina boye
5. Net sown area: woh land jis par sach mein crops boyi aur kaati jaati hain.

1.4.2 India mein land use pattern

Land ka use do tarah ke factors par depend karta hai:

India ka total geographical area lagbhag 3.28 million sq km hai, lekin land-use records isme se sirf lagbhag 93 per cent ko cover karte hain. Assam ke alawa zyada-tar north-eastern states ki reporting adhoori hai, aur Jammu and Kashmir ke jin areas par Pakistan aur China ka kabza hai, unka kabhi survey nahi hua. Isliye land-use tables mein shares reporting area ke per cent mein hote hain.

Fig. 1.7 1960–61 aur 2019–20 mein har category ke shares ko compare karta hai. Do baatein saaf dikhti hain. Net sown area saath saal se 45 per cent ke aas-paas hi raha hai. Forests bade hain, lekin sirf reporting area ke lagbhag 18 se lagbhag 23 per cent tak.

Net sown area states ke beech bahut alag hai. Punjab aur Haryana apne area ke chaar-paanchve hisse se zyada (80 per cent se upar) par buvaai karte hain. Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur aur Andaman and Nicobar Islands ek-dasve hisse se bhi kam (10 per cent se neeche) par buvaai karte hain.

Kuch land saalon tak fallow kyun rehti hai? Aksar woh kamzor hoti hai, ya har season us par kheti karna bahut mehenga padta hai, isliye kisaan us par do-teen saal mein sirf ek-do baar buvaai karte hain. Aisi land ko net sown area mein jodo to reporting area ka hal ke neeche wala share lagbhag 54 per cent ho jaata hai.

1952 ki National Forest Policy ne nature ka balance banaye rakhne ke liye desh ke ek-tihaai (33 per cent) hisse ko forest ke neeche rakhne ka goal rakha. India abhi bhi us goal se kaafi peeche hai. Yeh kami wildlife ke saath logon ke liye bhi maayne rakhti hai: forest ke kinaare rehne wali laakhon tribal aur gaon ki families lakdi, chaara, tendu leaves, shahad aur medicinal plants ikattha karke guzaara karti hain.

Do aur categories par nazar rakhni zaroori hai. Pathreele, sookhe aur desert ilaake waste land banate hain. Ghar, roads, railway lines aur factories non-agricultural uses mein lagi land gherte hain, aur yeh share har saal badhta hai jaise-jaise towns failte hain. Aur jis land par saal-dar-saal bina dekhbhaal ke kaam hota hai, woh dheere-dheere ghis jaati hai, jisse log aur environment dono ko nuksaan hota hai.

1.5 Land degradation aur conservation measures

Land ko family ki khaandaani virasat samjho: humein yeh pichhli generations se mili hai aur humein ise achhi haalat mein aane wali generations ko dena hai. Yeh humein khana, kapda aur ghar deti hai; in basic needs ka lagbhag 95 per cent land se aata hai. Land degradation (भूमि निम्नीकरण) ka matlab hai land ki paidaawaar dene ki taakat ka kam hona. Log ise seedhe karte hain, aur hawa aur paani ko bhi land ko apne aap se zyada tezi se ghisne dete hain.

Main human causes hain forests kaatna, overgrazing, mining aur quarrying, over-irrigation, mineral processing ki dhool aur industrial waste. Alag-alag regions alag-alag causes se pareshaan hain (Table 1.6).

Jab kisi mine ka saara ore nikal jaata hai, to aksar use bas chhod diya jaata hai. Peeche bachta hai zakhmi landscape, khule gaddhe aur overburden ke dher, yaani ore tak pahunchne ke liye hataye gaye waste rock aur soil, wahan jahan kabhi forest uga tha.

Over-irrigation dheere kaam karta hai (Fig. 1.8). Jab kheton ko saal-dar-saal canal ke paani se bhar diya jaata hai, to water table upar aa jaata hai aur soil bheegi rehti hai, yaani waterlogged. Surface tak upar kheencha gaya paani evaporate hota hai aur apne ghule hue salts peeche chhod deta hai, isliye soil saline aur alkaline ho jaati hai.

Jo works cement ke liye limestone, ya tiles aur ceramics ke liye calcite aur soapstone peeste hain, woh hawa ko baareek dhool se bhar dete hain. Yeh paas ke kheton par parat ki tarah jam jaati hai, isliye baarish ka paani andar risne ke bajaay beh jaata hai. Bina treatment ke phenke gaye factory effluents bhi poore India mein land aur paani ke bade polluter ban gaye hain.

Degraded land ko theek kiya ja sakta hai, aur ilaaj cause par depend karta hai:

1.6 Soil ek resource ke roop mein

Humare saare natural resources mein shayad soil sabse zyada maayne rakhti hai. Plants ismein ugte hain, aur yeh anginat living things ka ghar hai. Yeh khud ek living system hai, roots, kenchuon, fungi aur bacteria se bhari hui. Aur yeh bahut dheere banti hai: UN ka Food and Agriculture Organization andaaza lagata hai ki ek centimetre topsoil banne mein 1,000 saal tak lag sakte hain. Tumhari textbook bhi yahi baat zor dekar kehti hai ki kuch centimetres banne mein ‘millions of years’ lagte hain.

Soil ko ek bahut dheemi recipe samjho. Base ingredient hai parent rock (bedrock); cooks hain climate, land ka relief (slope), plants aur doosre living things, aur time. Roz garam aur thanda hona rock mein daraarein daalta hai; baarish, rivers, wind aur glaciers tukdon ko peeste aur le jaate hain; aur decomposers mare hue patton aur jaanwaron ko humus mein badal dete hain. Saath-saath chemical reactions aur living things ka kaam chalta rehta hai. Taiyaar soil ka ek hissa inorganic (rock particles) aur ek hissa organic (humus) hota hai.

Ek gehra gaddha khodo to tumhe layers dikhengi, jinhe horizons kehte hain, aur yeh milkar soil profile banati hain (Fig. 1.9). Sabse upar dark, humus se bhari topsoil hai. Uske neeche weathered rock ki subsoil hai jismein sand, silt aur clay hai, phir dheeli, weathered parent rock ka substratum. Sabse neeche solid, bina weathered bedrock hai.

1.6.1 Soils ka classification

India mein relief, landforms, climates aur plant cover itne alag-alag hain, isliye yahan kai tarah ki soils hain. Geographers unhe is hisaab se sort karte hain ki woh kaise bani, aur unke colour, gehrai, texture, umar aur chemical aur physical banawat ke hisaab se. Table 1.7 chhe main types ka summary deta hai.

Alluvial soils

Alluvial soil (जलोढ़ मृदा) India ki sabse zyada faili aur sabse important soil hai. Ise teen badi Himalayan river systems, Indus, Ganga aur Brahmaputra, ne bichhaaya hai, isliye poore northern plains isi se bane hain. Yeh ek sankare corridor se Rajasthan aur Gujarat tak bhi pahunchti hai, aur eastern coastal plains ko cover karti hai, khaaskar Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna aur Kaveri ke deltas ko.

Alluvium sand, silt aur clay ka alag-alag proportions mein mix hai. Particle size is par depend karta hai ki river ne apna load kahan giraya. Mountains ki talhati ke paas, jahan break of slope par rivers tezi se bahar nikalti hain, soil coarse hoti hai. Yeh Duars, Chos aur Terai jaise piedmont plains ki khaasiyat hai. Aage neeche ki taraf rivers dheemi ho jaati hain aur aur bhi baareek particles giraati hain.

Alluvium ko umar ke hisaab se bhi group kiya jaata hai (Fig. 1.10). Bangar oonchi zameen par purana alluvium hai; ismein kankar (lime) nodules zyada hote hain. Khadar neeche floodplain par naya alluvium hai, jo lagbhag har saal floods se naya ho jaata hai. Iske particles zyada baareek hote hain, aur dono mein yeh zyada fertile hai.

Kul milakar alluvial soils bahut fertile hoti hain. Inmein aam taur par kaafi potash, phosphoric acid aur lime hota hai, jo sugarcane, paddy, wheat aur doosre cereals aur pulses ke liye theek hai. Isiliye alluvial regions mein intensive kheti hoti hai aur population ghani hai. Sookhe areas ki soils zyada alkaline hoti hain, lekin sahi treatment aur irrigation se unhe productive banaya ja sakta hai.

Black soil

Black soil (काली मृदा), jise regur bhi kehte hain, cotton ke liye mashhoor hai, isiliye iska doosra naam black cotton soil hai. Yeh Deccan plateau ke north-west mein Deccan trap ki lava rock (basalt) par bani; climate aur is parent rock ne milkar ise banaya. Yeh Maharashtra plateau par, Saurashtra (Gujarat) mein, Malwa plateau par aur Madhya Pradesh mein aur jagah, aur Chhattisgarh mein milti hai. Wahan se yeh Godavari aur Krishna valleys ke saath south-east tak failti hai.

Black soil bahut baareek, clayey particles se bani hai, isliye yeh moisture achhe se pakad kar rakhti hai. Ismein lime aur calcium carbonate, magnesium aur potash bharpoor hote hain, lekin phosphorus aam taur par kam hota hai. Garam, sookhe season mein yeh sikudti hai aur gehri daraarein khul jaati hain, jo soil mein hawa jaane deti hain (Fig. 1.11). Geeli hone par yeh phoolti hai aur chipchipi aur bhaari ho jaati hai, isliye kisaan ise pehli bauchhaar ke turant baad ya monsoon aane se pehle jotne ki koshish karte hain.

Red aur yellow soils

Red soil Deccan plateau ke sookhe, kam baarish wale east aur south mein purani crystalline igneous rocks par banti hai. Red aur yellow soils Odisha aur Chhattisgarh ke kuch hisson, middle Ganga plain ke southern hisse aur Western Ghats ke foothill (piedmont) zone mein bhi milti hain. Laal rang crystalline aur metamorphic rocks mein faile iron se aata hai. Jahan iron hydrated hai, yaani paani ke saath juda hai, wahan soil yellow dikhti hai.

Laterite soil

Yeh naam Latin shabd later se aaya hai, jiska matlab hai brick; khod kar sukhaane par laterite brick ki tarah sakht ho jaati hai. Laterite soil tropical aur subtropical climates mein banti hai jahan baari-baari se geela aur sookha season aata hai. Tez baarish isse hokar risti hai aur nutrients ko neeche aur bahar baha le jaati hai; is process ko intense leaching (निक्षालन) kehte hain.

Iska result aam taur par gehri se bahut gehri soil hoti hai jo acidic (pH 6.0 se kam) aur plant nutrients mein kamzor hoti hai. Deciduous aur evergreen forests ke neeche ismein humus bharpoor hota hai; semi-arid areas mein patli vegetation ke neeche bahut kam. Landscape mein apni jagah ki wajah se yeh aasaani se erode aur degrade ho jaati hai.

• Kahan: southern states, Maharashtra ke Western Ghats, Odisha, West Bengal ke kuch hisse, aur north-east.
• Tea aur coffee: soil conservation ke saath, yeh Karnataka, Kerala aur Tamil Nadu ki hill slopes par inhe ugaati hai.
• Cashew nut: Kerala, Tamil Nadu aur Andhra Pradesh ki red laterite par achha ugta hai.

Arid soils

Arid soils ka rang laal se bhoora hota hai, texture sandy hota hai aur yeh namkeen hoti hain; kuch jagahon par yeh itni namkeen hoti hain ki log inse nikle paani ko evaporate karke common salt banate hain. Garmi aur sookhepan se evaporation tez hota hai, isliye in soils mein humus aur moisture ki kami hoti hai. Gehrai ke saath calcium badhta hai, isliye neeche ke horizons mein kankar ki parat hoti hai jo paani ko neeche risne se rokti hai. Sahi irrigation se arid soils par kheti ho sakti hai, jaisa western Rajasthan dikhata hai.22Indira Gandhi Canal, jo Punjab ke Harike barrage se shuru hoti hai, Thar desert mein door tak paani le jaati hai.

Forest soils

Forest soils un hilly aur mountain areas mein banti hain jahan forests ke liye kaafi baarish hoti hai. Inka texture mountain ki jagah ke saath badalta hai: valley ke kinaaron par loamy aur silty, upar ki slopes par coarse-grained. Himalayas ke barf se dhake hisson mein yeh ghis jaati hain (denuded), acidic hoti hain aur inmein humus kam hota hai. Valleys mein neeche, khaaskar river terraces aur alluvial fans par, yeh fertile hoti hain.

1.7 Soil erosion aur soil conservation

Soil ko ek bank account samjho: nayi soil deposit hai, khoi hui soil withdrawal. Nature dono entries lagataar karti rehti hai, aur aam taur par dono lagbhag barabar rehti hain. Soil erosion (मृदा अपरदन) withdrawal wala side hai: soil cover hat jaata hai aur beh jaata hai ya ud jaata hai. Jab log forests saaf karte hain, overgrazing karte hain, construction ya mining karte hain, to withdrawals aage nikal jaate hain, aur paani, wind aur glaciers khuli soil ko le jaate hain.

Erosion kai roop leta hai (Fig. 1.12):

• Gully erosion: clayey soil par tezi se behta baarish ka paani aur gehre channels kaatta jaata hai jinhe gullies kehte hain, jab tak land itni kat jaaye ki use jota na ja sake. Aisi land ko bad land kehte hain; Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan aur Uttar Pradesh mein faile Chambal basin ke ravines iska jaana-maana example hain.
• Sheet erosion: tez baarish ke baad paani slope par ek patli, chaudi parat ki tarah neeche fisalta hai aur chupchaap poore khet se topsoil hata deta hai.
• Wind erosion: tez, sookhi hawaayein khaali kheton se dheeli topsoil uthaati hain aur use dhool bana kar le jaati hain.
• Galat kheti: slope par seedhe neeche jote gaye furrows naaliyon ki tarah kaam karte hain, aur paani aur soil ko tezi se neeche bhejte hain.

Kisaan apni land ke hisaab se sahi methods se erosion ko dheema kar sakte hain ya rok sakte hain (Fig. 1.13):

• Contour ploughing (समोच्च जुताई): contour lines ke saath, slope ke aar-paar jotna, taaki har furrow paani ko rok le.
• Terrace farming: slope ko flat seedhiyon mein kaatna. Western aur central Himalayas ke pahaadi kisaan peedhiyon se terraces par kheti karte aa rahe hain.
• Strip cropping: ek chaude khet mein pattiyon mein kheti hoti hai, baari-baari se crop aur ghaas, taaki ghaas ki pattiyan hawa ko soil uthaane se pehle dheema kar dein.
• Shelter belts: trees ki rows jo windbreaks ka kaam karti hain. Western India mein inhone chalte sand dunes ko jagah par rokne aur desert ko failne se rokne mein madad ki hai.