Manufacturing Industries: Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Hinglish mein

June ka pehla hafta hai aur school jaldi khulne wala hai. Tumhari family shopping karne jaati hai: ek geometry box, ek steel ki water bottle, do school shirts, ek darjan notebooks aur sadak kinare baithe ek kumhaar se sikke bachane ke liye mitti ki gullak. Bag ki har cheez ki shuruaat kisi rough cheez se hui thi, jaise iron ore, cotton ke bolls, wood pulp, crude oil ya nadi ki mitti. Kisi ne use badalkar khareedne laayak cheez banaya. Inmein se kuch goods badi factories ki lines se aaye, kuch das workers wale workshop se, aur gullak ko ek family ne ghar par banaya.

Raw materials ko zyada value wale goods mein, badi sankhya mein, badalna manufacturing (विनिर्माण) kehlata hai. Sand aur soda ash ko pighlaakar glass bottles banti hain. Dairy plant mein doodh ko phaadkar aur dabaakar paneer banta hai. Raw cotton ko kaat kar, bunkar aur silkar woh shirt banti hai jo tumne pehni hai. Har case mein product ki value usmein lage materials se kahin zyada hoti hai. Kabhi-kabhi ek factory ka product doosri factory ka raw material hota hai: spinning mill ka yarn weaving mill ka input hai.

Economists kaam ko teen sectors mein baant-te hain. Farmers, fishers aur miners primary sector mein kaam karte hain, yaani nature se cheezein lete hain. Jo log un cheezon ko finished goods mein badalte hain, woh secondary sector (द्वितीयक क्षेत्रक) mein aate hain: Ludhiana ki bicycle factory ka welder, biscuit unit ka baker, cement kiln ka operator. Teachers, drivers aur bank clerks services dete hain, jo tertiary sector hai. Yeh chapter beech wale group, yaani manufacturing industries ke baare mein hai. Kisi desh ki manufacturing kitni develop hui hai, ise aksar uski economic strength ka measure maana jaata hai.

6.1 Manufacturing ka importance

Planners manufacturing ko development ki, aur sabse zyada economic development ki, backbone kyun kehte hain? Chaar reasons khaas hain.

1. Yeh farming ko upar uthati hai aur doosra kaam deti hai. Factories woh tractors, pumps aur fertilisers banati hain jo agriculture ko modern banate hain. Yeh factories, shops aur offices mein jobs bhi banati hain, jisse kam families ko sirf farm income par jeena padta hai.
2. Yeh unemployment aur poverty se ladti hai. Industrial growth ke bina berozgaari aur poverty khatam nahi ho sakti. Independence ke baad planners ne public-sector aur joint-sector industries zyaadatar jobs banane aur logon ko poverty se nikaalne ke liye lagayi. Unhone kuch plants jaan-boojhkar tribal aur backward areas mein lagaye, taaki gareeb regions ameer regions ke barabar aa sakein.
3. Yeh foreign exchange kamaati hai. Manufactured goods abroad bechne se trade badhta hai aur woh foreign currency aati hai jiski India ko apne imports ka paisa chukaane ke liye zaroorat hai.
4. Yeh nations ko prosperous banati hai. Iron ore abroad bechne se us iron se bani cars bechne ke mukable kahin kam kamaai hoti hai. Sabse ameer desh zyaadatar woh hain jo apne raw materials ko tarah-tarah ke mehange finished goods mein badalte hain, isliye India ko apni factories ko tezi se badhane aur diversify karne se fayda hai.

Farms aur factories partners hain, rivals nahi. Sugar mill cane ke bina nahi chal sakti, cotton mill raw cotton ke bina nahi, aur oil mill groundnut aur mustard seed ke bina nahi. Badle mein factories farmers ko tractors aur threshers, irrigation ke liye diesel pumps, drip pipes, sprays aur fertiliser deti hain. Aisi agro-based industries ne farm output badhaya hai aur farm ka kaam tez aur kam waste wala banaya hai (Fig. 6.1).

Aaj kisi shop mein jao to India mein bana pressure cooker abroad mein bane cooker ke bagal mein rakha mil sakta hai. Khareedne wala wahi chunega jo better value ho. Isliye sirf apne liye kaafi banana ab poora target nahi hai. Indian goods ko quality aur price mein duniya ke best goods ki barabari karni hogi, desh mein bhi aur export markets mein bhi. Iska matlab hai ki hamari industries ko lagaataar zyada efficient aur competitive banna hoga.

6.2 Industries ka classification

Tumhari class ko kai tareekon se sort kiya ja sakta hai: height se, house team se, ya har student ghar jaane ke liye kaun si bus leta hai, usse. Industries ko bhi alag-alag sawaal poochkar group kiya ja sakta hai, aur har grouping hamein kuch kaam ki baat batati hai (Fig. 6.2). Aage padhne se pehle, is hafte use ki gayi das manufactured cheezon ki list banao, LED bulb se lekar cooking oil ki bottle tak. List sambhaal ke rakho; tum use sort karoge.

Raw material ke source se. Agro-based industries (कृषि आधारित उद्योग) farm products ko process karti hain: sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil, rubber, aur cotton, woollen, jute aur silk textiles. Mineral-based industries (खनिज आधारित उद्योग) minerals aur metals ko process karti hain: cement, aluminium, iron aur steel, petrochemicals aur machine tools.

Main role se. Basic ya key industry aise products banati hai jinhe doosri industries raw material ki tarah use karti hain. Steel plant ka steel doosri factories mein car bodies, rails aur pressure cookers banta hai; copper aur aluminium smelting bhi basic industries hain. Consumer industry aisi cheezein banati hai jo log seedhe khareedte aur use karte hain, jaise toothpaste, biscuits, soap, ceiling fans aur sewing machines.

Capital investment se. Koi industry small scale tab maani jaati hai jab uske assets mein lagaya gaya paisa government ki tay ki hui ek seema se kam rahe. Yeh seema samay-samay par badli jaati hai; tumhari textbook ise ek crore rupaye batati hai.

Ownership se. Factory ka maalik kaun hai aur uska profit ya loss kaun uthata hai? Public-sector units government agencies ki hoti hain aur private-sector units individuals ya companies ki. Joint sector mein government aur private owners milkar unit chalate hain. Cooperative sector (सहकारी क्षेत्र) mein raw material supply karne wale farmers, workers, ya dono unit ke maalik hote hain; woh apna paisa ikattha karte hain aur profit ya loss hisse ke hisaab se baant-te hain (Table 6.2).

Bulk aur weight se. Heavy industries bhaari raw materials use karti hain aur bhaari goods banati hain; iron aur steel iska standard example hai. Light industries halke materials use karti hain aur halke products banati hain, jaise electrical goods industry. Weight isliye matter karta hai kyunki yeh transport cost tay karta hai, jaise tum sugar aur steel mein dekhoge.

6.3 Agro-based industries

Sugar, edible oil, aur cotton, jute, silk aur woollen textiles, sab ki shuruaat kisi farm, orchard ya bhedon ke charagah se hoti hai. Is section mein hum inmein se teen ko dhyaan se dekhenge: cotton textiles, jute textiles aur sugar.

6.3.1 Textile industry

Ek cotton shirt ko ulta follow karo to tum ek lambi value chain (मूल्य श्रृंखला) ke har stage se guzarte ho: stitching, dyeing, weaving, spinning aur bilkul shuruaat mein ek farmer ka khet. India mein yeh saare stages desh ke andar hi hote hain, aur tumhari textbook zor deti hai ki textiles desh ki akeli industry hai jo poori chain mein self-reliant hai (Fig. 6.3). Yeh ek reason hai ki is industry ki hamari economy mein khaas jagah hai. Yeh industrial output mein bada hissa bhi jodti hai, laakhon logon ko kaam deti hai aur exports se foreign exchange kamaati hai.

6.3.2 Cotton textiles

Factories se bahut pehle, Indian weavers duniya bhar mein aise kapde ke liye mashhoor the jo poori tarah haath se kaata aur buna jaata tha. Machines ne yeh badal diya. Eighteenth century ke baad power looms faile, aur colonial rule mein England ka sasta mill-made kapda Indian markets mein bhar gaya. Gaon ke spinners aur weavers uske price ka muqabla nahi kar paaye, aur kai logon ki rozi-roti chhin gayi.

Shuru ke saalon mein mills wahin ikatthi huin jahan cotton ugta tha, Gujarat aur Maharashtra mein. Yeh sanyog nahi tha. Raw cotton paas mein ugta tha aur buyers bhi paas the. Railways aur Mumbai jaise ports cotton andar laate aur kapda bahar le jaate the, aur workers aasaani se mil jaate the. Coast ki nam hawa ne bhi madad ki, kyunki hawa mein nami ho to cotton ka dhaaga kam toot-ta hai.

Ek cotton shirt se kamaane wale logon ko gino. Farmers cotton ugaate hain aur pickers bolls todte hain. Phir ginning (beejon ko fibre se alag karna), spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packing aur tailoring ke workers aate hain. Mills machine parts, packing material, dyes aur chemicals bhi khareedti hain, isliye unki demand se woh industries bhi chalti rehti hain.

Ab dekho ki har stage kahan hota hai (Fig. 6.4). Spinning, yaani fibre ko lapet kar yarn banana, ke liye badi aur mehangi machines chahiye, isliye yeh Tamil Nadu, Gujarat aur Maharashtra mein concentrated badi mills mein hoti hai. India ki spinning duniya ki sabse achhi spinning mein se hai. Weaving ki kahani alag hai. Handlooms aur power looms hazaaron towns aur gaon mein faile hain, badi mills ke looms ke saath-saath. Yeh failaav local skills aur designs ko zinda rakhta hai, zari borders se lekar embroidered silk tak. Kami quality mein hai: is tarah buna gaya zyaadatar kapda mota hota hai, isliye hamare bareek yarn ka kaafi hissa desh mein use nahi ho paata. Haath se kaati aur haath se buni khadi bahut se weavers ko unke apne gharon mein kaam deti hai; yeh ek cottage industry hai.

6.3.3 Jute textiles

Jute, yaani golden fibre, se bore, rassiyan, carpet backing aur shopping bags bante hain. Tumhari textbook batati hai ki India raw jute aur jute goods ka duniya ka sabse bada producer hai, aur Bangladesh ke baad jute goods ka doosra sabse bada exporter. Zyaadatar jute mills West Bengal mein hain, Hugli river ke dono kinaaron par ek patli belt mein thasathas bhari hui.

Itni saari mills ek hi nadi kinaare ki patti mein kyun ikatthi huin? Fig. 6.5 ke steps dekho aur advantages gino.

• Paas mein raw jute: West Bengal aur uske padosi states ke jute fields bilkul paas hain.
• Sasta water transport: Hugli par chalti boats bhaari bales ko saste mein le jaati hain, aur rail aur road links bhi hain.
• Bharpoor paani: processing ke dauraan raw jute ko bhigona aur dhona padta hai.
• Sasta labour: workers West Bengal se aur padosi Odisha, Bihar aur Uttar Pradesh se aate hain.
• Kolkata: bada shehar banking, insurance aur jute goods export karne ke liye port deta hai.

6.3.4 Sugar industry

Tumhari textbook ke hisaab se sugar production mein India duniya mein doosre number par hai aur gur aur khandsari, yaani traditional unrefined meethe, banane mein pehle number par. Sugarcane bulky hota hai, aur katne ke baad uska sucrose, yaani dandi mein bhari sugar, kam hone lagta hai. Woh jitna zyada safar kare ya intezaar kare, mill use utni kam sugar nikaal paati hai. Isliye sugar mills cane fields ke beech mein hi banayi jaati hain (Fig. 6.6).

Sugar mills north (Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana aur Bihar), west (Maharashtra, Gujarat aur Madhya Pradesh) aur south (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu aur Andhra Pradesh) ke cane belts mein faili hain. Textbook kehti hai ki Uttar Pradesh aur Bihar mein milkar saath per cent mills hain. Yeh industry seasonal hai: mill sirf harvest ke baad ke mahino mein cane crush karti hai.

Pichhle kuch saalon mein desh ke south aur west mein, sabse zyada Maharashtra mein, zyada se zyada mills lagi hain. Neeche ka comparison teen reasons deta hai.

6.4 Mineral-based industries: iron, steel aur aluminium

Jab raw material koi mineral ya metal ho, to industry mineral-based hoti hai. Aage padhne se pehle, aisi paanch industries ke naam sochne ki koshish karo. Shayad sabse pehle steel dimaag mein aaya, lekin cement, aluminium, glass aur petrochemicals bhi isi mein aate hain. Hum do badi metal industries se shuru karte hain.

6.4.1 Iron aur steel industry

Baaki har industry, chahe heavy ho, medium ho ya light, machines par chalti hai, aur machines steel se bani hoti hain. Isiliye iron aur steel ko basic industry kaha jaata hai. Kisi railway station, hospital ya kitchen mein ghoomo to tumhe rails, girders, scalpels, gas cylinders aur khaana banane ke bartanon mein steel milega. Armies, telecom towers aur laboratories bhi is par depend karte hain.

Steel itna central hai ki kisi desh ka development aksar is se aanka jaata hai ki woh kitna steel banata aur use karta hai. Ise banana ek bhaari, bulky kaam hai (Fig. 6.7). Lagbhag har 4 parts iron ore ke liye plant ko 2 parts coking coal aur 1 part limestone chahiye. Thoda manganese bhi chahiye, jo steel ko aur sakht banata hai. Itna bojh dhona mehanga padta hai. Bana hua steel bhi buyers tak bhejne mein utna hi bhaari hai, isliye plant ko dono taraf achhe transport links chahiye.

Chhotanagpur plateau par India ke kisi bhi doosre region se zyada iron aur steel plants hain, kyunki yahan ek saath kai advantages hain. Achha iron ore aur coking coal ek doosre se thodi hi doori par nikaale jaate hain, isliye ore laane ka kharcha kam hai. Workers kam wages par mil jaate hain. Aur desh mein steel ka market bahut bada hai aur abhi bhi tezi se badh raha hai, isliye plants jo banate hain woh bech sakte hain.

6.4.2 Aluminium smelting

Aluminium itna popular kyun ho gaya hai? Aluminium ka pressure cooker uthao to pehla reason mehsoos hoga: yeh halka hai. Ispar jang nahi lagta, yeh garmi achhe se conduct karta hai, ise peet kar aur roll karke patli sheets aur foil banaye ja sakte hain, aur doosre metals ke saath alloy banane par yeh mazboot ho jaata hai. Isliye iska use aircraft bodies, khaana banane ke bartanon aur power cables mein hota hai, aur kai industries ab steel, copper, zinc aur lead ki jagah ise use karti hain. Koi hairaani nahi ki India ki metal industries mein aluminium smelting (प्रगलन) sirf iron aur steel ke baad doosre number par hai.

Smelting mein bahut zyada power lagti hai, isliye smelter ki pehli zaroorat hai electricity ki regular aur bharosemand supply. Doosri zaroorat hai raw material ki aisi supply jis par kam kharche mein bharosa kiya ja sake. Yeh raw material bauxite se aata hai, jo ek bulky, gehra laal-sa rock hai (Fig. 6.8). India ke smelters Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh aur West Bengal mein hain.

6.5 Chemical, fertiliser aur cement industries

Tumhari textbook inhe bhi mineral-based industries ke saath list karti hai. Teeno rocks, salts, oil ya gas ko aise products mein badalti hain jin par farms, builders aur doosri factories depend karte hain.

6.5.1 Chemical industries

Tumhare bathroom ke soap se lekar khet ke fertiliser tak, chemicals har jagah hain, aur unhe banane wali industry India ki sabse tezi se badhne wali industries mein se ek hai. Bade plants aur chhoti units dono ismein hissa lete hain. Iske products do branches mein bante hain, inorganic aur organic, aur dono tezi se badh rahi hain (comparison dekho).

Ek hairaani ki baat: chemicals ki sabse badi buyer khud chemical industry hai. Sulphuric acid ya caustic soda banane wala plant apna kaafi output doosre chemical plants ko bechta hai, jo use naye chemicals mein badalte hain. Uske baad hi products factories, farms aur shops tak pahunchte hain (Fig. 6.9).

6.5.2 Fertiliser industry

Fertiliser plants teen main tarah ka plant food banate hain. Nitrogenous fertilisers, khaas kar urea, nitrogen (N) dete hain. Phosphatic fertilisers aur diammonium phosphate (DAP) phosphate (P) dete hain. Complex fertilisers ek hi bag mein nitrogen, phosphate aur potash (K) milaate hain. Potash sabse alag hai: India mein mining ke laayak potash deposits nahi hain, isliye saara potash import hota hai.

Green Revolution ke baad yeh industry kai aur states mein fail gayi, jab high-yielding seeds ne fertiliser ki bahut badi demand paida ki. Textbook ke hisaab se India ka lagbhag aadha fertiliser sirf paanch states se aata hai: Kerala, Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh aur Tamil Nadu. Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, West Bengal aur Andhra Pradesh bhi achhi-khaasi matra mein produce karte hain.

6.5.3 Cement industry

Har dam, flyover, airport runway, factory shed aur naye ghar ko cement chahiye. Ise banane mein limestone, silica aur gypsum jaise bhaari, bulky raw materials lagte hain, saath mein kilns ke liye coal aur electric power, aur sab kuch andar-bahar le jaane ke liye railways. Gujarat ke kuch plants aisi jagah lagaye gaye hain ki woh Gulf countries ke markets mein cement ship kar sakein.

6.6 Automobile, IT aur electronics industries

6.6.1 Automobile industry

1991 se pehle car chahne wali Indian family ke paas chunne ke liye bas kuch hi models the. Us saal economy liberalise hone ke baad naye aur modern models aaye aur buyers unki taraf toot pade. Industry mein boom aaya, sabse zyada passenger cars aur two- aur three-wheelers mein. Aaj India har tarah ki road vehicle banata hai jo logon aur goods ko tezi se le jaati hai: motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, cars, multi-utility vehicles, buses aur trucks. Main centres, alphabetical order mein, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Gurugram, Hyderabad, Indore, Jamshedpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai aur Pune ke aas-paas hain.

Car plant asal mein ek bahut bada assembly hall hai jo darjanon doosri industries par depend karta hai (Fig. 6.10).

6.6.2 Information technology aur electronics industry

Airport ka radar, tumhari phone calls jodne wala exchange, school ke bahar ka mobile tower, ghar ka television aur lab ka computer: yeh sab electronic products hain. Electronics industry telecommunication industry ki zarooraton ka bhi kaafi hissa supply karti hai. Bengaluru ko India ki electronic capital kaha jaata hai. Electronic goods Chennai, Coimbatore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai aur Pune mein bhi badi sankhya mein bante hain.

IT industry itni important kyun hai? Sabse zyada un jobs ki wajah se jo isne banayi hain, jinmein se kai young graduates ke liye hain. Iska future hardware, yaani machines, aur software, yaani un par chalne wale programs, dono ki growth par depend karta hai. Yeh industry mainly chhe shehron mein concentrated hai: Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Noida aur Pune. Desh bhar ke Software Technology Parks aisi firms ko taiyaar buildings aur fast data links dete hain (Table 6.7).

6.7 Industrial pollution aur environmental degradation

Industries ne India ki growth ke liye bahut kuch kiya hai, lekin unhone hamari zameen, paani aur hawa ko ganda bhi kiya hai aur hamare towns ko shor se bhar diya hai. Woh chaar tarah ka pollution failaati hain: air, water, land aur noise (Fig. 6.12). Thermal power plants bhi polluters mein shaamil hain.

Kisi brick kiln ya smelter ke paas khade ho jao to tum air pollution dekh aur soongh sakte ho. Ismein do tarah ke pollutants hote hain. Ek hai harmful gases, jaise sulphur dioxide ($\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}{\phantom{X}}_2$) aur carbon monoxide ($\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}$), jo badi matra mein hoti hain. Doosra hai particulate matter: hawa mein tairte dhool aur dhuein ke kan, aur spray aur mist ki chhoti-chhoti boondein. Refineries, smelters, paper aur chemical factories aur brick kilns sab dhuaan chhodte hain, aur woh har factory bhi jo pollution rules ko nazarandaaz karke fossil fuels jalaati hai. Nuksaan bahut bada hai: log aur jaanwar beemar padte hain, paudhon ko nuksaan hota hai, buildings kharab hoti hain aur poore atmosphere par asar padta hai.

Kisi polluted nadi ke saath upar ki taraf chalo to aksar tumhe kisi factory ka outlet milega. Tanneries, electroplating units, refineries, textile aur dyeing units, chemical works aur paper aur pulp mills sabse bade doshi hain. Unke effluents (बहिःस्राव) paani mein organic aur inorganic dono tarah ka waste le jaate hain: acids, salts, detergents aur dyes; mercury aur lead jaise heavy metals; aur pesticides, fertilisers, plastics aur rubber. Yeh water pollution hai. Zameen par industrial solid waste ke sabse bade dher hain power plants ki fly ash, iron aur steel plants ka slag aur fertiliser plants ka phosphogypsum.

Paani ka thermal pollution (तापीय प्रदूषण) tab hota hai jab factories aur thermal power plants garam paani ko bina thanda kiye nadiyon aur talaabon mein baha dete hain.

Land pollution aur water pollution ek hi problem ke do pehlu hain. Jab factories zameen par kachra, salts, packing waste, glass, effluents aur harmful chemicals phenkti hain, to mitti kheti ke laayak nahi rehti. Phir baarish ka paani dump se rees kar zehar ko neeche le jaata hai, jab tak groundwater bhi contaminate nahi ho jaata. Radioactive waste sabse khatarnaak hai: nuclear power plants aur nuclear aur weapons facilities ka waste miscarriages, birth defects aur cancers ka kaaran ban sakta hai.

Kisi stone-cutting unit ya building site ke bagal mein tumhe apni baat sunaane ke liye chillana pad sakta hai. Pneumatic aur electric drills, saws, generators, factory machines aur construction ka kaam hawa ko noise pollution se bhar dete hain. Yeh sirf pareshani nahi hai: anchaahi awaaz stress, chidchidaapan aur gussa paida karti hai, aur lambe samay tak sunne se heart rate aur blood pressure badh sakte hain aur sunne ki shakti kharab ho sakti hai.

6.8 Environmental degradation ka control

Textbook ke hisaab se industry jo har litre waste water chhodti hai, woh lagbhag aath guna fresh water ko pollute karta hai. Isliye sabse sasti safaai factory ke andar se shuru hoti hai. Paani ke liye teen steps madad karte hain.

1. Kam paani use karo. Processing ke do ya zyada stages mein usi paani ko reuse aur recycle karo.
2. Factory ki paani ki zaroorat ka kuch hissa poora karne ke liye rainwater harvest karo.
3. Chhodne se pehle treat karo. Garam paani ko thanda karo aur effluents ko nadiyon aur talaabon tak pahunchne se pehle treat karo.

Effluent treatment ke teen phases hote hain (Fig. 6.13). Pehla, primary treatment, mechanical hota hai: solids ko chhaan kar nikaalna, grinding, flocculation (bareek particles ko aapas mein chipka kar gucchhe banana) aur sedimentation (unhe neeche baithne dena). Secondary treatment biological hota hai: microbes ghule hue organic matter ko tod dete hain. Tertiary treatment biological, chemical aur physical tareekon se paani ko aur saaf karta hai, taaki use recycle kiya ja sake.

Jahan groundwater pehle se khatre mein hai, wahan kanoon ko industries ko zaroorat se zyada groundwater nikaalne se bhi rokna chahiye. Air aur noise pollution ke apne solutions hain (Table 6.8).

Aakhir mein challenge hai sustainable development (सतत पोषणीय विकास): economy ko badhaana aur environment ko bachaana, dono ek saath, ek ki keemat par doosra nahi.