Class 10 · Social Science · English medium
Contemporary India: Class 10 Geography companion
An original companion to Contemporary India, NCERT Class 10 Social Science (2026–27 edition). Official textbook ↗ ncert.nic.in
Start: Chapter 1 Resources and Development0 of 7 chapters done
Every chapter is ready
Every chapter is ready
Chapters
- ENHinglish
Chapter 1: Resources and Development
Class 10 geography (Contemporary India II, ch. - ENHinglish
Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife Resources
Class 10 geography (Contemporary India II, ch. - ENHinglish
Chapter 3: Water Resources
Class 10 geography (Contemporary India II, ch. - ENHinglish
Chapter 4: Agriculture
Class 10 geography (Contemporary India II, ch. - ENHinglish
Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources
Class 10 geography (Contemporary India II, ch. - ENHinglish
Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries
Class 10 geography (Contemporary India II, ch. - ENHinglish
Chapter 7: Lifelines of National Economy (Lifelines of the Economy)
Class 10 geography (Contemporary India II, ch.
Also in Hinglish
- Chapter 1: Resources and Development (Hinglish)
- Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife Resources (Hinglish)
- Chapter 3: Water Resources (Hinglish)
- Chapter 4: Agriculture (Hinglish)
- Chapter 5: Minerals aur Energy Resources (Hinglish)
- Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries (Hinglish)
- Chapter 7: National Economy ki Lifelines (Hinglish)
A
agro-based industryकृषि आधारित उद्योगAn industry whose raw materials come from farms, such as cotton textiles or sugar.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriesalluvial soilजलोढ़ मृदाFertile soil of sand, silt and clay laid down by rivers; it makes up the northern plains and the eastern deltas.Ch 1 · Resources and DevelopmentanticlineअपनतिAn upward arch in folded rock layers; oil and gas collect at its crest under a non-porous layer.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy ResourcesB
balance of tradeव्यापार संतुलनThe value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National Economybasic industryआधारभूत उद्योगAn industry whose products are raw materials for other industries, such as iron and steel.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriesbiodiversityजैव विविधताThe variety of all living things in an area, wild and cultivated, and the links between them.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesbiogasबायोगैसA fuel gas, mainly methane, made when bacteria break down dung or farm waste without air.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcesblack soilकाली मृदाClayey, moisture-holding soil formed from the lava rock of the Deccan trap; ideal for cotton and also called regur.Ch 1 · Resources and DevelopmentC
coarse grains (millets)मोटे अनाजHardy small-grained cereals such as jowar, bajra and ragi; rough to the touch but very nutritious.Ch 4 · Agriculturecommercial farmingवाणिज्यिक कृषिFarming mainly for sale, using modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilisers and pesticides.Ch 4 · Agricultureconsolidation of holdingsचकबंदीExchanging a farmer's scattered plots for one compact block of equal value.Ch 4 · Agricultureconsumer industryउपभोक्ता उद्योगAn industry that makes goods people use directly, such as soap or ceiling fans.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriescontour ploughingसमोच्च जुताईPloughing across a slope along its contour lines, so that each furrow slows the water running downhill.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentconventional sources of energyपरंपरागत ऊर्जा स्रोतSources in long use: coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity (hydel and thermal), firewood and cattle dung cake.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcescooperative sectorसहकारी क्षेत्रIndustries owned and run by the producers of raw materials, the workers or both, who share profits and losses.Ch 6 · Manufacturing IndustriesD
damबाँधA wall of earth, rock, concrete or timber built across a river to control its flow and store water.Ch 3 · Water ResourcesE
effluentबहिःस्रावLiquid waste, often polluted, that a factory or sewer lets out.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriesendangered speciesसंकटग्रस्त जातियाँA species in danger of dying out unless the threats to it are removed.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesF
fallow landपरती भूमिFarmland left unsown for a while: up to one agricultural year (current fallow) or one to five years (other fallow).Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentfaunaप्राणिजातAll the animals of a particular region.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife Resourcesferrous mineralलौह खनिजA metallic mineral that contains iron or is used mainly with it, such as iron ore and manganese.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcesfloraवनस्पतिजातAll the plants of a particular region.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesG
gaugeआमानThe distance between the inner faces of the two rails of a track.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National Economygeothermal energyभूतापीय ऊर्जाHeat from inside the Earth, used where hot rock near the surface turns groundwater into steam.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy ResourcesGolden Quadrilateralस्वर्णिम चतुर्भुजThe loop of super highways joining Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National EconomyGreen Revolutionहरित क्रांतिThe 1960s package of HYV seeds, irrigation, fertilisers and pesticides that sharply raised wheat and rice output.Ch 4 · Agriculturegross cropped areaसकल कृषित क्षेत्रThe net sown area plus the land sown more than once in the same agricultural year.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentgroundwaterभौम जलWater stored in the pores and cracks of soil and rock below the ground, drawn out through wells.Ch 3 · Water ResourcesH
habitatआवासThe natural home of a plant or animal, where it finds food, water, shelter and space to breed.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife Resourceshinterlandपृष्ठप्रदेशThe land area behind a port that sends goods through it and receives goods from it.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National EconomyhorticultureबागवानीGrowing fruits, vegetables and flowers.Ch 4 · Agriculturehumusह्यूमसDark organic matter in soil that decomposers make from dead plants and animals; it makes soil fertile.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmenthydrological cycleजलीय चक्रThe endless movement of water between the seas, the air and the land through evaporation, rain and flow.Ch 3 · Water ResourcesI
intensive subsistence farmingगहन जीविका कृषिLabour-heavy farming of small holdings with much fertiliser and irrigation, mainly to feed the family.Ch 4 · Agricultureinternational tradeअंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापारTrade between two or more countries.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National EconomyJ
joint forest managementसंयुक्त वन प्रबंधनA programme in which village committees and the forest department jointly protect degraded forests and share their produce.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife Resourcesjoint sectorसंयुक्त क्षेत्रIndustries run jointly by the government and private individuals or companies.Ch 6 · Manufacturing IndustriesK
khadinखडीनA field in western Rajasthan with an earthen bund that holds rain runoff so the soil stays moist for a crop.Ch 3 · Water Resourceskharifख़रीफ़The monsoon cropping season: sown with the first rains, harvested September–October.Ch 4 · AgriculturekulकूलA channel cut along a mountain slope to carry stream or glacier water to fields; used in the Western Himalayas.Ch 3 · Water ResourcesL
land degradationभूमि निम्नीकरणA fall in land's ability to support crops, plants and animals, through misuse such as overgrazing, mining or over-irrigation, or through natural forces.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentlaterite soilलेटराइट मृदाDeep, acidic, leached soil of hot regions with alternate wet and dry seasons; the name comes from the Latin later, brick.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentleachingनिक्षालनThe washing of nutrients down and out of soil by heavy rain soaking through it.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentleguminous cropफलीदार फ़सलA pod-bearing plant, such as a pulse, whose root nodules fix nitrogen from the air into the soil.Ch 4 · AgricultureM
manufacturingविनिर्माणTurning raw materials into more valuable goods in large quantities, usually with machines.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriesmass communicationजनसंचारCommunication from one source to very many people at once, such as radio, TV and newspapers.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National Economymetalled roadपक्की सड़कA road with a hard top of cement concrete or bitumen, usable in all weathers.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National EconomymineralखनिजA naturally formed substance, uniform throughout, with a definite internal arrangement of atoms.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcesmineral-based industryखनिज आधारित उद्योगAn industry that uses minerals or metals as raw materials, such as steel or cement.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriesminimum support price (MSP)न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्यA price, announced by the government before sowing, at which it stands ready to buy a crop from farmers.Ch 4 · Agriculturemulti-purpose river projectबहुउद्देशीय नदी परियोजनाA river project, usually built around a dam, whose stored water serves several uses at once.Ch 3 · Water ResourcesN
National Highwayराष्ट्रीय राजमार्गA primary road joining distant parts of the country.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National Economynational parkराष्ट्रीय उद्यानA protected area with the strictest protection for wildlife, where grazing and private rights are not allowed.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesNational Waterwayराष्ट्रीय जलमार्गA river or canal route declared by law for development as an inland water transport route.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National Economynet sown areaशुद्ध बोया गया क्षेत्रThe land on which crops are sown and harvested in a year, each piece counted only once.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentnon-conventional sources of energyगैर-परंपरागत ऊर्जा स्रोतNewer, mostly renewable sources: solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and, in the textbook's grouping, nuclear energy.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcesnon-ferrous mineralअलौह खनिजA metallic mineral without iron, such as copper, bauxite, lead and zinc.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcesnuclear energyपरमाणु ऊर्जाEnergy released as heat when the structure of atoms such as uranium or thorium is changed; used to make electricity.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy ResourcesO
oreअयस्कRock in which a mineral is mixed with other elements but is rich enough to be extracted at a profit.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy ResourcesP
particulate matterकणिकीय पदार्थTiny solid or liquid particles in the air, such as dust, mist and smoke.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriespermanent forest estateस्थायी वन क्षेत्रReserved and protected forests together, kept permanently as forest.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesphotovoltaicDescribes cells, such as solar panels, that turn sunlight directly into electricity.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcespig ironकच्चा लोहाIron that comes out of a blast furnace and is cast in moulds; it is purified further to make steel.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriesplacer depositGrains of minerals that water does not corrode, such as gold or tin, settled in the sand of valley floors and hill foots.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcesplantation agricultureरोपण कृषिCommercial farming of a single crop on a large estate, with heavy capital and hired labour, for industry.Ch 4 · Agriculturepoachingअवैध शिकारIllegal hunting, killing or capturing of wild animals.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife Resourcesprimary producerप्राथमिक उत्पादकA green plant that makes its own food from sunlight; all other living things depend on such food.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife Resourcesprimitive subsistence farmingप्रारंभिक जीविका निर्वाह कृषिFarming small plots with simple tools and family labour, without modern inputs, to feed the family.Ch 4 · Agricultureprotected forestरक्षित वनForest land, about a third of India's forest area, declared protected to prevent further depletion.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesR
rabiरबीThe winter cropping season: sown October–December, harvested April–June.Ch 4 · Agriculturerainwater harvestingवर्षा जल संग्रहणCatching rain where it falls and storing it, or letting it soak into the ground, for later use.Ch 3 · Water Resourcesreserved forestआरक्षित वनForest land with the strictest protection, making up over half of India's forest area.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesreservoirजलाशयThe artificial lake of water stored behind a dam.Ch 3 · Water ResourcesresourceसंसाधनAnything in the environment that can satisfy our needs once we have the technology to use it, can afford to use it and find its use acceptable.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentresource planningसंसाधन नियोजनDeciding in advance how to identify, develop and use resources wisely, region by region, as part of a country's overall plans.Ch 1 · Resources and DevelopmentS
sacred groveपवित्र पेड़ों के झुरमुटA patch of forest left untouched by local people because it is dedicated to a deity.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcessalinisationलवणीकरणThe build-up of salts in soil, often from over-irrigation in hot, dry areas, which makes land infertile.Ch 3 · Water Resourcessecondary sectorद्वितीयक क्षेत्रकThe part of the economy that manufactures goods from primary products.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriessericultureरेशम कीट पालनRearing silkworms, usually on mulberry leaves, to obtain silk.Ch 4 · Agricultureshelter beltरक्षक मेखलाA row of trees planted to break the force of the wind and protect fields and sand dunes.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentslash and burn agricultureकर्तन दहन प्रणाली कृषिClearing and burning a forest patch, cropping it until the soil tires, then moving to a new patch.Ch 4 · AgricultureslurryA crushed solid mixed with water so that it can flow through a pipe.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National Economysmeltingप्रगलनHeating an ore or refined material to a very high temperature to take out the metal.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriessoil erosionमृदा अपरदनThe stripping and carrying away of the soil cover by water, wind, glaciers or human activity.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentspillwayउत्प्लव मार्गA passage in or beside a dam that lets surplus water out safely.Ch 3 · Water Resourcessurface runoffसतही अपवाहRainwater that flows over the ground into streams, rivers and lakes instead of soaking in.Ch 3 · Water Resourcessustainable developmentसतत् पोषणीय विकासDevelopment that meets present needs without harming the environment or the ability of future generations to meet theirs.Ch 1 · Resources and Developmentsustainable developmentसतत पोषणीय विकासGrowth that meets today's needs without harming the environment that future generations need.Ch 6 · Manufacturing IndustriesT
tankaटाँकाAn underground tank in Thar Desert homes that stores rainwater from the roof for drinking.Ch 3 · Water Resourcesthermal pollutionतापीय प्रदूषणDamage done when factories or power plants let hot water flow into rivers and ponds.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriestidal energyज्वारीय ऊर्जाElectricity made by storing high-tide water behind floodgates and releasing it through turbines.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy Resourcestidal portज्वारीय पत्तनA port where the water level rises and falls with the tides, so ships often move in or out at high tide.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National Economytrans-shipmentShifting cargo from one carrier to another on the way, which adds cost, delay and losses.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National EconomytransportपरिवहनThe movement of goods and people from one place to another by land, water or air.Ch 7 · Lifelines of National EconomyU
unclassed forestअवर्गीकृत वनOther forest and wasteland, owned by the government, private individuals or communities.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesV
value chainमूल्य श्रृंखलाThe series of stages a product passes through, each adding value, from raw material to finished good.Ch 6 · Manufacturing Industriesveins and lodesMinerals that filled cracks and faults in igneous or metamorphic rock as hot fluids cooled; small fillings are veins, large ones are lodes.Ch 5 · Minerals and Energy ResourcesW
water scarcityजल दुर्लभताA situation in which a place does not have enough usable water for everyone who lives there.Ch 3 · Water Resourceswater tableभौम जल स्तरThe upper surface of the water-soaked layer under the ground.Ch 3 · Water Resourceswildlife sanctuaryवन्य जीव पशुविहारA protected area for wildlife where some regulated human uses, such as grazing, may be allowed.Ch 2 · Forest and Wildlife ResourcesZ
zaidज़ायदThe short summer season between the rabi harvest and kharif sowing.Ch 4 · Agriculturencert.ai is an independent learning companion aligned to the NCERT curriculum. It is not affiliated with or endorsed by NCERT.