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Contemporary IndiaCh 4 Agriculture

Agriculture: Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Hinglish mein

Contemporary India · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗

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  • 60 min
  • 21 practice questions
  • 24 MCQs

Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge

  • Primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, commercial aur plantation farming mein tools, inputs, labour aur maqsad ke hisaab se fark karo
  • Crops ko rabi, kharif aur zaid seasons mein rakho aur samjhao ki har season kis wajah se kaam karta hai
  • Rice, wheat, millets, maize aur pulses ke liye temperature, rainfall, soil aur leading states batao
  • Sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee, horticulture crops, rubber, cotton aur jute ki ugne ki conditions, uses aur main areas describe karo
  • Indian farmers ki madad ke liye kiye gaye institutional aur technological reforms samjhao, land reform aur Green Revolution se lekar credit, insurance aur support prices tak
  • Bhoodan–Gramdan movement ki kahani apne shabdon mein sunao aur samjhao ki ise bloodless revolution kyun kaha gaya

NCERT Social Science Class 10, Chapter 4, pp. 30–41 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.

Kal ke din ke baare mein socho. Tumhari roti ka wheat, dal, chai ki sugar aur school shirt ka cotton, sab kisi khet se shuru hue the, aksar saikdon kilometre door aur mahino pehle. Farming ek primary activity hai: yeh apni zaroorat ki cheezein seedhe nature se leti hai, yaani soil, paani aur dhoop se.

Indian tea, coffee aur spices poori duniya mein bikte hain. Desh ke andar textile mills, sugar mills aur oil mills farm ke raw materials par chalti hain. Sabse badi baat, desh jo khana khaata hai uska zyaadatar hissa humare khet hi ugaate hain. Tumhari textbook kehti hai ki India ke lagbhag do-tihaai log farming mein lage hain. Yeh share ghat raha hai: latest Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS, calendar year 2025) ne paaya ki India ke 43 per cent workers agriculture mein hain, jo ab bhi kisi bhi sector ka sabse bada share hai.

4.1 Farming ke types

Indians hazaaron saal se kheti kar rahe hain, lekin kabhi sirf ek tarike se nahi. Ek parivaar kaise kheti karta hai, yeh teen cheezon par depend karta hai: aas-paas ki zameen aur climate, uske paas ke tools aur jaankari, aur uske community ke riwaaz. Range ke ek sire par woh parivaar hain jo sirf apni thaali ke liye khana ugaate hain; ise subsistence farming kehte hain. Doosre sire par woh farmers hain jo lagbhag sab kuch bechne ke liye ugaate hain; ise commercial farming kehte hain. Fig. 4.1 India ke main farming types ko isi range par rakhta hai.

4/4Plantation: ek crop, bada investment, aur poori fasal industry ke paas jaati hai.

Fig. 4.1Farming types, is hisaab se ki woh kitna invest karte hain aur kitna bechte hain (schematic, scale ke hisaab se nahi).

Ek schematic chart, scale ke hisaab se nahi. Vertical axis par zyada modern inputs hain; horizontal axis par fasal ka zyada bika hua hissa hai, aur ek dashed line left mein 'Parivaar ke liye' ko right mein 'Market mein bechna' se alag karti hai. Step 1 mein primitive subsistence neeche aur left mein hai. Step 2 intensive subsistence ko upar jodta hai lekin phir bhi left mein, kyunki yeh bahut inputs use karti hai par zyaadatar fasal apne paas rakhti hai. Step 3 commercial farming ko right mein jodta hai. Step 4 plantation ko top right mein jodta hai, jo sabse zyada capital lagati hai aur sab kuch bechti hai.

4.1.1 Primitive subsistence farming

Mizoram ya Bastar ke forests mein ek pahadi plot socho: na tractor, na pump, na fertiliser ki bori. Ek parivaar us par hoe, dao (ek chauda kaatne wala chaaku) aur digging stick se kaam karta hai, aur busy time mein padosi haath batate hain. Fasal achchhi hogi ya nahi, yeh monsoon aur soil ki apni fertility par depend karta hai. Aisi primitive subsistence farming (प्रारंभिक जीविका निर्वाह कृषि) aaj desh ke kuch hi hisson mein bachi hai.

Iska zyaadatar hissa slash and burn farming hai (Fig. 4.2). Parivaar forest ka ek tukda kaat deta hai, kaate hue paudhon ko sookhne deta hai aur unmein aag laga deta hai; raakh thodi si fertility jodti hai. Wahan kuch seasons tak grains aur sabziyan boi jaati hain. Jab soil thak jaati hai, to parivaar wahan se hat kar doosra tukda saaf karta hai, aur purana tukda dheere-dheere wapas forest ban jaata hai jabki uski soil theek hoti hai. Phir bhi yields kam hi rehti hain: raakh ke alawa soil ko kuch nahi milta.

4/4Parivaar naya tukda saaf karta hai; purana wapas forest ban jaata hai aur dheere-dheere fertility wapas paata hai.

Fig. 4.2Slash and burn farming soil thakne par aage badh jaati hai, aur forest ko use theek karne ke liye chhod diya jaata hai.NCERT Fig. 4.1 · p. 30

Pahadi zameen ke do patches aas-paas, jin par 'Yeh patch' aur 'Agla patch' likha hai. Step 1: pehle patch par trees kaat kar thooth bana diye gaye hain aur kaati hui vegetation dhuen ke saath jal rahi hai; agla patch abhi bhi forest hai. Step 2: thoothon ke beech grain heads wali crops ugti hain, jin par 'Parivaar ki crops' likha hai. Step 3: crops aadhi oonchi reh jaati hain, aur 'Soil fertility ghati' likha hai. Step 4: purane patch par chhote trees wapas ugte hain, jis par 'Forest wapas ugta' likha hai, jabki agla patch ab kat kar jal raha hai, aur 'hato' likha ek arrow purane patch se naye ki taraf point karta hai.

Slash and burn ke kai local naam hain. North-eastern states Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram aur Nagaland mein ise jhumming (झूम खेती) kehte hain. Manipur mein yeh Pamlou hai, aur Chhattisgarh ke Bastar district aur Andaman and Nicobar Islands mein Dipa.

4.1.2 Intensive subsistence farming

Jahan bahut log thodi si zameen share karte hain, wahan parivaar intensively kheti karte hain. Woh har khet mein khoob labour lagate hain aur bharpoor fertiliser, pesticide aur irrigation ka paani use karte hain, taaki har hectare se sabse badi fasal nikaal sakein. Phir bhi jo woh ugaate hain uska zyaadatar hissa ghar ka pet bharta hai. Yeh intensive subsistence farming bheed wale, achchhe paani wale regions ki khaasiyat hai, jaise Bihar, Uttar Pradesh aur West Bengal ke plains, aur south ke river deltas.

Zameen itni kam kyun hai? Jab ek farmer ki maut hoti hai, to zameen aamtaur par uske waarison mein baant di jaati hai. Do-teen peedhiyon baad ek achchha-khaasa family farm patli pattiyon ki line ban jaata hai, aur har patti itni chhoti hoti hai ki apna kharcha nahi nikaal paati (Fig. 4.3). Gaon mein doosre kaam kam hone se parivaar in pattiyon par jitna ho sake utni mehnat karte rehte hain, isliye har patti ko ek parivaar ka pet bharna padta hai aur zameen ko kabhi aaraam nahi milta.

4/4Koi aur kaam na hone se har parivaar apna pet bharne ke liye paani, fertiliser aur labour jhonk deta hai.

Fig. 4.3Inheritance holdings ko kaise chhota karta hai (ek imaginary parivaar), aur phir parivaar har patti par itni intensive kheti kyun karte hain.

Ek imaginary family farm, green rectangle ki tarah bana hua. Step 1: 6 hectares ka ek farm, jo ek dada-dadi ka hai. Step 2: bunds ise teen waarison ke liye 2-2 hectares ke teen farms mein baantte hain. Step 3: dashed bunds ise phir chhe pote-potiyon ke liye 1-1 hectare ki chhe pattiyon mein baantte hain. Step 4: ab har patti mein paani ki boondein aur fertiliser ki boriyan hain, jin par irrigation aur fertiliser, labour likha hai, aur heading hai 'Zameen wahi, khane wale zyada'.

4.1.3 Commercial farming

Ek commercial farmer (वाणिज्यिक कृषि) mainly bechne ke liye ugaata hai, isliye modern inputs kharidna faayde ka sauda hai: high yielding varieties (HYV) ke beej, chemical fertilisers, insects aur doosre pests ke khilaaf sprays, aur aksar machines. Goal hai high productivity, yaani har hectare se zyada output. Kuch regions doosron se kahin zyada commercial hain, aur ek hi crop ek jagah bechne ke liye aur doosri jagah ghar ke liye ugaai ja sakti hai. Nashik ke paas ka ek grower jo onions aur grapes truck se city markets bhejta hai, commercial farmer hai; apni rasoi ke liye thode se onions ugaane wala pahadi parivaar nahi.

Upper Assam se guzro to tea ki jhaadiyan kilometre-kilometre tak chalti jaati hain, beech mein bas shade trees, workers ke ghar aur factory ki chimney. Yeh ek plantation (रोपण कृषि) hai, commercial farming ka ek khaas type. Iske features:

  • Ek bahut bade estate par ek crop: tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane ya banana.
  • Shuru mein hi bada paisa zameen, jhaadiyon ya trees, factory aur machines par: plantations capital-intensive hote hain.
  • Hired workers, jinmein se bahut se doosre regions se aaye migrants hote hain.
  • Sab kuch industry ko jaata hai: poori fasal raw material hoti hai, isliye plantation farming ko industry se jodta hai.
  • Achchhe links: roads, railways, telephones aur ports estate ko uski factory aur uske buyers se jodte hain (Fig. 4.4).

Assam aur north Bengal ke tea gardens aur Karnataka ke coffee estates India ke sabse mashhoor plantations hain.

4/4Ise India mein auctions mein becha jaata hai aur videsh export kiya jaata hai.

Fig. 4.4Plantation khet se buyer tak ek chain hai; har kadi ka chalna zaroori hai.

Chaar boxes arrows se ek loop mein jude hain. Step 1 estate dikhata hai, tea bushes ki rows ke saath, jis par 'ek crop, bada area' likha hai. Step 2 site par bani factory tak ek arrow jodta hai jo fresh leaf process karti hai. Step 3 neeche transport tak arrow jodta hai, yaani road, rail aur port, jahan ek truck bana hai. Step 4 market tak arrow jodta hai, rupee sign ke saath, jis par 'auctions aur export' likha hai.

Compare

Kheti ke teen tarike

Primitive subsistence

  • Forest ke chhote tukde, aksar pahadiyon par
  • Hoe, dao, digging stick
  • Parivaar ka labour, koi fertiliser nahi
  • Kam output, sab ghar mein kha liya jaata hai

Intensive subsistence

  • Bheed wale plains mein chhoti holdings
  • Har khet par bahut labour
  • Bhaari fertiliser aur irrigation
  • Zyaadatar crop ghar mein kha li jaati hai

Commercial (aur plantation)

  • Bade farms ya vishaal estates
  • HYV seeds, fertiliser, machines
  • Hired labour, bada investment
  • Bechne ya industry ke liye ugaai jaati hai
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Mizoram ki pahadiyon mein ek parivaar forest ka ek tukda saaf karta hai, use jalata hai, do seasons tak rice aur sabziyan ugaata hai aur phir aage badh jaata hai. Yeh kis type ki farming hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) primitive subsistence

Yeh slash and burn, yaani jhumming hai: haath ke tools aur bina fertiliser wali primitive subsistence farming. Intensive subsistence bhi parivaar ka pet bharti hai, lekin woh usi chhote plot par rehti hai aur bhaari inputs use karti hai.

4.2 Cropping pattern

India ke landforms, soils, climates aur khaane ki aadaton ki vividhta is baat mein dikhti hai ki uske farmers kya ugaate hain: cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibres, sabziyan, fruits, spices aur condiments. Saal bhar mein farmers teen cropping seasons follow karte hain: rabi (रबी), kharif (ख़रीफ़) aur zaid (ज़ायद). Fig. 4.5 inhe ek calendar par dikhata hai.Yeh naam Arabic se aaye hain: rabi ka matlab spring hai, jab sardi ki crop kaati jaati hai, aur kharif ka matlab autumn hai, jab monsoon ki crop kaati jaati hai.

4/4Sugarcane mein lagbhag ek saal lagta hai, isliye yeh seasons ke paar failti hai.

Fig. 4.5India ke teen cropping seasons. Sahi mahine region ke hisaab se badalte hain.

Ek calendar jiske top par January se December tak baarah mahine hain aur sowing (hatched), growing (halka fill) aur harvest (solid) ka legend hai. Step 1 rabi bar dikhata hai: sowing October se December, growing January se March aur harvest April se June, aur December se February tak winter-rain ki ek patti. Step 2 kharif bar jodta hai: sowing June aur July mein, growing August mein aur harvest September aur October mein, June se September tak ki monsoon patti ke neeche. Step 3 chhota zaid bar jodta hai: sowing March mein, growing April aur May mein aur harvest June mein. Step 4 sugarcane ko baarah mahinon ke paar ek bar ki tarah jodta hai, jis par 'khet mein lagbhag ek saal' likha hai.

Wheat, barley, peas, gram aur mustard rabi crops hain: yeh thande mahinon mein ugti hain, October aur December ke beech boi jaati hain aur April aur June ke beech kaati jaati hain. Yeh India ke bade hisse mein ugaai jaati hain, lekin north aur north-west aage hain: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh aur Jammu and Kashmir. In states ke paksh mein do baatein hain. Sardi mein western temperate cyclones (western disturbances) west se aate hain aur thik usi waqt bauchhaar girate hain jab chhoti crops ko nami chahiye. Aur Green Revolution Punjab aur Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh aur Rajasthan ke kuch hisson mein irrigation, behtar beej aur fertiliser laayi.

Paddy kharif season ka raja hai, jo monsoon ki baarish aane par shuru hota hai; iski crops September–October mein kaati jaati hain. Paddy ke saath farmers maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut aur soyabean boate hain. Paddy ke khet Uttar Pradesh aur Bihar, Assam aur West Bengal, coastal Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu aur Kerala, aur Maharashtra ke Konkan coast tak faile hain; pichhle kuch decades mein Punjab aur Haryana bhi inmein jud gaye hain. Geele east mein Assam, West Bengal aur Odisha ek saal mein paddy ki teen crops le lete hain: Aus (monsoon se pehle boi jaati hai), Aman (main monsoon crop) aur Boro (irrigation wali winter–spring crop).

Jin farmers ke paas paani hai, unhe rabi harvest aur kharif sowing ke beech ke garam mahinon mein apne khet khaali chhodne ki zaroorat nahi. Yeh chhota zaid season jaldi taiyaar hone wali crops ke liye hai: watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, sabziyan aur jaanwaron ke liye hara chaara. Sugarcane kisi ek season mein fit nahi hoti; yeh lagbhag ek saal tak khet gher kar rakhti hai.

Compare

Teen cropping seasons

Rabi

  • Oct–Dec mein boi, Apr–Jun mein kati
  • Thanda mausam aur sardi ki bauchhaar chahiye
  • Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard

Kharif

  • Monsoon ke saath boi, Sep–Oct mein kati
  • Monsoon ki baarish aur garmi chahiye
  • Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, soyabean

Zaid

  • Chhota garmi ka season
  • Irrigation chahiye
  • Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, sabziyan, chaara
InteractiveCrop season sorter

Do decks wala ek card game. Season deck mein atharah cards mein se har ek par ek crop ka naam hai, jaise wheat, paddy, watermelon, sesamum ya sugarcane, aur learner rabi, kharif, zaid ya ek se zyada chunta hai. Crop deck mein chaudah cards mein se har ek ugne ki conditions deta hai, jaise 200 cm se zyada rain aur 25 degrees se upar, aur learner chaar buttons mein se crop chunta hai. Har choice ke baad card batata hai ki jawab sahi tha ya nahi aur kyun. Ek score pehli koshish mein sahi jawab ginta hai, aur buttons agle card par le jaate hain ya phir se shuru karte hain.

Fig. 4.6Har crop ko uske season mein sort karo, phir deck badlo aur ugne ki conditions se crop ka naam batao.
Quick check
4 mein se 1
North-western India mein rabi crops ki madad karne wali sardi ki bauchhaar kaun laata hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (D) western temperate cyclones

Western temperate cyclones (western disturbances) north-west mein sardi ki baarish laate hain. South-west monsoon garmi mein kharif crops ko paani deta hai, rabi crops ko nahi.

4.3 Major crops

Kaunsi crop kahan ugti hai, yeh soil, climate aur logon ke kheti karne ke tarike par depend karta hai. India ki major crops hain food grains (rice, wheat, millets, maize aur pulses), doosri food crops (sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee, fruits aur sabziyan) aur non-food crops jaise rubber, cotton aur jute. Har ek ke liye board exam chaar cheezein maangta hai: uska season, uska climate (temperature aur rainfall), uski soil aur uske leading states. Fig. 4.7 kuch crops ki zaroorat ki baarish aur garmi ko compare karta hai.

1/2Rainfall ki zaroorat wheat (50–75 cm) se rubber (200 cm se zyada) tak badhti jaati hai.

Fig. 4.7Kuch major crops ko kitni baarish aur garmi chahiye (tumhari textbook ke figures).

Ugne ki zarooraton ka ek bar chart, tumhari textbook ke figures ke saath. Step 1, har saal chahiye baarish centimetres mein, 0 se 250 ke scale par: wheat 50 se 75, sugarcane 75 se 100, rice 100 se zyada aur rubber 200 se zyada; aakhri do open-ended bars hain jinpar arrows bane hain. Step 2, chahiye temperature degrees Celsius mein, 15 se 35 ke scale par: maize 21 se 27, sugarcane 21 se 27, rice 25 se upar aur rubber 25 se upar, yeh bhi open-ended.

4.3.1 Rice

Rice zyaadatar Indians ka staple food hai. Tumhari textbook India ko duniya mein China ke baad doosre number par rakhti hai. Naye figures India ko pehle number par rakhte hain. US Department of Agriculture ke estimates 2024–25 mein India ko China se aage dikhate hain (milled rice ke 150.2 ke muqaable 145.3 million tonnes), aur January 2026 mein Union Agriculture Minister ne announce kiya ki India duniya ka sabse bada rice producer ban gaya hai. India ki 2025–26 ki fasal record 154 million tonnes thi (Third Advance Estimates, May 2026). Textbook par based answers ab bhi doosra likh sakte hain.

Rice ek kharif crop hai jise garmi aur nami pasand hai: 25 °C se upar temperature, humid hawa aur saal mein 100 cm se zyada baarish. Yeh north aur north-east ke plains, coastal patti aur river deltas mein failaa hai. Jahan baarish kam padti hai, wahan irrigation kami poori karta hai: hazaaron canals aur tube wells sookhe areas ko bhi ise ugaane dete hain, jaise Punjab aur Haryana, Uttar Pradesh ka western hissa aur Rajasthan ka kuch hissa.

4.3.2 Wheat

Jahan rice ko garmi aur paani pasand hai, wahan wheat ko ugne ke liye thanda season, daana pakte waqt tez dhoop, aur sirf 50–75 cm baarish chahiye, jo khet mein uske mahinon mein barabar bati ho. Isse yeh rabi crop aur north aur north-west ka main food grain banta hai; yeh India ka doosra sabse important cereal hai. Yeh do belts mein ugta hai: north-west ke Ganga–Satluj plains aur Deccan ka black soil region. Tumhari textbook chhe major wheat states batati hai: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan aur Bihar.

Textbook ki lists banne ke baad se production badal gaya hai. 2024–25 mein teen sabse bade rice producers Uttar Pradesh, Telangana aur West Bengal the, aur teen sabse bade wheat producers Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh aur Punjab the (Fig. 4.8). Fark dekho: rice poore India mein ugta hai, isliye top teen states mushkil se ek-tihaai dete hain, jabki India ka do-tihaai wheat sirf teen states se aata hai.

1/2Rice: Uttar Pradesh, Telangana aur West Bengal aage hain, lekin milkar India ka sirf lagbhag ek-tihaai rice ugaate hain.

Fig. 4.82024–25 mein teen sabse bade producing states (million tonnes aur India ke output mein share). Source: Economic Survey 2025–26, Statistical Appendix Table 1.18 (DA&FW).

Million tonnes mein ek bar chart, Economic Survey 2025–26 se. Step 1, 2024–25 mein rice: Uttar Pradesh 20.8 (India ka 14 per cent), Telangana 17.5 (12 per cent) aur West Bengal 16.0 (11 per cent); neeche ek bar dikhata hai ki teeno milkar India ka 36 per cent rice ugaate hain aur baaki India 64 per cent. Step 2, wheat: Uttar Pradesh 35.7 (30 per cent), Madhya Pradesh 24.5 (21 per cent) aur Punjab 18.0 (15 per cent); milkar 66 per cent, baaki 34 per cent.

4.3.3 Millets

Coarse grains (मोटे अनाज) naam se dhokha mat khao; yeh naam sirf unke chhote, khurdure daanon ko batata hai. India ke teen main millets, jowar, bajra aur ragi, humari ugaai sabse poshtik cheezon mein se hain. Jaise, ragi ka ek katora porridge calcium aur iron se bhara hota hai, saath mein doosre micronutrients aur fibre (roughage) bhi. India ke prastaav par United Nations ne 2023 ko International Year of Millets ghoshit kiya, aur India ab millets ko Shree Anna kehta hai. India duniya ka sabse bada millet producer hai, 2023 mein duniya ke output ka lagbhag 38 per cent (FAO data, jise government ne 2025 mein quote kiya).

Table 4.3India ke teen main millets (leading states tumhari textbook ki list ke hisaab se)NCERT p. 34
MilletSabse achchha kahan ugta haiLeading states
JowarRain-fed, nam areas mein; irrigation ki mushkil se zaroorat. Area aur production mein teesri sabse important food crop.Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
BajraSandy soils aur shallow black soilRajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana
RagiSookhe regions; red, black, sandy ya loamy soils, shallow black soil bhiKarnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh

4.3.4 Maize

Maize do tarah ki plate tak pahunchta hai: logon ke liye roti, bhune hue bhutte aur cornflakes ban kar, aur farm animals ke liye chaara ban kar. Zyaadatar states mein yeh kharif crop hai, haalaanki Bihar ise rabi season mein bhi ugaata hai. Ise 21–27 °C chahiye aur yeh old alluvial soil par sabse achchha hota hai. Farmers ne HYV seeds, fertilisers aur irrigation apnaaye, to iska output badh gaya. Tumhari textbook major producers mein Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana aur Andhra Pradesh ko ginti hai.

4.3.5 Pulses

Dal lagbhag har Indian thaali mein hoti hai, aur vegetarian parivaaron ke liye yeh protein ka main source hai. Koi bhi desh India se zyada pulses na ugaata hai, na khaata hai. Main pulses hain tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas aur gram. Pulses mazboot hoti hain: thodi si nami mein kaam chala leti hain aur sookhe dino mein bhi bach jaati hain. Tumhari textbook Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh aur Karnataka ko major pulse states batati hai.

Pulses leguminous crops (फलीदार फ़सलें) hain. Unki roots par chhoti gaanthon (nodules) mein rehne wale bacteria hawa se nitrogen lete hain aur use soil mein fix karte hain, isliye pulses soil ki fertility wapas laane mein madad karti hain (Fig. 4.9). Isiliye farmers inhe cereals ke saath rotation mein ugaate hain, jo nitrogen kha jaate hain. Tumhari textbook ek exception batati hai: woh kehti hai ki arhar ko chhod kar yeh sab pulses is tarah fertility wapas laati hain.Arhar bhi ek legume hai, aur agricultural scientists ki field studies (jaise ICRISAT, Hyderabad mein) dikhati hain ki uski root nodules bhi nitrogen fix karti hain. Board exam ke liye textbook wala jawab do.

2/3Moong ki root nodules hawa se nitrogen fix karti hain.

Fig. 4.9Cereal ke saath pulse ka rotation soil mein nitrogen wapas daalta hai.

Ek khet ka cross-section, right mein soil nitrogen likha ek meter. Step 1, rabi: grain heads wale wheat plants, roots nitrogen leti hain, aur meter neeche. Step 2, kharif: ghane moong plants jinki roots par chhoti gol nodules hain, dashed arrows hawa se nitrogen soil mein laate hain, aur meter upar. Step 3, agla rabi: bade grain heads wale lambe wheat plants, jinpar 'kam fertiliser chahiye' likha hai, aur meter ab bhi kaafi upar.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Wheat ke liye kaunsi conditions sahi hain?
Answer dekho

Answer (B) thanda growing season, pakte waqt tez dhoop, 50–75 cm baarish

Wheat ko thanda season aur pakte waqt dhoop chahiye, 50–75 cm baarish ke saath. Option A rice ko describe karta hai, C maize ko, D rubber ko.

4.4 Grains ke alawa food crops

4.4.1 Sugarcane

Sugar ka har chammach, gur (jaggery) ki har dali aur khandsari ka har daana sugarcane se aata hai, aur distilleries jo molasses use karti hain woh bhi (Fig. 4.10). Ganne ko 21–27 °C ka garam, humid mausam aur saal mein 75–100 cm baarish chahiye; sookhe areas ise irrigation dete hain. Yeh tropical aur subtropical dono India mein, kai tarah ki soils par ugaaya jaata hai, aur lagaane se kaatne tak haath ka labour maangta hai. Tumhari textbook India ko duniya mein Brazil ke baad doosre number par rakhti hai. 2024 ka FAO data bhi ise doosre number par hi rakhta hai. India ne 2025–26 mein lagbhag 500 million tonnes ganna ugaaya (Third Advance Estimates), aur 2024–25 mein akele Uttar Pradesh ne India ka lagbhag aadha ganna ugaaya. Textbook ki major producers ki list Uttar Pradesh aur Maharashtra se shuru hoti hai, uske baad Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Haryana aur Punjab.

4/4Molasses distilleries mein jaata hai; bagasse fuel ki tarah jalaya jaata hai.

Fig. 4.10Ganne se rasoi tak: sugarcane ke main products aur by-products.

Step 1 teen lambe gaanthdaar sugarcane ke dande dikhata hai jinpar cane likha hai. Step 2 do crushing rollers wali mill tak ek arrow jodta hai, jis par perai aur juice likha hai. Step 3 do main products tak arrows jodta hai: sugar, aur gur aur khandsari. Step 4 do dashed by-product boxes jodta hai: molasses, jisse aage alcohol banta hai, aur bagasse, yaani pisa hua fibre, jo fuel ki tarah jalaya jaata hai.

4.4.2 Oilseeds

Tumhari rasoi ka tel, chahe north aur east mein mustard oil ho, Gujarat mein groundnut oil ho ya Kerala mein coconut oil, oilseeds se aata hai. India nau main kism ki oilseeds ugaata hai, jo milkar uske total cropped area ke lagbhag 12 per cent par hain: groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seed, cotton seed, linseed aur sunflower. Zyaadatar ko pees kar cooking oil banaya jaata hai; kuch oils sabun, cosmetics aur ointments mein bhi jaate hain. 2020 ke data se tumhari textbook India ko groundnut mein China ke baad duniya mein doosre number par rakhti hai.

Groundnut ek kharif crop hai aur India ki major oilseeds ka lagbhag aadha hissa hai. 2019–20 mein Gujarat ne sabse zyada ugaaya, uske baad Rajasthan aur Tamil Nadu (textbook). Naya data bhi yahi kehta hai: 2024–25 mein Gujarat ne India ka lagbhag 44 per cent groundnut ugaaya, uske baad Rajasthan aur Madhya Pradesh (Economic Survey 2025–26). Doosri oilseeds ke season alag hain, jaisa table dikhata hai.

Table 4.5Kaunsi oilseed kis season meinNCERT p. 36
OilseedSeason
GroundnutKharif
MustardRabi
LinseedRabi
Sesamum (til)North mein kharif, south mein rabi
Castor seedRabi aur kharif dono

4.4.3 Tea

Tea ki jhaadi se uski komal nayi pattiyan todi jaati hain, isliye jhaadi ko saal bhar nayi pattiyan nikaalte rehna chahiye (Fig. 4.11). Iske liye garmi aur nami chahiye, kisi bhi mahine frost nahi, aur saal bhar bikhri hui baar-baar ki bauchhaar. Soil gehri aur fertile, humus se bharpoor honi chahiye, aisi zameen par jahan se paani jaldi nikal jaaye; tropical aur subtropical pahadi dhalaan iske liye sahi hain. Tea ek plantation crop bhi hai aur beverage crop bhi. British ne unneesvi sadi mein India mein ise commercially ugaana shuru kiya, lekin aaj zyaadatar gardens Indians ke hain.

Tea garden ko pattiyan haath se todne ke liye bahut saare workers chahiye, saste lekin skilled, aur uski apni factory hoti hai taaki patti taaza rehte hi process ho jaaye. Assam sabse aage hai, uske baad West Bengal ke Darjeeling aur Jalpaiguri districts, Tamil Nadu aur Kerala; Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh aur Tripura bhi thodi ugaate hain. 2020 ke data se tumhari textbook India ko tea mein China ke baad doosre number par rakhti hai. 2024 ka FAO data bhi India ko doosre number par hi rakhta hai. 2025 mein India ki 1,396 million kg tea mein se Assam ne lagbhag aadhi aur West Bengal ne lagbhag 30 per cent ugaai (Tea Board).

4/4Pattiyan taaza rehte hi garden mein process ki jaati hain.

Fig. 4.11Tea garden ko kya chahiye: soil, climate, labour aur paas mein factory.NCERT Fig. 4.10 · p. 37

Right ki taraf upar uthti ek pahadi dhalaan, jis par gol tea bushes ki rows aur ek shade tree hai. Step 1 soil ko label karta hai: 'Gehri soil, humus waali', aur ek dashed arrow dikhata hai 'Slope se paani nikalta'. Step 2 'Saal bhar rain' likha ek baadal aur 'Garam, frost nahi' likha ek sooraj jodta hai. Step 3 peeth par tokri liye do workers jodta hai, jinpar hand-plucking likha hai. Step 4 dhalaan ke top par chimney wali ek chhoti factory jodta hai, jis par tea factory likha hai.

4.4.4 Coffee

Coffee India mein Karnataka ki Baba Budan Hills se aayi, jahan ise sabse pehle lagaaya gaya. Wahan ugne wali variety, Arabica, asal mein Yemen se aayi thi aur poori duniya mein pasand ki jaati hai, aur Indian coffee apni quality ke liye bahut mashhoor hai. Aaj India ki lagbhag saari coffee Karnataka, Kerala aur Tamil Nadu ki pahadiyon se aati hai. 2025–26 mein kaati gayi 3.73 lakh tonnes mein se akele Karnataka ne lagbhag 69 per cent ugaai (Coffee Board). Chhote, naye areas mein Andhra Pradesh ki Araku Valley aur Odisha ke kuch hisse hain.

4.4.5 Horticulture crops

Horticulture (बागवानी) ka matlab hai fruits, sabziyan aur phool ugaana. 2020 ke data se tumhari textbook India ko fruits aur vegetables mein China ke baad duniya mein doosre number par rakhti hai. 2024 ka FAO data bhi India ko dono mein doosre number par hi rakhta hai. India mein tropical aur temperate dono climates hain, isliye yeh dono tarah ke fruits ugaata hai, jaisa table dikhata hai. Sabziyon mein India peas, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal aur potato ka important producer hai.

Table 4.6Fruits ugaane ke mashhoor areas (tumhari textbook ki list)NCERT p. 37
FruitKahan
MangoMaharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
OrangeNagpur (Maharashtra), Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
BananaKerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
Lichi, guavaUttar Pradesh, Bihar
PineappleMeghalaya
GrapesAndhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra
Apple, pear, apricot, walnutJammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Tea bushes ko poore saal bikhri bauchhaar kyun chahiye?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) taaki komal nayi pattiyan ugti rahein

Todne wale nayi, komal pattiyan lete hain, isliye jhaadiyon ko saal bhar badhte rehna chahiye. Tea ko well-drained soil bhi chahiye, isliye bhara hua paani use nuksaan pahunchayega.

4.5 Non-food crops

4.5.1 Rubber

Rubber garam, geele equatorial ilaakon ki crop hai, phir bhi jahan local conditions saath dein wahan ise tropical aur subtropical areas mein bhi ugaaya ja sakta hai. Ise nam, humid climate chahiye, 200 cm se zyada baarish aur 25 °C se upar temperature ke saath. Trees se nikaala gaya doodhiya latex industry ka important raw material hai. Kerala sabse zyada ugaata hai; Tamil Nadu aur Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands aur Meghalaya ki Garo hills bhi thoda ugaate hain. 2024–25 mein India ne lagbhag 8.75 lakh tonnes natural rubber banaya (Rubber Board).

4.5.2 Fibre crops

India ke chaar main natural fibres mein se teen khet mein ugte hain: cotton, jute aur hemp. Chautha, silk, ek keeda banata hai. Silkworms pattiyan, zyaadatar mulberry tree ki, khoob khaate hain aur phir apne aap ko baareek dhaage ke cocoons mein lapet lete hain, jinhe khol kar silk milta hai. Silk ke liye silkworms paalna sericulture (रेशम कीट पालन) kehlata hai (Fig. 4.12).

4/4Cocoon se dhaaga khol kar silk yarn banaya jaata hai.

Fig. 4.12Teen fibres soil mein ugte hain; chautha silkworms banate hain (sericulture).

Do panels. Left panel, 'Plants se', mein cotton boll, jute ke dandon ka ek gattha aur patli pattiyon wala hemp plant hai, har ek par label hai. Right panel, 'Silkworms se', mulberry leaf se shuru hota hai. Step 2 ek segmented silkworm tak arrow jodta hai. Step 3 neeche ek oval cocoon tak arrow jodta hai. Step 4 dhaage ki ek reel tak arrow jodta hai, jis par silk yarn likha hai.

Cotton

Cotton ko garam, dhoop wala aur kaafi sookha mausam pasand hai: high temperature, halki baarish ya irrigation, tez dhoop aur kam se kam 210 frost-free days. Deccan ki black cotton soil ke sookhe hisse iske liye sabse sahi hain. Kharif season mein boi jaane ke baad yeh pakne mein 6 se 8 mahine leti hai. India un jagahon mein se hai jahan logon ne sabse pehle cotton ugaaya: Mohenjo-daro mein mila cotton ka kapda lagbhag 4,500 saal purana hai. Aaj cotton, cotton textile industry ka sabse main raw material hai. Tumhari textbook India ko China ke baad doosre number par rakhti hai. 2023 ka FAO data bhi India ko doosre number par hi rakhta hai. 2024–25 mein teen sabse bade cotton states Maharashtra, Gujarat aur Telangana the (Economic Survey 2025–26). Textbook ki major cotton states ki list: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana aur Uttar Pradesh.

Jute

Gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets aur craft items, sab jute se ban sakte hain. Ise golden fibre kehte hain, uske chamakdaar rang aur uski keemat ki wajah se. Jute ko ugte waqt high temperature chahiye aur flood plains ki fertile, well-drained soils, jahan baadh har saal nayi silt chhod jaati hai. Main jute states hain West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Odisha aur Meghalaya. Natural aur biodegradable fibre hone ki wajah se jute plastic bags ka achchha vikalp hai.

Table 4.8Ek nazar mein crops (conditions tumhari textbook se; leading states tumhari textbook se, ya jahan mark kiya ho wahan 2024–25 data se)
CropSeasonTemperatureRainfallSoil aur zameenLeading states
RiceKharif25 °C se upar, humid100 cm se zyada (ya irrigation)plains, deltas, coastsUP, Telangana, West Bengal (2024–25)
WheatRabithanda; pakte waqt tez dhoop50–75 cm, barabar bati huiGanga–Satluj plains; Deccan black soilPunjab, Haryana, UP, MP, Bihar, Rajasthan
MaizeKharif (Bihar mein rabi bhi)21–27 °C–old alluvial soilKarnataka, MP, UP, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
SugarcaneLagbhag ek saal21–27 °C, garam aur humid75–100 cm (ya irrigation)kai tarah ki soilsUP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
TeaPlantation (saal bhar)garam, frost-freesaal bhar baar-baar bauchhaargehri, humus se bharpoor, well-drained dhalaanAssam, West Bengal ki pahadiyan, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
RubberPlantation (saal bhar)25 °C se upar200 cm se zyadanam, humid zameenKerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
CottonKharif (6–8 mahine)high; 210 frost-free dayshalki baarish ya irrigationDeccan ki black cotton soilMaharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana (2024–25)
JuteKharifhigh–fertile flood-plain soilsWest Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Meghalaya
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Kis crop ko saal mein 200 cm se zyada baarish chahiye?
Answer dekho

Answer (D) rubber

Rubber ko 200 cm se zyada baarish aur 25 °C se upar temperature chahiye. Cotton ko sirf halki baarish ya irrigation chahiye.

4.6 Technological aur institutional reforms

Irrigation failne ke bawajood bahut se Indian farmers ab bhi monsoon ka intezaar karte hain aur soil ki natural fertility par nirbhar hain. Hazaaron saal se jotti ja rahi zameen tab tak zyada paidaavaar nahi de sakti jab tak technology (tools, beej, irrigation) aur institutions (zameen kiski hai, paisa kaun udhaar deta hai, crop kaun kharidta hai) bhi saath mein na badlein, aur lambe samay tak yeh nahi badle. Badhti aabaadi ko khilaana tha, aur farming bahut bade hisse ke Indians ki rozi-roti hai, isliye reform zaroori ho gaya.

4.6.1 Independence ke baad reforms

First Five Year Plan (1951–56) ka main focus land reform tha. Independence ke baad institutional reforms ko priority mili:

  • Zamindari ka khaatma, yaani cultivator aur state ke beech khade landlords ko hataana.
  • Consolidation of holdings (चकबंदी): inheritance ne pehle hi har parivaar ki zameen tukdon mein bikher di thi, isliye plots ki adla-badli karke unhe ek compact block bana diya gaya.
  • Farmers ke beech cooperation, aur collectivisation (milkar zameen jotna).

States ne land reform laws paas kiye, lekin zyaadatar ko aadhe mann se laagu kiya gaya, isliye unke kai vaade kaagaz par hi reh gaye.

4.6.2 Green aur White Revolutions

Agla dhakka 1960s aur 1970s mein do 'revolutions' ke saath aaya. Green Revolution (हरित क्रांति) ne ek package technology use ki: wheat aur rice ke HYV seeds, saath mein pakka irrigation, chemical fertilisers aur pesticides. White Revolution ne, jo Operation Flood ke zariye hua, doodh ke liye yahi kiya. Dono ne output tezi se badhaya, lekin faayde kuch achchhe irrigation wale regions mein hi jama ho gaye, sabse zyada Punjab, Haryana aur Uttar Pradesh ke western hisse mein, aur baaki peeche chhoot gaye.

4.6.3 1980s se farmers ko support

Faayde failaane ke liye 1980s aur 1990s ke land development programme ne institutional aur technical reforms ko milaaya. Inhe is hisaab se group kar sakte hain ki farmer ko kya chahiye (Fig. 4.13):

  • Credit: Grameen banks, cooperative societies aur banks farmers ko kam interest par loan dete hain; baad mein Kisan Credit Card (KCC) aaya.
  • Insurance: crop insurance sookha, baadh, cyclone, aag aur bimaari se hone wale nuksaan ko cover karta hai; Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) farmer ko cover karti hai.
  • Information: radio aur television par khaas weather bulletins aur farm programmes.
  • Sahi daam: government important crops ke liye minimum support price (न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य) announce karti hai, saath mein remunerative aur procurement prices bhi, taaki speculators aur bichauliye farmers ka shoshan na kar sakein.

4/4Sahi daam: MSP aur government procurement farmers ko bichauliyon se bachaate hain.

Fig. 4.13Beej aur paani ke alawa chaar tarah ka support jo farmer ko chahiye.

Beech mein ek gole mein farmer bana hai, jisse chaar boxes tak spokes jaate hain. Step 1 credit box dikhata hai: KCC aur cooperative banks. Step 2 insurance box jodta hai: crop aur accident insurance. Step 3 information box jodta hai: weather aur farm news. Step 4 fair price box jodta hai: MSP aur procurement.

Definition
Minimum support price (MSP)

Woh price jo government sowing season se pehle announce karti hai, jis par woh farmers se crop kharidne ka vaada karti hai agar market prices usse neeche gir jaayein.

Example2026–27 kharif season ke liye common paddy ka MSP ₹2,441 per quintal (100 kg) hai, jo 2025–26 ke ₹2,369 se zyada hai (PIB, May 2026). Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices 22 crops ke liye MSP recommend karta hai.

Timeline

Farm reform ke milestones

  1. 1951–56

    First Five Year Plan

    Main focus land reform par: zamindari khatm karna aur holdings ko consolidate karna.

  2. 1951

    Bhoodan shuru hota hai

    18 April ko Pochampally mein ek zameendaar Vinoba Bhave ki maujoodgi mein bhoomiheen parivaaron ko zameen offer karta hai.

  3. 1960s

    Green Revolution

    Wheat aur rice ke HYV seeds, irrigation, fertilisers aur pesticides ke saath, Punjab, Haryana aur western Uttar Pradesh mein grain output badhaate hain.

  4. 1965

    Support prices

    Support prices recommend karne ke liye Agricultural Prices Commission (1985 mein naam badal kar Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices) banaya jaata hai.

  5. 1970

    Operation Flood

    National Dairy Development Board doodh mein White Revolution shuru karta hai.

  6. 1975

    Grameen banks

    Farmers aur rural workers ko loan dene ke liye pehle Regional Rural Banks 2 October ko khulte hain.

  7. 1998

    Kisan Credit Card

    Farmers ko jaldi, saste crop loans ke liye ek card milta hai; card holders ke liye accident insurance (PAIS) 2001 mein aata hai.

  8. 2015

    Soil Health Card

    Textbook se aage: farmers ko unki soil ke nutrients ki report fertiliser ki salaah ke saath milti hai.

  9. 2016

    PM Fasal Bima Yojana

    Textbook se aage: farmers ke liye kam premium wali ek nayi crop insurance scheme.

  10. 2019

    PM-KISAN

    Textbook se aage: eligible farmer parivaaron ko government se saal mein ₹6,000 kishton mein milte hain.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Inmein se kaunsa reform technological ki jagah institutional hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) zamindari khatm karna

Zamindari khatm karne se yeh badla ki zameen ka maalik aur control kiske paas hai: yeh institutional reform hai. Seeds, tube wells aur pesticides technology hain.
Flash cards · 10

Yeh words jaano

1 / 10
Recap

Summary aur key points

  1. Agriculture ek primary activity hai jo India ka pet bharti hai, industries ko maal deti hai aur exports se kamaai karti hai.
  2. Primitive subsistence farming chhote tukdon par haath ke tools aur parivaar ke labour se hoti hai; iska zyaadatar hissa slash and burn hai, jise North-east mein jhumming kehte hain (Section 4.1.1).
  3. Intensive subsistence farming chhoti, bati hui holdings se bhaari labour, fertiliser aur irrigation ke saath high output nikaalti hai (Section 4.1.2).
  4. Commercial farming modern inputs ke saath bechne ke liye ugaati hai; plantations industry ke liye bade estate par ek crop ugaate hain aur unhe achchha transport chahiye (Section 4.1.3).
  5. Rabi crops Oct–Dec mein boi aur Apr–Jun mein kaati jaati hain; kharif crops monsoon ke saath boi aur Sep–Oct mein kaati jaati hain; zaid ek chhota garmi ka season hai (Section 4.2).
  6. Rice ko 25 °C se zyada, high humidity aur 100 cm se zyada baarish chahiye; wheat ko thanda season, pakte waqt tez dhoop aur 50–75 cm baarish chahiye (Section 4.3.1, Section 4.3.2).
  7. Millets mazboot aur poshtik hain; maize khana bhi hai aur chaara bhi; pulses legumes hain jo soil ki nitrogen wapas laati hain aur rotation mein ugaai jaati hain (Section 4.3.3, Section 4.3.5).
  8. Sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee aur horticulture crops, sabki apni climate ki zaroortein aur regions hain (Section 4.4).
  9. Rubber ko 200 cm se zyada baarish chahiye; cotton Deccan ki black soil par ugta hai; jute, yaani golden fibre, flood plains par ugta hai; silk sericulture se aata hai (Section 4.5).
  10. Reforms land reform aur Green aur White Revolutions se lekar insurance, saste credit, KCC, weather bulletins aur MSP tak chale (Section 4.6).
  11. Vinoba Bhave ke Bhoodan–Gramdan movement ne zameendaaron ko bina hinsa ke bhoomiheenon ko zameen dene ke liye manaaya (Bhoodan and Gramdan).
Practice · 21 questions

Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)

  1. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1 (i)

    Ek company Kerala mein 1,000 hectare ke estate par sirf rubber trees ugaati hai, doosre states se workers rakhti hai aur saara latex apni factory ko bhejti hai. Yeh kis type ki farming hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) plantation agriculture

    Bade estate par ek hi crop, bhaari capital aur hired labour ke saath, jo ek industry ko maal de, plantation agriculture hai, jo commercial farming ka ek type hai. Zaid ek season hai, farming ka type nahi.
  2. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1 (ii)

    Inmein se kaunsi crop November mein boi aur April mein kaati jaati hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) mustard

    Mustard ek rabi crop hai. Jute, bajra aur soyabean kharif crops hain jo monsoon ke saath boi jaati hain.
  3. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1 (iii)

    Farmers kaunsi crop cereals ke saath rotation mein ugaate hain kyunki uski roots soil mein nitrogen jodti hain?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) moong

    Moong ek pulse hai, yaani leguminous crop, jiski root nodules nitrogen fix karti hain. Sugarcane, cotton aur maize sab soil se nitrogen nikaalti hain.
  4. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q2 (i)

    Darjeeling ke tea gardens duniya bhar mein mashhoor hain. Tea ugaane mein use hone wali farming ka type batao aur teen geographical conditions batao jo tea ko chahiye. (lagbhag 30 words)

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerPlantation agriculture. Saal bhar garam, nam, frost-free climate; baar-baar, barabar bikhri bauchhaar; gehri, fertile, well-drained soil jo humus se bharpoor ho.

    Tea ek plantation crop hai. Ise chahiye (1) saal bhar garam, nam aur frost-free climate, (2) saal bhar barabar bikhri baar-baar ki bauchhaar taaki komal pattiyan ugti rahein, aur (3) humus se bhari gehri, fertile soil, aisi dhalaan par jahan se paani jaldi beh jaaye. Pattiyan todne ke liye ise bahut saara skilled labour bhi chahiye.

  5. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q2 (ii)

    North aur north-west India ka main food grain aur India ke woh do zones batao jahan yeh mainly ugaaya jaata hai. (lagbhag 30 words)

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerWheat. North-west ke Ganga–Satluj plains aur Deccan ka black soil region.

    Wheat north aur north-west ka main food grain hai. Yeh mainly do zones mein ugaaya jaata hai: north-west ke Ganga–Satluj plains aur Deccan ka black soil region. Leading states mein Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan aur Bihar hain.

  6. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q2 (iii)

    Farmers ki madad ke liye government ke laaye chaar institutional reforms ki list banao. (lagbhag 30 words)

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerKoi bhi chaar: zamindari ka khaatma; holdings ka consolidation; cooperatives; crop insurance; Grameen aur cooperative banks; Kisan Credit Card; PAIS; minimum support price.

    • Zamindari ka khaatma aur holdings ka consolidation (land reform).
    • Crop insurance jo sookha, baadh, cyclone, aag ya bimaari se fasal barbaad hone par paisa deta hai.
    • Grameen banks, cooperative societies aur banks jo kam interest par loan dete hain; Kisan Credit Card.
    • Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, aur farmers ko bichauliyon se bachaane ke liye minimum support aur procurement prices.
  7. Long answerHardNCERT Exercises Q3 (i)

    ‘India ko usi zameen par zyada khana ugaana hoga.’ Agricultural production badhaane ke liye Independence ke baad se government ne jo kadam uthaaye hain, unhe describe karo. (lagbhag 120 words)

    Solution dikhao

    Land reform (1950s): First Five Year Plan ka focus land reform par tha: zamindari ka khaatma, bikhri holdings ka consolidation, cooperation aur collectivisation, taaki cultivators ke paas surakshit, kaam laayak zameen ho.

    Nayi technology (1960s–70s): Green Revolution ne HYV seeds, irrigation, fertilisers aur pesticides ka package diya, jisse wheat aur rice ka output tezi se badha. Operation Flood (White Revolution) ne doodh ke liye yahi kiya.

    Support (1980s se aage): ek land development programme ne natural disasters aur bimaari se barbaad crops ke liye insurance joda; Grameen banks, cooperatives aur banks ne saste loans diye; uske baad Kisan Credit Card aur PAIS aaye. Radio aur TV par weather bulletins aur farm programmes ne information failaai. Minimum support, remunerative aur procurement prices ne sahi kamaai pakki ki, jisse farmers ko invest karne aur zyada ugaane ka hausla mila.

  8. Long answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q3 (ii)

    Rice ugaane ke liye zaroori geographical conditions describe karo. Samjhao ki kam baarish ke bawajood Punjab aur Haryana itna rice kaise ugaate hain. (lagbhag 120 words)

    Solution dikhao

    Rice ek kharif crop hai. Ise 25 °C se upar high temperature, high humidity aur 100 cm se zyada saalana baarish chahiye. Yeh aisi samtal zameen par sabse achchha ugta hai jahan paani khada reh sake: north aur north-east ke plains, coastal areas aur river deltas, jaise West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh aur Tamil Nadu ke. Kam baarish wale areas mein ise irrigation chahiye.

    Punjab aur Haryana mein 100 cm se kahin kam baarish hoti hai. Woh rice canals aur tube wells ke ghane network ki wajah se ugaate hain, jo extra paani deta hai, saath mein Green Revolution ke saath aaye HYV seeds aur fertilisers bhi. Government ka support price par pakka kharidna bhi wahan rice ko faayde ka sauda banata hai. Lekin bhaari pumping se groundwater table neeche ja raha hai.

  9. ActivityEasyNCERT Project Work Q1

    Project: is par group discussion ke points taiyaar karo ki farmers ka padha-likha hona kyun zaroori hai.

    Solution dikhao
    • Seed packets, fertiliser bags aur pesticide labels padhne ke liye, aur sahi dose safely use karne ke liye.
    • SMS, radio, TV ya apps se aane wale weather forecasts aur crop ki salaah follow karne ke liye.
    • Bichauliyon par nirbhar hue bina loans, Kisan Credit Card, crop insurance claims aur government schemes ke forms bharne ke liye.
    • Bechne se pehle market prices aur minimum support price check karne ke liye.
    • Kharche aur kamaai ka hisaab rakhne ke liye, aur booklets aur websites se naye tarike seekhne ke liye.
  10. Short answerMediumNCERT Project Work Q2

    Map skill: India ke outline map par tum neeche di gayi cheezein mark karte. Apne jawab naam ke roop mein likho.

    1. Chhe major wheat-producing states (tumhari textbook ke hisaab se).

      Solution dikhao

      Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan aur Bihar (kisi bhi kram mein).

    2. Wheat ugaane ke do main zones.

      Solution dikhao

      North-west ke Ganga–Satluj plains aur Deccan ka black soil region.

    3. Chaar major jute-producing states.

      Solution dikhao

      Koi bhi chaar: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Meghalaya.

    4. Baba Budan Hills wala state, aur ek major tea state.

      Solution dikhao

      Karnataka (Baba Budan Hills, jahan coffee sabse pehle lagaai gayi thi); Assam (tea). Tea ke liye West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri), Tamil Nadu ya Kerala bhi sahi hain.

  11. Quick answerEasyNCERT Activity (word puzzle), p. 41

    Word hunt: India ke do staple food grains hain rice aur . Pulses se bharpoor hoti hain. Jowar ek grain hai. Tea aur India ki do main beverage crops hain. Black soils ki ek fibre crop hai .

    Answer dekho

    Answer (1) wheat, (2) protein, (3) coarse, (4) coffee, (5) cotton

    Rice aur wheat staples hain; pulses protein deti hain; jowar ek coarse grain (millet) hai; tea aur coffee beverage crops hain; cotton Deccan ki black soils par ugta hai.
  12. Quick answerMedium

    Assertion (A): Farmers aksar cereals ke saath rotation mein pulses ugaate hain. Reason (R): Zyaadatar pulses leguminous crops hain jo soil mein nitrogen fix karti hain.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) A aur R dono sahi hain, aur R, A ki sahi explanation hai.

    Cereals soil ki nitrogen kha jaate hain; pulses apni root nodules se use wapas daalti hain. Isiliye dono ko rotate kiya jaata hai, to R, A ko explain karta hai.
  13. Short answerMedium

    Passage padho aur jawab do. ‘Gurpreet Ludhiana ke paas 4 hectare par kheti karta hai. June mein woh paddy transplant karta hai aur use tube well se paani deta hai; November mein woh wheat bota hai. Woh dono crops paas ki mandi ke government purchase centre par bechta hai. Har kuch saal mein uske tube well ko aur gehra karna padta hai.’

    1. Gurpreet subsistence farmer hai ya commercial farmer? Ek reason do.

      Solution dikhao

      Commercial: woh mainly mandi mein bechne ke liye ugaata hai, aur tube-well irrigation jaise modern inputs use karta hai.

    2. Uski dono crops ka cropping season batao.

      Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

      Answer dekho
      Answer
      • Paddy : Kharif
      • Wheat : Rabi
      Paddy monsoon ke saath boya jaata hai (kharif); wheat shuruaati sardi mein boya jaata hai (rabi).

    3. Uske tube well ko aur gehra kyun karna padta hai? Ek upaay suggest karo.

      Solution dikhao

      Paddy ko Punjab ki baarish se kahin zyada paani chahiye, isliye farmers groundwater ko baarish ke bharne se zyada tezi se pump karte hain aur water table girta hai. Upaay: zameen ke kuch hisse par maize ya pulses jaisi kam paani wali crops ugaao, monsoon aane tak paddy transplanting taalo, ya paani bachaane wale tarike use karo.

    4. Agar harvest ke waqt market prices gir jaayein to kaunsa government price use bachata hai?

      Solution dikhao

      Minimum support price (MSP), jis par government uska paddy aur wheat kharidti hai.

  14. Short answerEasy

    Rabi aur kharif crops mein teen points par fark batao.

    Solution dikhao
    Table 4.10
    PointRabiKharif
    Boi jaati haiOctober–December, sardi shuru hote himonsoon aate hi
    Kaati jaati haiApril–JuneSeptember–October
    Exampleswheat, barley, peas, gram, mustardpaddy, maize, jowar, bajra, cotton, jute, groundnut
  15. Short answerMedium

    Plantation ko transport aur communication ka achchha network kyun chahiye? Do reasons do.

    Solution dikhao

    (1) Plantation sirf market ke liye ugaata hai, isliye uska poora output processing factories, buyers aur ports tak jaldi pahunchna chahiye; tea leaf jaisi crops der hone par quality kho deti hain. (2) Use inputs ki lagaataar supply aur buyers aur auction centres se sampark chahiye, jo achchhi roads, railways aur communication links par depend karta hai.

  16. Short answerMedium

    Batao ki cotton kin conditions mein sabse achchha ugta hai aur chaar leading cotton states ke naam batao.

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerDeccan ki black soil ke sookhe hisse; high temperature; halki baarish ya irrigation; 210 frost-free days; tez dhoop; 6–8 mahine. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana (list mein se koi bhi chaar).

    Deccan plateau par black cotton soil ke sookhe areas cotton ke liye sabse sahi hain. Crop ko high temperature aur tez dhoop chahiye, kam se kam 210 din bina frost ke, aur sirf halki baarish, ya uski jagah irrigation. Kharif season mein boi jaane ke baad ise pakne mein 6 se 8 mahine lagte hain. Leading states (koi bhi chaar): Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh.

  17. Quick answerEasy

    Cropping season ke hisaab se kaunsa alag hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (D) groundnut

    Groundnut ek kharif crop hai. Wheat, gram aur mustard rabi crops hain.
  18. Quick answerEasy

    Har crop ko us state se match karo jise tumhari textbook uske liye sabse pehle likhti hai.

    Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

    Answer dekho
    Answer
    • Bajra : Rajasthan
    • Ragi : Karnataka
    • Groundnut : Gujarat
    • Jute : West Bengal
    Bajra Rajasthan ki sandy soils ke liye sahi hai; ragi mainly Karnataka ki crop hai; groundnut mein Gujarat aage hai; jute mainly West Bengal ke flood plains mein ugta hai.
  19. Short answerMedium

    Bhoodan–Gramdan movement kya tha? Ise bloodless revolution kyun kehte hain?

    Solution dikhao

    Yeh bhoomiheenon ke liye zameen paane ka ek movement tha, jiska netritva Gandhiji ke anuyaayi Vinoba Bhave ne kiya. Yeh 1951 mein Pochampally (ab Telangana mein) mein shuru hua, jab ek zameendaar ne bhoomiheen gaonwaalon ko zameen offer ki; is daan ko Bhoodan kaha gaya. Baad mein kuch zamindaron ne poore gaon bhoomiheenon mein baantne ke liye de diye, jise Gramdan kaha gaya. Kyunki zameen zabardasti ya hinsa se nahi, balki apni marzi ke daan aur samjhaane-bujhaane se haath badli, isliye ise bloodless revolution kehte hain. (Kuch maalikon ne kuch had tak land ceiling laws ke darr se bhi zameen di.)

  20. Short answerEasy

    Primitive subsistence farming kya hai? Iska per hectare output kam kyun hota hai?

    Solution dikhao

    Yeh zameen ke chhote tukdon par hoe, dao aur digging stick jaise primitive tools se, parivaar ya community ke labour ke saath, parivaar ka pet bharne ke liye ki jaane wali farming hai. Yeh monsoon aur soil ki natural fertility par depend karti hai. Per hectare output kam hota hai kyunki fertilisers, HYV seeds ya irrigation use nahi hote; jab soil thak jaati hai, to farmer bas naye tukde par chala jaata hai (slash and burn).

  21. Quick answerMedium

    Assam, West Bengal aur Odisha saal mein paddy ki teen crops ugaate hain. Monsoon se pehle boi jaane wali crop hai, main monsoon crop hai aur irrigation wali winter–spring crop hai.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (1) Aus, (2) Aman, (3) Boro

    Aus, Aman aur Boro. Bewar Madhya Pradesh mein slash and burn farming ka ek naam hai.

Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo

Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.

Tumhari NCERT textbook meinYahan practice question
NCERT Exercises Q1 (i)Practice Q1
NCERT Exercises Q1 (ii)Practice Q2
NCERT Exercises Q1 (iii)Practice Q3
NCERT Exercises Q2 (i)Practice Q4
NCERT Exercises Q2 (ii)Practice Q5
NCERT Exercises Q2 (iii)Practice Q6
NCERT Exercises Q3 (i)Practice Q7
NCERT Exercises Q3 (ii)Practice Q8
NCERT Project Work Q1Practice Q9
NCERT Project Work Q2Practice Q10
NCERT Activity (word puzzle), p. 41Practice Q11

Quick check: MCQs

  1. 4.1.3 Commercial farming4 questions
  2. 4.2 Cropping pattern4 questions
  3. 4.3.5 Pulses4 questions
  4. 4.4.5 Horticulture crops4 questions
  5. Jute4 questions
  6. 4.6.3 1980s se farmers ko support4 questions
Glossary · 15

Key terms (English + Hindi)

coarse grains (millets)मोटे अनाजmote anaaj
Jowar, bajra aur ragi jaise mazboot, chhote daanon wale cereals; chhoone mein khurdure lekin bahut poshtik.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
commercial farmingवाणिज्यिक कृषिvanijyik krishi
Mainly bechne ke liye kheti, HYV seeds, fertilisers aur pesticides jaise modern inputs ke saath.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
consolidation of holdingsचकबंदीchakbandi
Farmer ke bikhre plots ko barabar keemat ke ek compact block se badalna.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
Green Revolutionहरित क्रांतिharit kranti
1960s ka HYV seeds, irrigation, fertilisers aur pesticides ka package jisne wheat aur rice ka output tezi se badhaaya.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
horticultureबागवानीbagwani
Fruits, sabziyan aur phool ugaana.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
intensive subsistence farmingगहन जीविका कृषिgahan jeevika krishi
Chhoti holdings par bahut labour, khoob fertiliser aur irrigation wali kheti, mainly parivaar ka pet bharne ke liye.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
kharifख़रीफ़kharif
Monsoon ka cropping season: pehli baarish ke saath boi, September–October mein kaati jaati hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
leguminous cropफलीदार फ़सलphalidar fasal
Phali wala plant, jaise pulse, jiski root nodules hawa se nitrogen soil mein fix karti hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
minimum support price (MSP)न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्यnyuntam samarthan mulya
Sowing se pehle government ka announce kiya price, jis par woh farmers se crop kharidne ko taiyaar rehti hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
plantation agricultureरोपण कृषिropan krishi
Bade estate par ek hi crop ki commercial farming, bhaari capital aur hired labour ke saath, industry ke liye.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
primitive subsistence farmingप्रारंभिक जीविका निर्वाह कृषिprarambhik jeevika nirvah krishi
Chhote plots par saade tools aur parivaar ke labour se, bina modern inputs ke, parivaar ka pet bharne ke liye kheti.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
rabiरबीrabi
Sardi ka cropping season: October–December mein boi, April–June mein kaati jaati hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
sericultureरेशम कीट पालनresham keet palan
Silk paane ke liye silkworms paalna, aamtaur par mulberry ki pattiyon par.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
slash and burn agricultureकर्तन दहन प्रणाली कृषिkartan dahan pranali krishi
Forest ka ek tukda saaf karke jalaana, soil thakne tak usmein fasal ugaana, phir naye tukde par chale jaana.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
zaidज़ायदzaid
Rabi harvest aur kharif sowing ke beech ka chhota garmi ka season.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

Tum chapter ke end tak pahunch gaye