Forest and Wildlife Resources: Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Hinglish mein

Gaon ke talaab ke kinare khada ek purana banyan tree lagbhag ek chhota sa town hai. Uske crown mein parakeets aur mynas ghonsle banate hain, uski branches se fruit bats latakte hain, uske figs ke andar chhote wasps breed karte hain aur uski latakti roots par squirrels daudti hain. Aise hazaaron trees socho, har ek ke apne kirayedaaron ki bheed ke saath, aur tumhare saamne ek forest hai: Earth ke sabse busy living systems mein se ek.

Forest hata do to kirayedaaron ka woh town gir jaata hai, aur waqt ke saath hum bhi. Har saans ki oxygen, kuen mein rista paani, gehun ke khet ki soil: yeh sab living things milkar banate ya renew karte hain. Is system ki neev mein forests hain. Unke green plants primary producers hain, jo sunlight ko food mein badalte hain, aur aakhir mein har animal, tum bhi, usi food par depend karta hai (Fig. 2.1). Is saari life ki variety, aur use aapas mein baandhne wale rishton ko, biodiversity (जैव विविधता) kehte hain.

2.1 India mein Flora aur Fauna

Kuch plants aur animals ek region se itni gehraai se jude hote hain ki woh uski pehchaan ban jaate hain. Thar ka khejri tree, Western Ghats ka Nilgiri tahr, ya Sikkim ke dhundh bhare forests ka red panda socho. Kisi region ki plant life uska flora (वनस्पतिजात) hai aur uski animal life uska fauna (प्राणिजात). Tumhare district ke liye kaun se khaas hain?

Biodiversity ke maamle mein India duniya ke sabse ameer countries mein gina jaata hai. Iske paas duniya ki sirf lagbhag 2.4 % land hai, phir bhi ismein sabhi recorded species ka lagbhag 7–8 % hai (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change). Yeh 17 megadiverse countries mein se ek hai. Duniya ke 36 biodiversity hotspots mein se chaar ke hisse bhi India mein hain: Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats aur Nicobar Islands. Tumhari textbook yeh bhi kehti hai ki kai aur species, shayad do ya teen guna, abhi discover hona baaki hain.

Class 9 mein tumne India ki natural vegetation aur wildlife padhi thi. Yeh har aam din mein bune hue hain. Apni notebook ka paper, kitchen ka shahad aur masale, lac ki chudiyan, bamboo ki seedhi, ya neem aur tulsi se bani dawaiyan socho. Kyunki yeh hamesha aas-paas hote hain, hum inpar dhyaan hi nahi dete. Sabse zyada isi laaparwahi ne humare forests aur wildlife ko bhaari pressure mein daal diya hai.

2.1.1 Humare flora aur fauna stress mein kyun hain

Forest shayad hi kabhi ek jhatke mein gayab hota hai. Woh thoda-thoda karke kutar liya jaata hai, kahin ek khet aur kahin ek sadak, jab tak andar ke animals ke paas jagah, khana aur safe raaste khatam nahi ho jaate (Fig. 2.2). Insaan ke main pressures yeh hain:

• Khet, towns, factories aur sadakon ke liye land clear karna. Animals apna habitat kho dete hain, aur jo bachta hai woh chhote, alag-alag patches mein bant jaata hai.
• Bade projects jaise dams, jo forest ki poori valleys ko dubo dete hain, aur mines, jo trees aur topsoil ko chheel dete hain.
• Overuse: forest jitna wapas ugaa sake usse zyada fuelwood, timber aur chaara lena, aur usse zyada cattle charana.
• Khaal, haddiyon, seengon, daanton aur maans ke liye hunting aur poaching, aur illegal pet trade ke liye zinda birds aur animals pakadna.
• Sewage, factory waste aur farm chemicals se nadiyon, jheelon aur samudra ka pollution, jo machhliyon, turtles aur birds ko maar deta hai.
• Invasive plants jaise lantana, jo bahar se laaye gaye, forests mein fail jaate hain aur un ghaas aur jhaadiyon ko hata dete hain jo wild animals khaate hain.

2.2 India mein Forest aur Wildlife ka Conservation

Bees-vi sadi mein wild animals ki ginti aur forest area tezi se gire, isliye jo bacha hai use bachana zaroori ho gaya hai. India apne forests aur wildlife ko kaise protect karta hai, yeh dekhne se pehle saaf samajh lete hain ki use aisa kyun karna chahiye.

2.2.1 Conserve kyun karein?

Conservation sirf sundar animals bachane ke baare mein nahi hai. Yeh un chaar cheezon ko bachata hai jinke bina log reh nahi sakte (Fig. 2.3):

• Humara life-support system. Forests aur wetlands hawa ko saans lene layak rakhte hain, baarish ka paani zameen mein jama karte hain aur soil ko apni jagah pakde rakhte hain.
• Ecological variety. Kai tarah ki living things, har ek apna kaam karti hui, ecosystem ko tab bhi chalate rakhti hain jab uska koi hissa nuksaan uthata hai.
• Genetic diversity. Wild plants aur purani crop varieties mein disease, drought ya salt jhelne ke genes hote hain. Plant breeders in genes ko nayi crops mein milate hain, isiliye kisaanon ki purani varieties aaj bhi sambhaal kar rakhne layak hain.111970s mein plant breeders ko Uttar Pradesh se ikattha kiye gaye ek wild rice mein aisa gene mila jo rice ko grassy stunt virus se bachata hai, aur unhone use rice varieties mein breed kiya jo baad mein poore Asia mein ugaayi gayi.
• Fisheries. Machhli, prawns aur crabs ko saaf paani aur nadiyon, jheelon aur samudra ke kai chhote plants aur animals chahiye. Woh variety kho do to catch gir jaata hai.

2.2.2 The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Socho, tum ek aise animal ko bachane ki koshish kar rahe ho jise ek state mein legally shoot kiya ja sakta hai aur doosre state mein uski khaal khule-aam bikti hai. 1960s mein India ki wildlife ko ghatte dekhne wale naturalists poore desh ke liye ek law chahte the. Parliament ne 1972 mein use pass kiya: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. Iske tools yeh the:

• Isne protected species ki all-India list banayi.
• Isne un animals ki hunting ko crime bana diya.
• Isne unke habitats ko law mein protection diya.
• Isne wild animals aur unse bani cheezon, jaise khaal, ivory aur seengon, ke trade ko control kiya.

In sabka maqsad tha ki endangered species hamesha ke liye khatam na hon. Phir protected areas aaye: central aur state governments ne kai national parks (राष्ट्रीय उद्यान) aur wildlife sanctuaries banaye, aur baad mein tiger reserves. Inmein farq yeh hai ki zameen ke istemaal par logon ke liye kitni sakht rok hai (Teen tarah ke protected area).

Is general protection ke alawa, central government ne sabse zyada khatre wale animals ke liye special projects shuru kiye. Inmein tiger, one-horned rhinoceros, hangul (Kashmir stag) aur Asiatic lion the. Teen crocodilians ko bhi ek project mila: mugger (freshwater crocodile), saltwater crocodile aur gharial. Haal hi mein kuch aur animals ko poore India mein hunting aur wildlife trade se poori ya kuch had tak protection mili hai. Inmein snow leopard, great Indian bustard (godawan), Indian elephant, blackbuck aur chinkara hain.22Tumhari textbook ‘black buck (chinkara)’ likhti hai, lekin yeh do alag antelopes hain: male blackbuck ke lambe ghumaavdaar seeng hote hain, jabki chinkara chhota Indian gazelle hai.

2.2.3 Project Tiger

Tiger forest food web ke sabse upar hai. Jo forest tigers ko khila sake, usmein bahut saare deer, wild pigs aur gaur bhi hone chahiye, aur woh ghaas, trees aur paani bhi jo in animals ko chahiye. Isliye tigers ko bachane ka matlab hai poore forests aur unki har cheez ko bachana. Yahi wajah hai ki tiger reserves ki keemat sirf tigers ki wajah se nahi, balki unke bachaye bade habitats ki wajah se bhi utni hi hai.

1970s ki shuruaat tak tiger lagbhag gayab hone ki kagaar par tha. 1972 ki ginti mein India mein sirf 1,827 tigers mile, jabki 1900 ke aas-paas lagbhag 55,000 hone ka anumaan tha; yeh figures tumhari textbook deti hai (Fig. 2.4). Iske chaar main causes the:

• Poaching: tiger ki khaal ki oonchi keemat milti thi, aur haddiyon ko pees kar traditional medicines banti thi jo zyaadatar Asia ke doosre hisson mein bikti thi.
• Sikudte forests, jo khet, projects aur bastiyon ke liye saaf kiye gaye.
• Kam prey animals, kyunki deer aur wild pigs ka shikaar hua ya unka habitat chhin gaya.
• Tiger wale ilaakon mein aur unke aas-paas zyada log rehne lage, jisse conflict badha.

Poachers ne India aur Nepal par focus kiya, ek seedhi wajah se: duniya mein bache saare tigers ka lagbhag do-tihaai in do countries mein tha. India ne 1 April 1973 ko nau tiger reserves ke saath Project Tiger shuru kiya, aur yeh duniya ke sabse mashhoor wildlife campaigns mein se ek ban gaya. 2006 se National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) ise chalati hai. 2022 ka estimate, jo 2023 mein publish hua, India ke tigers lagbhag 3,682 batata hai, yaani Earth ke saare wild tigers ka lagbhag teen-chauthaai.

Tumhari textbook in tiger reserves ke naam deti hai, jinhe tumhe India ke map par dhoondh paana chahiye:

• Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand
• Sundarbans National Park, West Bengal
• Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh
• Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan
• Manas Tiger Reserve, Assam
• Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala

March 2025 tak India mein kul 58 tiger reserves the (NTCA).

2.2.4 Kuch animals se poori biodiversity tak

Kiski parwaah karna aasaan hai, tiger ki ya beetle ki? Shuru ke conservation ne tiger, rhino aur lion ko chuna. Lekin ecosystem apne chhote members se bhi chalta hai: bees aur butterflies phoolon ko pollinate karti hain, aur beetles gobar ko todte hain. Isliye protection kuch star species se badhkar poori biodiversity tak pahunchi. Wildlife Act ki lists mein ab kai sau butterflies, moths aur beetles aur ek dragonfly hain, jo 1980 aur 1986 ke notifications se jode gaye. Plants baad mein aaye: 1991 mein pehli baar chhe species list hui. 2022 ke ek amendment ne har protected species ko chaar schedules mein dobara baanta.

2.3 Forest aur Wildlife Resources ke Types aur Distribution

Forests ko bachane ka faisla karna aasaan hissa hai; unhe chalana kahin zyada mushkil hai. India ke forests hills, plains, deltas aur deserts mein faile hain, aur karodon log unpar depend karte hain. Government sabse badi owner aur manager hai: state forest departments, aur kuch doosre departments, zyaadatar forest land ki dekhbhaal karte hain. Ise manage karne ke liye land ko teen legal categories mein rakha jaata hai (Fig. 2.5):

• Reserved forests (आरक्षित वन): saari forest land ka aadhe se zyada hissa is category mein aata hai, aur conservation ke liye yeh sabse keemti hai. Forest department ki permission ke bina andar kuch bhi nahi kiya ja sakta.
• Protected forests (रक्षित वन): forest land ka lagbhag ek-tihaai. Forest department ne inhe aur sikudne se rokne ke liye notify kiya hai, haalaanki local log kuch recorded rights rakh sakte hain, jaise giri hui lakdi ikattha karna.
• Unclassed forests (अवर्गीकृत वन): baaki sab, yaani forest aur wasteland jo government, private owners ya village communities ka ho sakta hai.

Categories ka mix ek state se doosre state mein bahut badalta hai (Table 2.3). North-eastern states mein zyaadatar forests unclassed hain, aur local communities khud unhe manage karti hain.

Yeh lists purane data se hain: Telangana 2014 mein Andhra Pradesh se alag hua, aur Jammu and Kashmir 2019 mein Union Territory bana. Board exam mein textbook wali lists hi use karo.

2.4 Community aur Conservation

India mein nature ko bachana ek purana idea hai, kisi bhi forest department se kahin purana. Kai communities, tribal aur doosri bhi, forests ke andar ya unke paas rehti hain aur roz unka use karti hain. Tumhari textbook ke page 14 ki photographs ismein se kuch dikhati hain:

• Silent Valley, Kerala ke paas ek nursery mein bamboo ke paudhe lagati young tribal women;
• market mein minor forest produce bechti women, yaani forests se ikatthe kiye patte, phal, beej aur timber ke alawa doosra saamaan;
• forest se patton ke dher ki gathriyan uthaye women, jo khaad aur cattle ke bichhaune ke kaam aate hain.

Kyunki unki rozi-roti healthy forests par tiki hai, kai communities ab unki raksha karti hain, kabhi government officials ke saath aur kabhi poori tarah apne dum par:

• Rajasthan ke Sariska Tiger Reserve mein rehne wale gaon walon ne reserve mein mining ke khilaaf khud Wildlife Protection Act ka hi use kiya.
• Alwar district (Rajasthan) ke paanch gaon ne apni khud ki 1,200-hectare ki wildlife sanctuary declare ki, Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’. Unke rules hunting par rok lagate hain aur bahar walon ko wildlife ke ilaake mein ghusne nahi dete, aur woh government ka koi role nahi chahte.
• Chipko movement mein, jo 1973 mein Himalayas mein shuru hua, gaon walon ne, jinmein bahut si women thi, trees se lipat kar contractors ko unhe kaatne se roka. Iski safalta trees bachane se aage gayi: gaon walon ne aage chalkar khaali dhalaanon par native species lagayi, aur dikhaya ki local logon ke dobara lagaye forests achchhe se pal-badh sakte hain.
• Tehri mein Beej Bachao Andolan (Save the Seeds Movement) ne pahadon ki purani seed varieties ko wapas laaya, aur Navdanya network community seed banks chalata hai. Dono dikhate hain ki chemical fertilisers ya pesticides ke bina kai crops ugaane wala khet bhi parivaar ka pet bhar sakta hai aur kamaai de sakta hai.

2.4.1 Joint Forest Management

Ek aisi pahadi dhalaan socho jo forest department ki hai lekin woh uski nigraani nahi kar paata. Gaon wale fuel ke liye use kaatte hain, cattle charkar use nanga kar dete hain, aur woh saal-dar-saal degrade hoti jaati hai. Joint Forest Management (JFM) (संयुक्त वन प्रबंधन) unhi gaon walon ko uska guard bana deta hai (Fig. 2.6). Gaon degraded patch ko protect karne ke liye apni committee banata hai, aur ownership department ke paas hi rehti hai. Is deal se gaon ko do fayde milte hain. Members patte, phal aur ghaas jaisa non-timber produce turant ikattha kar sakte hain, aur jab unka bachaya forest kata jaata hai to unhe timber mein hissa milta hai.

Odisha 1988 mein resolution se JFM apnaane wala pehla state tha, aur 1990 ki central guidelines ke baad doosre states ne bhi apnaya.

Is chapter mein baar-baar dikha ki forests wahan wapas aaye jahan unke paas rehne walon ka unmein hissa tha: Chipko ke gaon mein, Alwar mein, Odisha ki JFM committees mein. Isliye forests, paani ya wildlife ke kisi bhi plan mein local logon ko shaamil karna zaroori hai, haalaanki aakhri faisla aaj bhi kam hi unke haath mein hota hai. Kisi bhi project ke liye ek useful test ke teen sawaal hain. Kya yeh wahan rehne walon ke kaam aata hai? Kya yeh environment ko bachata hai? Kya iska economic sense banta hai?

2.4.2 Sacred groves aur nature worship

Kisi sacred grove (पवित्र पेड़ों के झुरमुट) mein jao to wahan aise trees mil sakte hain jo aas-paas ke ilaake ke kisi bhi tree se kahin purane aur oonche hain. Kisi ne unhe nahi kaata kyunki grove kisi devta ka hai; ek tarah se yeh devi-devtaon ke forests hain. Inke peeche ek purana tribal idea hai, ki nature ke har hisse ki raksha honi chahiye. Grove ek chhota sa jungle ho sakta hai ya kisi bade forest ka ek kona, aur dono hi haalat mein local log use na chhoote hain na doosron ko chhoone dete hain. India mein aise hazaaron groves hain, kai local naamon se: Maharashtra mein devrai, Kerala mein kavu, Rajasthan mein oran, Jharkhand mein sarna. Meghalaya ki Khasi hills mein Mawphlang ka sacred forest sabse mashhoor groves mein se ek hai.

Reference ke liye scientific names: mahua Bassia latifolia, kadamba Anthocephalus cadamba, tamarind Tamarindus indica, mango Mangifera indica. Aastha sirf trees ko hi nahi bachati. Jis jharne ko pavitra maana jaata hai use saaf rakha jaata hai, aur kisi devta ki pavitra choti ko chhoda nahi jaata. Kai mandiron mein shraddhalu roz macaques aur langurs jaise bandaron ko khilate hain aur unhe mandir ki zindagi ka hissa maante hain. Rajasthan ke Bishnoi gaon mein blackbuck, chinkara, nilgai aur peafowl gharon ke beech ghoomte hain, aur safe rehte hain kyunki poori community unhe nuksaan pahunchane se inkaar karti hai.