Minerals and Energy Resources: Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Hinglish mein

Apne classroom mein chaaron taraf dekho. Tumhari bench ka steel frame, khidki ka glass, pairon ke neeche ka cement aur ceiling fan ke andar ka copper wire, yeh sab zameen se khod kar nikaale gaye rock se hi shuru hue the. Fan khud bhi shayad us electricity se chalta hai jo coal jala kar banti hai, aur coal bhi mine se hi nikalta hai. Minerals hata do, to modern duniya ka bahut kam hissa bacha rahega.

Stone Age se hi log minerals par depend karte aaye hain. Flint se tools bane, copper aur bronze se bartan aur hathiyaar, aur gold aur silver se gehne aur sikke. Diwali par jo diye hum jalaate hain, woh aaj bhi clay se hi bante hain. Aaj trains, buses, aircraft, bridges aur phones minerals se bante hain, aur dharti se nikle fuels unhe chalaate hain. Hamare body ko bhi minerals chahiye. Yeh chapter poochta hai ki mineral kya hota hai aur minerals dharti mein kaise milte hain. Phir yeh India ke main minerals aur fuels ki sair karata hai, dekhta hai ki mining risky kyun hai, aur sochta hai ki hum in limited resources ko lambe samay tak kaise chala sakte hain.

5.1 Mineral kya hai?

Roz ki baatchit mein hum zameen se nikli kisi bhi cheez ko mineral keh dete hain. Geologists zyada strict hain. Unke liye mineral (खनिज) ki teen khaasiyat hain: use nature ne banaya hai, woh poori tarah ek jaisa hota hai, aur uske atoms ek fixed, repeating pattern mein arranged hote hain. Quartz, calcite aur hematite is description mein fit hote hain.

Granite ka ek tukda uthao aur dhyaan se dekho. Tumhe quartz ke glass jaise grey daane, white ya pink feldspar aur mica ke chamakdaar flakes dikhenge. Granite ek rock hai: minerals ka natural mixture. Kuch rocks lagbhag poori tarah ek hi mineral se bane hote hain; jaise limestone zyadatar calcite hai. Hazaaron minerals ke naam rakhe ja chuke hain (tumhari textbook 2,000 se zyada kehti hai), phir bhi zyadatar rocks bas kuch common minerals se hi bante hain.

Minerals ek doosre se itne alag kyun hote hain? Kaun se elements milte hain, aur jahan woh crystallise hote hain wahan kitni heat aur pressure hai, isse tay hota hai ki kaun sa mineral banega. Carbon iska sabse achha example hai. Dharti mein gehraai par bahut zyada pressure mein dabkar woh diamond ban jaata hai, sabse hard natural substance. Halki conditions mein woh graphite banta hai, itna soft ki tumhari pencil mein paper par nishaan chhod de. Geologists minerals ko aisi properties se pehchaante hain: colour, hardness, crystal shape, lustre (surface kaise chamakti hai) aur density.

Trade aur industry ke liye minerals ko teen bade families mein sort kiya jaata hai (Fig. 5.1). Metallic minerals humein metals dete hain. Inhe phir teen hisson mein baanta jaata hai. Ferrous minerals mein iron hota hai ya woh mainly iron ke saath use hote hain. Non-ferrous minerals mein iron nahi hota. Precious minerals, jaise gold aur silver, apni kami (rarity) ki wajah se keemti hain. Non-metallic minerals, jaise mica aur limestone, apne andar ke kisi metal ke liye nahi, balki jaise hain waise hi use hote hain. Energy minerals, jaise coal, petroleum aur natural gas, power ke liye jalaaye jaate hain.

5.2 Minerals ke milne ka tareeka (mode of occurrence)

Miners lagbhag kabhi pure mineral nahi khodte. Woh jo khodte hain woh ore (अयस्क) hota hai: aisa rock jismein kaam ka mineral doosre substances ke saath mila hota hai. Rich ore khudai ka kharcha nikaal deta hai; poor ore shayad nahi. Deposit ki shape bhi matter karti hai. Zameen ke andar gehri ek patli daraar-bharai ko follow karna dheema aur mehenga hai, jabki surface ke paas ek moti, flat layer sasti mein nikaali ja sakti hai. Isiliye hum minerals ko unke milne ke tareeke se sort karte hain.

1. Igneous aur metamorphic rocks mein veins aur lodes. Pighla hua ya gas jaisa material rock ki cracks, joints aur faults se upar dhakela jaata hai. Upar aate hue woh thanda hokar sakht ho jaata hai. Patli bharai veins kehlaati hai; moti bharai lodes. Tin, copper, zinc aur lead zyadatar inhi se aate hain.
2. Sedimentary rocks mein beds ya layers. Material lambe samay tak flat layers mein jamta aur badhta rehta hai. Coal aur kuch iron ores isi tarah heat aur pressure mein concentrate hue. Gypsum, potash salt aur sodium salt tab bane jab sea ya lake ka paani evaporate hua, khaas kar sookhe regions mein.
3. Weathering ke baad bacha hissa. Surface ke rocks toot jaate hain, baarish ghulne wale hisson ko baha le jaati hai, aur ore se bhara weathered mass peeche reh jaata hai. Bauxite aise hi banta hai.
4. Alluvium mein placer deposits. Kuch minerals valleys ke tal ki ret mein aur pahadiyon ke neeche jama ho jaate hain. Yeh woh minerals hain jinhe paani corrode nahi karta, jaise gold, silver, tin aur platinum.
5. Ocean ka paani aur sea floor. Sea water mein bahut zyada minerals hote hain, lekin zyadatar itne phaile hue hain ki unhe nikaalna fayde ka nahi. Common salt, magnesium aur bromine iske exceptions hain. Ocean bed ke kuch hisson par manganese nodules bikhre pade hain.

5.2.1 India bhar mein minerals

India mein kai tarah ke minerals hain, lekin woh barabar phaile hue nahi hain. Zyadatar daulat peninsular plateau ke purane, hard rocks mein hai: lagbhag hamara saara coal aur metal ores, hamara mica, aur doosre non-metallic minerals ki lambi list. Petroleum alag hai. Iska zyadatar hissa peninsula ke dono taraf ke naye sedimentary rocks mein hai, khaas kar west mein Gujarat aur east mein Assam mein. Rajasthan, jiske rocks peninsula wale purane system ke hi hain, mein kai non-ferrous minerals hain. Itna farq kyun? Minerals sirf kuch khaas rocks mein, khaas processes se, bahut lambe samay mein bante hain, aur har region ke rocks ki history alag hai. Isiliye northern plains, jo nadiyon ki nayi silt se bane hain, mein mine karne layak lagbhag kuch nahi hai.

Mine kholne ke liye sirf mineral mil jaana kaafi nahi hai. Planners teen cheezein tolte hain: ore kitna rich hai, use khod kar nikaalna kitna aasaan hai, aur woh market ke kitna paas hai. Jab koi deposit yeh test paas karta hai, tabhi use kaam ke liye chuna jaata hai, aur mineral reserve ek mine ban jaata hai.

5.3 Ferrous minerals

Aisa mineral lo jismein iron ho, ya jo mainly iron se steel banane mein use hota ho, to woh ferrous mineral (लौह खनिज) hai. Steel duniya ka sabse zyada use hone wala metal hai, isliye steelworks, foundries aur engineering works sab inhi minerals par tike hain. Value ke hisaab se, India ke metallic minerals ke output ka lagbhag teen-chauthaai hissa ferrous minerals ka hai (textbook figure). India jitna chahiye usse zyada iron ore mine karta hai aur uska kuch hissa export karta hai.

5.3.1 Iron ore

Steel rails, bridges, cars, ships, pressure cookers aur tiffin boxes mein lagta hai, isliye iron ore ko industrial growth ki reedh ki haddi (backbone) kaha jaata hai. India lucky hai ki uske paas achhi quality ke ore ke bade reserves hain. Do ores sabse zyada matter karte hain.

Production kuch hi states mein concentrated hai. Tumhari textbook batati hai ki 2018–19 mein lagbhag saara (97 %) Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka aur Jharkhand se aaya. 2025–26 mein India ne lagbhag 312 million tonnes iron ore mine kiya. Akele Odisha ne iska lagbhag aadha diya, uske baad Chhattisgarh (17 %) aur Karnataka (15 %) (Indian Bureau of Mines, provisional figures, March 2026).

5.3.2 Manganese

Manganese zyadatar steel aur ferro-manganese alloy banane mein use hota hai. Yeh pighle iron se faltu oxygen aur sulphur hata deta hai aur steel ko zyada mazboot banata hai. Har tonne steel mein lagbhag 10 kg manganese lagta hai. Bleaching powder, insecticides aur paints mein bhi iski zaroorat hoti hai. Tumhari textbook ka 2018–19 ka chart Madhya Pradesh ko top producer (33 %) dikhata hai. 2025–26 mein Maharashtra lagbhag 32 % ke saath aage raha, uske baad Madhya Pradesh (28 %), Odisha (16 %), Karnataka (13 %) aur Andhra Pradesh (12 %) (Indian Bureau of Mines, provisional).

5.4 Non-ferrous minerals

Iron ko picture se hata do, to non-ferrous minerals (अलौह खनिज) bachte hain: copper, bauxite (aluminium ke liye), lead, zinc aur gold. Electrical goods, engineering works aur metal industries inke bina nahi chal sakte. Lekin yahin India sabse kamzor hai: uske reserves limited hain aur output zaroorat se kam padta hai. Hum inmein se do ko dekhte hain.

5.4.1 Copper

Copper ko peet kar sheets banayi ja sakti hain (yeh malleable hai), kheench kar patle wires banaye ja sakte hain (yeh ductile hai), aur yeh electricity bahut achhe se conduct karta hai. Isiliye yeh electric cables, motors, electronics aur chemical industries ka metal hai. India mein copper ki bahut kami hai, reserves mein bhi aur production mein bhi, isliye woh jitna use karta hai uska bada hissa bahar se khareedta hai. Main producing areas yeh hain:

• Madhya Pradesh mein Balaghat mines (Malanjkhand)
• Rajasthan mein Khetri mines
• Jharkhand mein Singhbhum district

5.4.2 Bauxite

Drinks ka can, pressure cooker ya highway ke saath chalti power lines dekho: sab aluminium ki hain, aur lagbhag saara aluminium bauxite se shuru hota hai, jo ek laal-sa, clay jaisa ore hai. Bauxite ek residual deposit hai (Section 5.2 dekho), jo tab bachta hai jab aluminium silicates se bhare rocks weather hokar ghis jaate hain. Factories ise refine karke alumina banati hain aur phir usse metal nikaalti hain (Fig. 5.4). Aluminium mein qualities ka ek anokha mel hai. Iske alloys aircraft ke liye kaafi strong ho sakte hain, phir bhi iska wazan iron ka sirf lagbhag ek-tihaai hai. Yeh electricity bhi achhe se conduct karta hai aur aasaani se roll aur mud jaata hai.

India ka zyadatar bauxite central aur eastern India ke plateaus par hai: Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills aur Bilaspur–Katni plateau region. Odisha sabse zyada produce karta hai, aur uske sabse important deposits Koraput district mein Panchpatmali mein hain. Odisha ki badhat aur badh gayi hai: 2025–26 mein usne India ka lagbhag 71 % bauxite produce kiya, uske baad Gujarat (9 %) aur Jharkhand (8 %) (Indian Bureau of Mines, provisional). Tumhari textbook ka 2018–19 ka figure 65 % hai.

5.5 Non-metallic minerals

5.5.1 Mica

Koi purani electric iron ya toaster kholo, to tumhe heating wire ko pakde hue patli, glass jaisi sheets mil sakti hain: woh mica hai. Electrical engineers ise bahut value karte hain kyunki yeh current ko guzarne nahi deta, bina toote bahut high voltage seh sakta hai (high dielectric strength), aur bahut kam power waste karta hai. Isiliye yeh un minerals mein se hai jinke bina electrical aur electronics industries sabse kam chal sakti hain. Iska structure bhi anokha hai (Fig. 5.5). Mica kitaab ke pannon ki tarah ek ke upar ek rakhi patli plates mein badhta hai, aur nakhoon se tum paper se bhi kahin patli, flexible, aar-paar dikhne wali sheets utaar sakte ho. Iski sheets kai rangon mein aati hain, rangheen se lekar brown, green, red, yellow aur black tak.

India ka mica mainly Chota Nagpur plateau ke northern kinaare par milta hai. Tumhari textbook teen producing areas ke naam batati hai:

• Jharkhand ka Koderma–Gaya–Hazaribagh belt, textbook ke hisaab se leading producer
• Rajasthan mein Ajmer ke aas-paas ka area
• Andhra Pradesh ka Nellore mica belt

2015 se mica ko minor mineral maana jaata hai, isliye ab states iska dhyaan rakhte hain aur national production figures ikattha nahi kiye jaate. India ke known mica resources ka sabse bada hissa, lagbhag 41 per cent, Andhra Pradesh mein hai (Indian Bureau of Mines, 2020).

5.5.2 Rock minerals: limestone

Cement ka har bag limestone se hi shuru hota hai, isliye yeh rock cement industry ka basic raw material hai. Steelworks ko bhi iski zaroorat hai: blast furnace mein yeh iron ore ki ret aur clay ke saath milkar slag banata hai, jo upar tair kar alag ho jaata hai aur saaf iron chhod deta hai. Chemically, limestone calcium carbonate hai, kabhi-kabhi magnesium carbonate ke saath mila hua. Yeh ek sedimentary rock hai aur lagbhag har geological age ke rock formations mein aam hai. Tumhari textbook ka 2018–19 ka chart Rajasthan ko sabse bada producer dikhata hai.

5.6 Mining ke khatre aur minerals ka conservation

5.6.1 Mining ke khatre

Coal ya ore ke har truck ki ek keemat hai jo koi na koi chukaata hai (Fig. 5.6). Sabse pehle keemat miners chukaate hain. Saal dar saal woh dhool aur nuksaandeh dhuan saans mein lete hain, aur kai logon ko silicosis jaisi lung diseases ho jaati hain. Woh is khatre mein bhi kaam karte hain ki tunnel ki chhat gir sakti hai, achaanak baadh aa sakti hai, ya coal mines mein aag lag sakti hai. Uske baad keemat aas-paas rehne wale log chukaate hain. Waste rock ke dher lagaaye jaate hain aur slurry talaabon mein daali jaati hai, jisse zameen aur mitti kharaab ho jaati hai. Kuen aur doosre paani ke sources contaminate ho jaate hain, aur behta paani pollution ko naalon aur nadiyon tak le jaata hai.

5.6.2 Minerals ka conservation

India ke minerals ko ek savings account ki tarah socho. Nature million saalon mein kuch paise jodti hai, jabki hum roz badi rakam nikaalte hain. Kheti fertilisers aur machines par depend karti hai aur factories metals aur fuels par, isliye nikaasi badhti hi jaati hai. Phir bhi kaam ke deposits crust ka bahut chhota hissa hain, sirf lagbhag 1 per cent, aur naye deposits itne dheere bante hain ki unka koi fark nahi padta. To kisi bhi insaani samay mein yeh stock fixed hai: minerals finite aur non-renewable hain. Saath hi kharcha bhi badhta jaata hai: jab rich, uthla ore khatam ho jaata hai, to miners ko kam rich ore ke liye aur gehra khodna padta hai.

5.7 Energy resources

Gino ki aaj tumhare parivaar ne kitne tareekon se energy use ki. Gas ya lakdi se naashta bana, bulb ne tumhari study table roshan ki, bus ya scooter tumhe school laaya, aur machines ne tumhare kapde banaaye. Yeh sab coal, petroleum, natural gas aur uranium jaise fuel minerals se, ya electricity se aaya. Energy sources ko do kinds mein group kiya jaata hai: conventional aur non-conventional.

Kai gaon ki rasoiyon mein jaao, to tumhe aaj bhi lakdi ka dher aur sookhe uplon ka dher dikhega. Tumhari textbook ek estimate batati hai ki yeh do fuels gaon ke gharon ki 70 per cent se zyada energy zarooratein poori karte hain. Dono par bharosa karna mushkil hota ja raha hai. Jungle ghatne se lakdi har saal kam milti hai. Aur jalaaya gaya har upla woh khaad hai jo kheton ko nahi milti, isliye gobar ko fuel ki tarah jalaane ko discourage kiya ja raha hai.

Aaj India apni electricity kaise banata hai? 31 August 2026 ko India ke power stations ki installed capacity lagbhag 555 gigawatts (GW) thi (Fig. 5.7). Coal aur lignite plants ab bhi sabse bada akela group the, lagbhag 231 GW. Phir bhi non-fossil sources (solar, wind, hydro, nuclear aur bio-power) milkar capacity ke aadhe se zyada the (Central Electricity Authority). Lekin capacity aur output ek cheez nahi hain. Solar panels raat mein kuch nahi banate, isliye India jo electricity sach mein use karta hai uska zyadatar hissa ab bhi coal se hi banta hai.

5.8 Conventional sources of energy

5.8.1 Coal

India mein light on karo, to zyadatar baar woh electricity coal jala kar hi bani hoti hai. Desh mein koi doosra fossil fuel itna zyada nahi hai. Power stations iska zyadatar hissa jalaate hain; steel plants, cement kilns aur brick kilns baaki ka bada hissa use karte hain, aur kuch ghar ab bhi isse khaana banaate hain. India ki commercial energy bahut had tak coal par tiki hai. 2025–26 mein India ne lagbhag 1,041 million tonnes coal mine kiya, jo 2024–25 ke 1,048 million tonnes se thoda kam hai, aur saath mein lagbhag 41 million tonnes lignite (Ministry of Coal, provisional). 2024–25 mein Odisha, Jharkhand aur Chhattisgarh ne milkar desh ka lagbhag do-tihaai coal produce kiya.

Coal plants se banta hai. Purane daldalon mein mare hue plants sediment ki layers ke neeche dab gaye aur million saalon tak dabaaye gaye. Jitna gehra aur lamba dabna, aur jitni zyada heat, utna zyada paani aur gas bahar nikli aur coal utna hi carbon se rich bana (Fig. 5.8).

• Peat: aadhe sade hue daldal ke plants. Yeh geela hota hai aur ismein kam carbon hota hai, isliye yeh kam heat deta hai.
• Lignite: brown coal, ab bhi soft aur nam, isliye low-grade. Tamil Nadu ke Neyveli mein India ke sabse bade lignite deposits hain, jinhe wahin ke power stations ke liye mine kiya jaata hai.
• Bituminous coal: aur gehre dabne aur zyada heat ka natija. India mein commercially use hone wala zyadatar coal isi kind ka hai. Iske sabse achhe grades, jinhe metallurgical ya coking coal kehte hain, coke mein badle jaate hain taaki blast furnaces mein iron smelt kiya ja sake.
• Anthracite: sabse hard, sabse high-grade coal, carbon mein sabse rich; yeh kam dhuen ke saath tez garmi se jalta hai.

Indian coal do geological ages ke rocks se aata hai (Table 5.4).

Coal bulky hota hai, aur jalne par iska kaafi wazan raakh (ash) ban kar reh jaata hai. Million tonnes coal ko poore desh mein dhone se sasta hai ki plant coal ke paas hi lagaya jaaye. Isliye steel plants, doosri heavy industries aur coal-fired power stations aksar coalfields par ya unke paas hi banaaye jaate hain.

5.8.2 Petroleum

Coal ke baad India ka sabse bada energy source petroleum, yaani mineral oil, hai. Socho refinery se kya-kya nikalta hai: gaadiyon ke liye petrol aur diesel, lamps aur stoves ke liye kerosene aur LPG, machines ke liye lubricating oils, aur factories ke liye raw materials. Synthetic fibres, fertilisers aur anginat chemicals sab refinery products se shuru hote hain, isliye refinery ko nodal industry kehte hain: iske aas-paas kai doosri industries panapti hain. India jitna crude oil use karta hai usse kahin kam produce karta hai: 2025–26 mein jitna crude oil consume hua uska lagbhag 89 per cent import kiya gaya (Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell).

Oil paani se halka hota hai, isliye samay ke saath woh chhote-chhote pores wale kisi bhi rock se upar ki taraf sarakta rehta hai. Woh sirf wahin rukta hai jahan bina pores wali layer raasta rok de. Aisi jagahon ko traps kehte hain (Fig. 5.9), aur India mein inmein se zyadatar Tertiary age ke rocks mein hain. Sabse aam trap anticline (अपनति) hai, jahan rock layers mudkar upar ki taraf ek mehraab (arch) ban gayi hain. Oil arch ki choti par, sandstone ya limestone ki porous layer ke andar jama hota hai, aur non-porous rock use band rakhta hai. Fault, jahan layers toot kar khisak gayi hain, bhi kisi porous layer ko non-porous layer ke saamne laakar oil ko trap kar sakta hai. Trap ke andar halki gas oil ke upar tairti hai.

• Arabian Sea mein offshore Mumbai High sabse bada producing area hai.
• Gujarat: Ankleshwar state ka sabse important field hai.
• Assam, India ka sabse purana oil-producing state: Digboi, Naharkatiya aur Moran–Hugrijan.

5.8.3 Natural gas

Natural gas aam taur par petroleum ke saath hi milti hai; jaise hi oil pump karke upar laaya jaata hai, gas crude oil se bulbulon ki tarah nikal aati hai. Yeh gharon aur industries ke liye ek saaf fuel hai. Power stations ise jala kar electricity banate hain, factories ise heating ke liye use karti hain, aur chemical, petrochemical aur fertiliser plants ise raw material ki tarah use karte hain. City gas distribution networks phailne ke saath zyada gaadiyan compressed natural gas (CNG) par chalti hain aur zyada rasoiyon mein piped natural gas (PNG) aati hai.

Yeh kahan milti hai? West coast par, Mumbai High aur uske aas-paas ke fields mein, aur Gujarat ke Cambay basin mein bhi. East coast par Krishna–Godavari basin mein naye bhandaaron ne supply badhayi hai.

GAIL (India) ne desh ki pehli lambi doori ki gas pipeline banayi, Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur (HVJ) line, lagbhag 1,700 km lambi. Yeh Mumbai High aur Bassein ke offshore fields se gas ko western aur northern India ki fertiliser factories, power stations aur industries tak le jaati thi. Aisa karke isne gas ke liye ek national market ko janm diya. Tumhari textbook 18,500 km trunk pipelines aur 34,000 km se zyada ke planned grid ki baat karti hai. June 2026 tak lagbhag 28,200 km chaalu thi aur lagbhag 8,300 km aur ban rahi thi (Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board). Iska maqsad, jise aksar One Nation One Gas Grid kaha jaata hai, har gas source ko har market se jodna hai, North-east samet.

5.8.4 Electricity

Ek average insaan saal mein kitni electricity use karta hai? Economists is number ko desh ke developed hone ka sign maante hain, kyunki electricity lagbhag har activity ko chhooti hai. 2024–25 mein India ki per person consumption 1,460 kilowatt-hours (units) saal tak pahunch gayi (Ministry of Power). Power stations ise do main tareekon se banate hain (Fig. 5.10). Hydroelectricity mein tez behta paani turbines ghumaata hai; paani ek renewable resource hai. Thermal power mein coal, petroleum ya natural gas jala kar steam banayi jaati hai jo turbines ghumaati hai; yeh fuels non-renewable hain. Source chaahe jo ho, tumhare ghar tak pahunchne wala current bilkul ek jaisa hota hai.

India mein kai multipurpose river projects hain jo hydroelectricity banate hain, jaise Satluj par Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation ke projects aur Assam mein Kopili hydel project. Tumne Chapter 3, Water Resources, mein dams aur unke fayde aur nuksaan padhe the.

5.9 Non-conventional sources of energy

Teen chintaayein India ko energy ke naye sources ki taraf dhakel rahi hain. Pehli, jaise-jaise energy ka use badhta hai, desh coal, oil aur gas par aur zyada nirbhar hota hai, aur apna zyadatar oil import karta hai. Doosri, oil aur gas ke daam badhte ja rahe hain aur supply kam pad sakti hai, jisse energy security, aur uske saath economic growth, khatre mein padti hai. Teesri, fossil fuels jalaane se hawa polluted hoti hai aur climate garam hota hai. Iska jawab non-conventional energy hai: sunlight, wind, tides, biomass aur waste se energy, jo zyadatar renewable hain. India ke paas bharpoor dhoop, paani, hawa aur biomass hai, aur woh inhe use karne ke duniya ke kuch sabse bade programmes chalata hai. 30 September 2026 tak India ki installed renewable capacity, large hydro milakar, lagbhag 299 gigawatts (GW) thi. Akele solar lagbhag 171 GW aur wind lagbhag 59 GW tha (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy). National target 2030 tak 500 GW non-fossil capacity ka hai.

5.9.1 Nuclear ya atomic energy

Nuclear reactor ke andar uranium jaise bhaari atoms ke nuclei ko toda jaata hai. Thoda sa fuel bahut zyada heat chhodta hai, jo paani ubaal kar turbines ke liye steam banati hai, bilkul thermal plant ki tarah. Yahi nuclear energy (परमाणु ऊर्जा) hai. India ke nuclear fuels uske apne rocks se aate hain: Jharkhand aur Rajasthan ki Aravalli ranges se uranium aur thorium, aur sabse zyada thorium Kerala coast ki monazite sands se. 2026 mein India mein 24 nuclear reactors chal rahe the, jinki total capacity 8,780 MW thi (Nuclear Power Corporation of India). Yeh ab bhi desh ki electricity ka chhota sa hissa hai.

5.9.2 Solar energy

Gaon ke school ki chhat par lage solar panel mein koi hilne wala part nahi hota aur yeh koi fuel nahi jalaata: iske photovoltaic cells sunlight ko seedhe electricity mein badal dete hain. India zyadatar tropics mein hai, isliye saal ke zyadatar dino mein yahan tez dhoop milti hai, aur yeh bahut saari solar energy use kar sakta hai. Solar power sabse tezi se gaon aur door-daraaz ke areas mein phail raha hai, jahan yeh irrigation pumps, lanterns aur chhat ki lights chalata hai, aur bade solar parks bhi ban rahe hain. Solar apnaane wala har parivaar kam lakdi aur kam uple jalaata hai. Isse ped bachte hain aur khaad kheton ke liye bachi rehti hai. 30 September 2026 tak India mein lagbhag 171 GW solar capacity thi, jismein Rajasthan (lagbhag 45 GW) aur Gujarat (lagbhag 36 GW) aage the (MNRE). Rajasthan ka Bhadla Solar Park, 2,245 MW installed capacity ke saath, desh ke sabse bade parks mein se ek hai. Chhote uses bhi utne hi zaroori hain jitne bade parks: tumhari textbook ek gaon ki dairy dikhati hai jo solar-powered equipment se doodh test karti hai.

5.9.3 Wind power

India ke kuch hisson mein tez, lagaataar hawayein chalti hain, khaas kar southern aur western coasts ke paas aur Thar desert mein. Tumhari textbook mein bataya gaya wind farms ka sabse bada belt southern Tamil Nadu mein Nagercoil se Madurai tak jaata hai. Doosre important wind farms Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala aur Lakshadweep islands tak mein hain. Tamil Nadu ka Nagercoil aur Rajasthan ka Jaisalmer wind energy ke achhe use ke famous examples hain. Aaj Gujarat ne Tamil Nadu ko peeche chhod diya hai: 30 September 2026 ko India ke 59 GW mein se Gujarat ke paas lagbhag 17 GW aur Tamil Nadu ke paas lagbhag 12 GW wind capacity thi (MNRE).

5.9.4 Biogas

Jis gaon mein cattle (gaay-bhains) hain wahan gobar ki kabhi kami nahi hoti, aur kheton se bhi bahut saara fasal ka kachra aur jhaadiyan milti hain. Inhe ek band tank mein daalo, to yeh waste bina hawa ke sadta hai, aur bacteria ek fuel gas chhodte hain, mainly methane: biogas (Fig. 5.11). Stove mein jalaane par yeh kerosene, uplon ya charcoal se zyada kaam ki heat deti hai. Ek plant ek parivaar, ek cooperative ya poore town ke kaam aa sakta hai; jo plants gobar se chalte hain unhe gobar gas plants kehte hain.

Kisan parivaar ko dohra fayda hota hai. Unhe saaf cooking fuel milta hai, aur tank mein bachi slurry shuru wale gobar se zyada rich khaad hoti hai. Gobar ka koi doosra use itna efficient nahi hai. Kyunki parivaar ab lakdi ya uple nahi jalaata, ped bachte hain aur khaad wapas mitti mein jaati hai.

5.9.5 Tidal energy

Samundar din mein do baar chadhta aur utarta hai, aur tidal power station is motion ko electricity mein badalta hai (Fig. 5.12). Engineers ek patli khaadi (inlet) ko floodgates wale dam se band karte hain. Jab tide aata hai, samundar khule gates se andar aakar khaadi ko bhar deta hai; phir gates band ho jaate hain aur us paani ko rok lete hain. Jab bahar tide utar jaata hai, to jama paani ek pipe se samundar ki taraf chhoda jaata hai, aur raaste mein turbine ghumaata hai. India ke coast ke teen hisse tidal energy ke liye sabse sahi hain. Do west coast par Gujarat mein hain, Gulf of Khambhat aur Gulf of Kachchh; teesra West Bengal mein Sundarbans ka Gangetic delta hai. India mein abhi koi commercial tidal power station nahi hai: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ke hisaab se ocean energy abhi research stage par hai aur economical nahi hui hai.

5.9.6 Geothermal energy

Ek gehra kuan khodo, to jitna neeche jaoge rock utna garam hota jaayega. Zyadatar jagahon par sach mein garam rock itna gehra hai ki wahan tak pahunchna mushkil hai. Lekin kuch jagahon par gehraai ke saath temperature tezi se badhta hai (steep geothermal gradient), isliye bahut garam rock surface ke paas hota hai. Neeche rista baarish ka paani is rock se milta hai aur garam ho jaata hai, kabhi-kabhi itna ki woh garam jharnon (hot springs) ya steam ki tarah phoot padta hai (Fig. 5.13). Woh steam turbine ghuma sakti hai. Is tarah mili heat aur electricity ko geothermal energy kehte hain.

Himalaya se west coast tak, India bhar mein sainkdon garam jharne nikalte hain, aur har ek kaam ki heat ka ishaara hai. Ise use karne ke experimental projects do jagahon par lagaaye gaye: Himachal Pradesh ki Parvati valley mein Manikaran, aur Ladakh ki Puga valley. India mein abhi koi geothermal power station nahi chalta. July 2026 mein ONGC ne Puga mein 1,000 metre ke do wells commission kiye, jo India ke pehle 1-megawatt geothermal demonstration plant ke liye planned hain (PIB, September 2026).

5.10 Energy resources ka conservation

Independence ke baad se India ka energy use lagaataar badha hai, aur iski wajah samajhna aasaan hai. Har development plan ne zyada factories banayi, zyada kheton ki sinchaai ki, zyada sadkein aur railways bichhaayi aur zyada gharon mein bijli pahunchaayi, aur yeh sab energy se chalte hain. Kheti, industry, transport, dukaanein aur offices, aur hamare ghar, sabko iski zaroorat hai.

Bina khatam hue aage badhte rehne ke liye India ko ek sustainable raasta chahiye. Yeh do sahaaron par tika hai: jahan bhi ho sake energy bachana, aur zyada renewable energy use karna. Tumhari textbook batati hai ki India kam energy-efficient countries mein se raha hai, isliye bachat ki bahut gunjaish hai. Hum sab madad kar sakte hain:

• Har trip ke liye private vehicle ki jagah bus, metro ya shared ride lo, ya cycle chalao aur paidal chalo.
• Jab koi use na kar raha ho, to lights, fans aur chargers band karo.
• Power bachane wale appliances chuno, jaise LED bulbs aur energy label par zyada stars wale appliances.
• Jahan ho sake, non-conventional energy use karo, jaise solar water heater ya chhat par panels.