Water Resources: Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Hinglish mein

July mein kisi city ko imagine karo. Sadkon par ghutno tak baarish ka paani bhara hai, buses ruk jaati hain aur schools us din band ho jaate hain. May aate hi wahi families buckets lekar tanker ke paas intezaar karti hain, kyunki nal sookh gaye hain. Ek hi jagah par ek hi saal mein paani bahut zyada aur bahut kam, dono kaise ho sakta hai? Yeh chapter isi puzzle ke baare mein hai: hamara paani kahan se aata hai, woh kam kyun pad jaata hai, aur logon ne use store aur share karna kaise seekha hai.

Space se dekhne par Earth ek water planet jaisi lagti hai, kyunki oceans iski surface ka lagbhag 71 per cent dhakte hain. Phir bhi us paani ka lagbhag saara hissa khaara hai. Earth ke har 100 litres mein se sirf lagbhag 2.5 litres fresh hai, aur uska bhi zyadatar hissa ice aur glaciers mein jama hai ya zameen ke bahut neeche hai (Fig. 3.1). Jo paani log asal mein use karte hain, yaani rivers, lakes aur pahunch wala groundwater, woh total ka ek per cent se bhi kam hai.

Achchhi baat yeh hai ki fresh water coal ki tarah khatam nahi hota. Sun ki garmi seas, lakes aur pattiyon se paani ko vapour bana kar upar uthati hai; vapour thanda hokar clouds banata hai; aur clouds use rain aur snow ke roop mein wapas laute dete hain. Iska kuch hissa zameen ke upar beh kar streams aur rivers mein jaata hai, jise surface runoff kehte hain. Kuch hissa mitti aur chattanon mein ris kar groundwater ko phir se bharta hai. Yeh kabhi na khatam hone wala loop hydrological cycle (जलीय चक्र) hai. Kyunki yeh hamare rivers aur wells ko baar-baar bharta rehta hai, isliye paani ek renewable resource maana jaata hai (Fig. 3.2).

To puzzle yeh hai. Agar paani baar-baar wapas aata hai, to itni jagahon par paani kam kyun pad jaata hai? Kuch districts mein farmers har kuch saal mein aur gehra drill kyun karte hain, aur poori-poori cities garmiyon mein tankers par kyun nirbhar rehti hain? Iska jawab is baat se kam juda hai ki kitni baarish hoti hai, aur is baat se zyada ki jo paani hamein milta hai use hum kaise use karte hain, kaise baant-te hain aur kaise kharaab karte hain.

3.1 Water Scarcity aur Water Conservation aur Management ki Zaroorat

Paani ki zyadatar kami log khud paida karte hain. Yeh sun kar tumhe hairaani ho sakti hai, kyunki "paani ki kami" sunte hi aksar ek registaan ka gaon aur kuein tak lamba paidal raasta yaad aata hai. Kuch regions mein shuru se hi paani kam hota hai, kyunki baarish jagah-jagah aur mausam-mausam badalti hai. Lekin zyadatar nuksaan teen insaani aadatein karti hain. Hum sources ko over-exploit karte hain, yaani baarish jitna wapas bharti hai usse zyada pump aur divert karte hain. Hum zaroorat se zyada use karte hain, jaise jab garden hose poori garam dopahar chalta rehta hai. Aur access barabar nahi hai: ek colony ko chaubees ghante paani milta hai jabki bagal wali hafte ke ek tanker ka intezaar karti hai.

Usable fresh water hum tak teen tarah se pahunchta hai: khud baarish ke roop mein, rivers, lakes aur tanks mein jama surface water ke roop mein, aur wells se pump kiye groundwater ke roop mein. Kisi jagah ke paas teeno ho sakte hain aur phir bhi paani kam pad sakta hai, jaisa Fig. 3.3 dikhata hai. Scarcity tab shuru hoti hai jab demand usable supply se aage nikal jaati hai, aur jab bhi paani polluted hota hai, usable supply sikud jaati hai. Isliye bhaari baarish wali city bhi, agar uski population tezi se badh rahi ho, pumping laaparwaahi se ho rahi ho aur lakes gande hon, to registaan ke kisi shehar jitni pyaasi ho sakti hai.

3.1.1 Zyada log, zyada demands

1951 Census ke baad se India ki population teen guna se bhi zyada ho gayi hai. Har naye insaan ko ghar par paani chahiye, lekin badi zaroorat khaane mein chhupi hai. Rice, wheat ya sugarcane ugaane mein kisi bhi ghar ke use se kahin zyada paani lagta hai, aur irrigated agriculture India mein paani ka sabse bada user hai. Zyada logon ka pet bharne ke liye farmers ab sookhe mahinon mein bhi kheton ki irrigation karte hain. Jawab ka ek hissa aisi crops mein hai jo sookhe mein bhi tik sakein, aur dry-farming methods mein jo har baarish ka poora fayda uthate hain.

Punjab, Haryana ya western Uttar Pradesh ke kheton ke paas se guzro, to tumhe private tube-wells ghanton chalte dikhenge. Har farmer ko zyada pump karne se fayda hota hai, lekin sab milkar paani ko usse tez nikaalte hain jitna baarish wapas bhar sakti hai. Water table, yaani zameen ke neeche paani se bhari layer ka upar wala hissa, saal-dar-saal neeche jaata hai (Fig. 3.4). Uthle wells sookh jaate hain, borings ko aur gehra jaana padta hai aur pumping ka kharcha badhta hai. Agar groundwater khatam ho gaya, to peene ka paani aur usse ugne wala khaana, dono khatre mein pad jaate hain.

Factories double demand jodti hain. Woh cooling, dhulai aur processing ke liye seedhe paani leti hain, jaise steel plants, textile dyeing units aur paper mills karti hain. Woh jo electricity use karti hain, uske zariye bhi indirectly paani leti hain, kyunki uska kuch hissa hydroelectric dams se aata hai. Isi beech India ke towns phail kar cities ban gaye hain. Chalte nalon, flush toilets aur washing machine wala ek flat gaon ke ghar se kahin zyada paani use karta hai, aur kai housing societies apne khud ke wells bore karti hain. Kai cities mein groundwater ko usse tez pump kiya gaya hai jitni tezi se woh wapas bhar sakta hai.

3.1.2 Jab paani hai lekin safe nahi

Scarcity sirf quantity ki baat nahi hai. Ek town kisi badi river ke kinare hokar bhi safe paani se vanchit ho sakta hai. River mein bina treat kiya sewage, factory waste, aur kheton se beh kar aaye pesticides aur faltu fertilisers ho sakte hain. Aisa paani peene se diarrhoea, cholera aur typhoid phailte hain. Groundwater bhi unsafe ho sakta hai: kuch districts mein usmein naturally harmful fluoride ya arsenic hota hai. Isliye koi region rivers bhari hone par bhi usable paani ki kami jhel sakta hai.

Ghar par safe drinking water ab ek national goal hai. 2019 mein launch hua Jal Jeevan Mission har rural household ko ek chalta hua tap dena chahta hai, jismein safe paani ki regular supply ho. Target hai 55 litres per person per day (Economic Survey 2020–21, tumhari textbook mein quoted).

3.1.3 Hamein paani conserve aur manage kyun karna chahiye

In saare dabaavon ko ek saath rakho, to paani ke careful management ki zaroorat saaf dikhti hai. Paani ko conserve karna aur achchhe se manage karna:

• hamari health ki raksha karta hai, kyunki kaafi saaf paani bimaariyon ko rokta hai;
• hamara food surakshit karta hai, kyunki hamara bahut sa anaaj irrigation par nirbhar hai;
• livelihoods ko chalta rakhta hai, kheti aur machhli pakadne se lekar bunaai aur rangaai tak;
• industries aur power stations ko chalta rakhta hai;
• rivers, wetlands aur unmein rehne wale jeevon ko sookhne ya marne se bachata hai.

Ulta raasta imagine karna aasaan hai: kooda-ghar ban chuki lakes, rivers jo ab sea tak nahi pahunchti, aur gaon jo aakhri well sookhne par khaali ho gaye. Aaj galat tarah se manage kiya gaya paani kal ek ecological crisis ban jaata hai.

3.2 Multi-purpose River Projects aur Integrated Water Resources Management

Jo paani monsoon ke kuch mahinon mein aata hai aur use poore saal chalna hai, use kaise rok kar rakhein? Indians do hazaar saal se bhi zyada se is sawaal ka jawab de rahe hain, jaisa neeche ki timeline dikhati hai: streams ke aar-paar pathar jod kar banayi deewaron, artificial lakes, mitti ke embankments aur canals ke saath. Azaad India ne is idea ko bade paimaane par aage badhaya, aur aaj lagbhag har badi river basin mein kam se kam ek bada dam hai.

3.2.1 Dams aur multi-purpose projects

Dam (बाँध) river ke aar-paar banayi gayi ek rukaavat hai, taaki river nahi, balki log tay karein ki uska paani kahan aur kab jaayega. Uske peeche paani ek artificial lake mein jama hota hai, jise reservoir kehte hain. Har dam ko faltu paani nikaalne ka ek safe raasta bhi chahiye, aam taur par ek spillway, taaki baadh ka paani kabhi upar se behkar structure ko tod na de.

Fig. 3.5 ke steps dekho aur gino ki ek hi reservoir kitne kaam kar sakta hai: canals se kheton ko paani dena, electricity ke liye turbines ghumana, aur towns aur factories ko paani dena. Yeh baadh ka paani sokh kar dheere-dheere chhod bhi sakta hai, aur boats, fish farms aur ghoomne aane walon ka bhi saath deta hai. Purane dams aam taur par sirf pehle kaam ke liye bante the. Jo project shuru se hi in mein se kai kaam ek saath karne ke liye plan kiya jaaye, use multi-purpose river project kehte hain.

Do classic examples is idea ko dikhate hain. Satluj–Beas basin mein Bhakra–Nangal project hydroelectricity banata hai aur saath hi un canals ko paani deta hai jo Punjab, Haryana aur Rajasthan ke bade hisson ki irrigation karti hain. Odisha mein Mahanadi par Hirakud project kheton aur power ke liye paani store karta hai aur neeche ke delta ko floods se bachata hai.

1947 ka India imagine karo. Zyadatar khet monsoon par nirbhar the, zyadatar gaonon mein bijli nahi thi, aur 1943 ka Bengal famine abhi taaza yaad tha. Bade dams ne in sab se ek saath nipatne ka waada kiya: kheton ko paani aur factories ko power, taaki gaon aur cities saath-saath badh sakein. India ke pehle Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ne inhe "temples of modern India" kaha.

Tumhari textbook mein India ki major rivers aur dams ka ek map hai. Hum yahan maps nahi banate, isliye India ke ek outline map par practice karo. Table 3.4 mein diye dams wahi hain jo board map work mein sabse zyada poochhe jaate hain.

3.2.2 Large dams par bahas

Pichhle kuch dashakon mein large dams par gehre sawaal uthe hain aur organised protests hue hain. Scientists, prabhavit communities aur activists un costs ki taraf ishaara karte hain jinhe shuruaati planners ne kam aanka tha. Supporters jawab dete hain ki store kiye paani ke bina India apne logon ka pet nahi bhar sakta ya gharon mein roshni nahi kar sakta. Ek achchha exam answer, ek achchhe citizen ki tarah, dono sides ko dekhta hai.

Fig. 3.6 mein river ke saath neeche ki taraf chalo. Deewar ke peeche badhta reservoir jungalon aur mitti ko dubo deta hai, jo paani ke neeche dheere-dheere sadte hain. River ab bhi silt aur ret laati hai, lekin shaant reservoir mein woh neeche baith jaati hai, isliye saal-dar-saal reservoir bharta jaata hai aur kam paani store karta hai. Deewar par hi, breed karne ke liye upstream tairne wali machhliyan, jaise hilsa, aage nahi ja paati. Dam ke neeche river lagbhag bina silt ke behti hai aur apne bed ko ghis kar nange pathar tak le jaati hai, jo machhliyon, keedon aur paani ke paudhon ke liye kharaab ghar hai.

Flood control, jo kai dams banane ka ek main kaaran hai, hamesha kaam nahi karta. Silt se bhare reservoir mein baadh ke paani ke liye kam jagah hoti hai. Extreme baarish ke daur mein operators ko ek saath bahut saara paani chhodna pad sakta hai, jisse neeche ki valley mein baadh aa jaati hai. Floodplain ke kheton ko woh muft upjaau mitti bhi nahi milti jo pehle floods phailate the, isliye woh kamzor hote jaate hain. Bade reservoirs ko paani ke wazan se trigger hue earthquakes se bhi joda gaya hai; Maharashtra ka 1967 ka Koyna earthquake aksar example ke roop mein diya jaata hai. Unka thehra paani mosquitoes, water-borne diseases aur pests ko bhi badhava de sakta hai.

Canal irrigation ne yeh bhi badla hai ki farmers kya ugaate hain. Pakka paani milne par kai farmers sugarcane aur paddy jaisi zyada paani peene wali cash crops ki taraf chale gaye. Garam, sookhe areas mein zaroorat se zyada paani dene se water table upar aata hai aur namak surface par aa jaata hai; is process ko salinisation (लवणीकरण) kehte hain, jo kabhi upjaau rahe kheton par safed parat chhod deta hai. Aakhir mein, jin logon ke gaon reservoir ke raaste mein aate hain, unhe apne ghar aur zameen chhodne padte hain. Critics kehte hain ki kai displaced families ko aaj tak poori tarah resettle nahi kiya gaya.

Government ne jo paani hamare paas pehle se hai, usse zyada fayda uthane ki koshish bhi ki hai. 1 July 2015 ko launch hui Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) ka maksad desh ke har khet tak kam se kam protective irrigation pahunchana hai. Iske broad goals hain:

• Har khet ko pani (har khet ke liye paani): pakki irrigation wali kheti ki zameen badhana;
• Per drop more crop: drip aur sprinkler irrigation aur kam barbaadi ke zariye har boond se zyada ugaana;
• khet par paani ko zyada efficiently use karna, taaki woh poore season zyada der tak chale;
• watershed development aur rainwater harvesting jaise sustainable conservation practices ko phailana.

3.3 Rainwater Harvesting

Cement aur diesel pumps se bahut pehle, Indian gaon bina kisi bade dam ke sookhe mausam tak paani bacha kar rakhte the. Unka raaz tha local knowledge: kaun se mahine baarish laate hain, kaun si dhalaanein use beha deti hain aur kaun si mitti use pakad kar rakhti hai. Isi knowledge se darjanon chhote, saste structures bane, har ek apne landscape ke hisaab se, jo baarish, baadh ka paani, streams aur groundwater pakadte the. Jaise-jaise bade dams par aapattiyan badhi, kai planners aur activists in methods ki taraf ek saste, zyada fair aur greener alternative ke roop mein laute. Baarish ko wahin pakad kar store karna jahan woh girti hai, rainwater harvesting (वर्षा जल संग्रहण) kehlata hai.

3.3.1 Har landscape ke liye ek method

Har region ne apni zameen aur baarish ke hisaab se ek method nikaala, jaisa Table 3.7 dikhata hai.

Himachal Pradesh ke Spiti ke thande registaan mein oonchaai par ek kul glacier se bhare ek stream se lekar gaon ke ek gol tank tak kilometres tak ghoomti ja sakti hai, jaise Kaza mein. Gaon wale tank kholte hain aur jab crops ko zaroorat hoti hai tab paani kheton tak chhodte hain, aksar baari-baari se.

Khadin deewar wale sponge ki tarah kaam karta hai (Fig. 3.7). Pathreeli oonchi zameen par girne wali baarish beh kar ek khet par aati hai. Neeche ki taraf bana mitti ka bund use bhaagne nahi deta, isliye paani hafton tak khet par ruka rehta hai aur mitti mein gehraai tak ris jaata hai. Paani chale jaane ke baad farmers nam mitti mein winter crop bote hain. Bund ke neeche ke wells us paani se bhar jaate hain jo ris kar aata hai. Johads Rajasthan ke doosre hisson mein milne wale chhote, adhchandrakaar mitti ke dams hain; woh bhi runoff ko rokte hain aur wells ko recharge karte hain.

3.3.2 Thar ke tankas

Western Rajasthan ke Phalodi mein monsoon ke pehle toofan ko imagine karo. Har boond bachane ke liye daudne ki jagah family us paani ko beh jaane deti hai, kyunki woh chhat aur pipe se saal bhar ki dhool dho raha hai. Agli baarish se hi pipe ko tanka ki taraf moda jaata hai: aangan ke neeche ya ghar ke andar ek underground tank, jo kabhi-kabhi ek kamre jitna bada hota hai. Bikaner, Phalodi aur Barmer jaise towns mein kabhi lagbhag har ghar mein ek tanka hota tha (Fig. 3.8).

Itni mehnat kyun? Kyunki achchhe se rakha gaya tanka sookhe mahinon bhar paani rakhta hai, talaabon aur wells ke sookh jaane ke kaafi baad tak. Is region ke log baarish ke paani ko palar pani kehte hain aur use sabse shuddh paani maan kar bahut keemti samajhte hain. Bhara hua tanka cooler ka kaam bhi karta hai: kuch families ne garmi se bachne ke liye uske bagal mein zameen ke neeche ek kamra banaya.

Padosi kabhi-kabhi chhatein share karte the: tumhari textbook ki ek photograph mein ek lambi pipe padosi ki chhat se baarish ka paani ek family ke tanka tak le jaati dikhti hai. Canal ke paani ne yeh badal diya hai. Jab se perennial Indira Gandhi Canal western Rajasthan mein saal bhar paani laane lagi hai, kam families apne tankas saaf karne aur bharne ki zehmat uthati hain. Kuch ab bhi aisa karti hain, ek seedhe kaaran se: unhe lagta hai ki baarish ke paani ka swaad tap ke paani se behtar hai.

3.3.3 Purane ideas, nayi chhatein

Yahi idea ab gaonon aur cities ke modern gharon, schools aur offices mein phail raha hai. Ek modern rooftop system (Fig. 3.9) chhat ki baarish ko pipe se neeche laata hai aur gande first flush ko alag kar deta hai. Ret aur bajri ki layers baaki paani ko saaf karti hain, jise roz ke use ke liye ek underground sump mein store kiya jaata hai. Jab sump bhar jaata hai, to overflow ek recharge pit, ek purane khode hue well ya hand-pump bore mein jaata hai. Wahan woh neeche ris kar groundwater ko bharta hai.

Ek chhat kitna paani collect kar sakti hai? Ek square metre chhat par girne wali ek millimetre baarish theek ek litre paani hoti hai. Kuch paani hamesha chhinton, evaporation aur first flush mein chala jaata hai, isliye hum asal mein collect hue hisse se multiply karte hain, jise collection efficiency kehte hain:

Kanoon aur campaigns is aadat ko phaila rahe hain. 2003 mein, kai saalon ke sookhe ke baad, Tamil Nadu ne state ki har public aur private building ke liye rainwater harvesting compulsory kar diya. Jo buildings is niyam ka paalan nahi karti thi, unka water connection kat sakta tha. Tumhari textbook ise pehla state batati hai jisne saare gharon ke liye rooftop harvesting compulsory kiya. Campaign posters, jaise tumhari textbook mein chhapa ek poster, har family se "water harvester" banne ki apeel karte hain.

3.3.4 Meghalaya mein bamboo drip irrigation

Meghalaya ki pahadiyon mein farmers lagbhag 200 saalon se khadi dhalaanon par betel leaf aur black pepper jaisi crops ko paani dene ke liye ek smart system use karte aaye hain. Bamboo pipes pahadi par oonchaai par kisi spring ya stream se paani lete hain, aur baaki kaam gravity karti hai (Fig. 3.11). Tumhari textbook batati hai ki upar pipes mein 18–20 litres paani jaata hai, lekin aakhir mein har paudhe tak sirf 20–80 boondein per minute pahunchti hain.

Design simple hai lekin soch-samajh kar bana hai. Kuch bhi pump nahi hota: spring kheton se oonchaai par hai, isliye paani khud hi saikdon metres tak dhalaan se neeche behta hai. Farmers pipe ke ek tukde ko ghuma kar paani ko kisi ek ya doosre hisse mein bhejte hain, aur jahan line ko kisi footpath ke aar-paar jaana ho, wahan use oonche bamboo khambhon par upar se le jaaya jaata hai. Paudhon ke paas channels patli hoti jaati hain, yahan tak ki har jad tak sirf dheemi boond-boond pahunchti hai. Yeh drip irrigation hai, ek local paudhe se bana hua.