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Contemporary IndiaCh 7 National Economy ki Lifelines

Lifelines of National Economy: Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Hinglish mein

Contemporary India · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗

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  • 65 min
  • 22 practice questions
  • 34 MCQs

Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge

  • Samjhao ki transport, communication aur trade ko national economy ki lifelines kyun kehte hain, aur yeh ek doosre par kaise nirbhar hain
  • Roadways, railways, pipelines, waterways aur airways ko cost, terrain, load aur distance ke hisaab se compare karo, aur kisi kaam ke liye sahi mode chuno
  • Indian roads ko classify karo, aur Golden Quadrilateral aur North–South aur East–West corridors ke end points batao
  • Samjhao ki relief aur economy railway network ko kaise shape karte hain, aur India ke rail gauges pehchano
  • Teen main pipeline networks aur pehle paanch National Waterways trace karo, aur 12 major sea ports ko unki khaasiyat ke saath locate karo
  • Personal aur mass communication mein farak batao, aur India ke postal, telecom aur mass media networks ke baare mein samjhao
  • Kisi country ka balance of trade calculate aur interpret karo, aur samjhao ki tourism ek trade ki tarah kaise kaam karta hai

NCERT Social Science Class 10, Chapter 7, pp. 71–83 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.

Aaj subah ke breakfast ke baare mein socho. Chai ki pattiyan shayad Assam mein todi gayi hon, tumhari roti ka gehun Madhya Pradesh mein uga ho, aur cooking gas sainkdon kilometre pipe se aayi ho. Tumhare phone par news towers aur cables se pahunchi, aur tumhari family ne jo paise diye woh seconds mein ek bank se hokar gaye. Yeh sab kisi ne haath se nahi uthaya. Ek aam si subah ke peeche roads, rails, pipes, nadi aur samudri routes, flight paths aur wires ka ek jaal hai.

Yeh chapter usi jaal ko dekhta hai. Yeh dikhata hai ki goods, log aur messages India ke andar aur India aur duniya ke beech kaise chalte hain, aur in networks ko national economy ki lifelines kyun kaha jaata hai.

7.1 Humein transport kyun chahiye

Humein jo chahiye woh shayad hi wahan banta hai jahan hum rehte hain. Jo jagahein koi cheez ugaati ya banati hain, woh uske supply points hain; jo jagahein use chahti hain, woh uske demand points hain. Goods aur services apne aap ek se doosri jagah nahi pahunchte. Kisi cheez ko unhe le jaana padta hai, aur yahi transport (परिवहन) ka kaam hai. Traders beech mein kaam karte hain: woh wahan khareedte hain jahan cheez bahut hai aur wahan bechte hain jahan log use chahte hain, aur yeh gap transport se bharte hain.

Agar road na hone se bumper harvest sad jaaye, to uska koi khaas fayda nahi. Isliye development ko do cheezein ek saath chahiye: zyada goods aur services banana, aur unhe jaldi aur saste mein wahan pahunchana jahan unki zaroorat hai. Achha transport growth ke baad milne wala inaam nahi hai; use pehle aana padta hai.

Goods aur log Earth ke teen hisson par travel karte hain: land, water aur air. Transport ko bhi inhi teen tarah se group kiya jaata hai.

Compare

Teen tarah ka transport

Land

  • roadways
  • railways
  • pipelines

Water

  • inland waterways: nadiyan aur canals
  • sea routes aur ports

Air

  • aeroplanes
  • helicopters

History ke zyada hisse mein trade aur transport ek chhote area tak hi seemit rahe, kyunki bail gaadi ya sailing boat ek had tak hi doori tay kar sakti thi. Engines, steamships, aircraft aur baad mein electronic communication ne yeh pahunch continents tak badha di. Aaj ek shirt ek country mein design ho sakti hai, doosri mein silai ho sakti hai aur teesri mein bik sakti hai. Duniya ab sau saal pehle se kahin chhoti lagti hai.

Transport yeh akele nahi kar sakta. Truck tabhi bheja jaata hai jab order aata hai, aur seller ko paise tabhi milte hain jab goods buyer tak pahunch jaate hain. Orders aur payments communication se jaate hain, goods transport se jaate hain, aur khud len-den trade hai. Har ek ko baaki do ki zaroorat hai (Fig. 7.1).

4/4Paise wapas estate tak jaate hain: trade poora hua.

Fig. 7.1Communication order le jaata hai, transport goods le jaata hai, aur trade len-den poora karta hai.

Left mein ek green box par Supply, tea estate, Assam likha hai, saath mein teen chai ki jhaadiyan. Right mein ek blue box par Demand, grocer, Pune likha hai, saath mein ek chhoti dukaan. Step 1 mein dono boxes alag hain, aur sawaal hai ki chai dukaan tak kaise pahunchegi. Step 2 mein order likha ek dotted purple arrow dukaan se estate ki taraf jaata hai. Step 3 mein goods likha ek solid arrow estate se dukaan ki taraf jaata hai aur ek crate us par chalta hai. Step 4 mein payment likha ek dashed orange arrow dukaan se wapas estate ki taraf jaata hai, aur neeche transport plus communication plus trade likha aata hai.

Dekho is jaal ne India ke liye kya kiya hai. Kerala ka ek fishing town aur Ladakh ka ek gaon, alag bhashaon aur rehne ke alag tareekon ke saath, ab ek hi national market ka hissa hain. Railways, airways aur waterways log aur goods le jaate hain; newspapers, radio, TV, cinema aur internet news aur ideas le jaate hain. Har tarah ke trade ko, hafte ke haat se lekar door ke countries ke saath deals tak, ghane aur achhe se kaam karne wale transport aur communication networks chahiye. Badle mein trade jobs, choice aur woh suvidhayein laata hai jo pichhli peedhiyon ko aasani se nahi milti thi.

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Gujarat ki ek dairy cooperative ke paas bahut milk powder hai, aur Odisha ki dukaanon ko woh chahiye. Odisha mein powder bikne se pehle kya hona zaroori hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) Powder ko supply point se demand point tak le jaana hoga

Supply aur demand points ek doosre se door hain. Transport unhe jodta hai; powder ko Odisha tak aur koi cheez nahi pahunchati.

7.2 Roadways

India ke paas duniya ka second-largest road network hai. Tumhari textbook iski length 2020–21 mein lagbhag 62.16 lakh km batati hai. Economic Survey 2025–26 2021–22 ke liye lagbhag 65.9 lakh km (provisional) batata hai, jismein expressways se lekar gaon ke raaston tak har class ki road gini gayi hai Economic Survey 2025–26, Statistical Appendix Table 1.28 (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). Exam answers mein textbook ka 62.16 lakh km likho..

India mein roads railways se bahut pehle aayi thi, aur kai situations mein aaj bhi roads hi aage hain, khaaskar kyunki inhe banana aur repair mein rakhna kahin aasan hai. Yeh rahe kaaran ki road transport rail se aage kyun badh raha hai:

  • Door to door. Truck factory ke gate par load hota hai aur dukaan par unload hota hai, isliye loading aur unloading par kam kharch hota hai.
  • Chhote loads ke liye sasta. Kuch logon ya chhote load ko kam doori tak le jaana road se sasta padta hai.
  • Doosre modes ka feeder. Roads railway stations, airports aur seaports ko un jagahon se jodti hain jahan log rehte aur kaam karte hain.
  • Banana sasta. Ek kilometre road ki cost ek kilometre railway track se kahin kam hoti hai.
  • Ubad-khabad zameen par fit. Road toote-phoote, uneven land par ghoom-ghoomkar ja sakti hai jahan railway bichhana bahut mushkil hota.
  • Steep slopes chadh sakti hai. Roads kahin zyada steep gradients le sakti hain, isliye woh Himalayas jaise oonche pahadon ko paar karti hain (Fig. 7.2).

3/3Railway ko gentle slope chahiye, isliye use pahadi ke andar se tunnel banana padta hai.

Fig. 7.2Roads steep slopes chadh sakti hain; railways ko gentle gradients chahiye, isliye pahadon mein unhe aksar mehenge tunnels chahiye hote hain.NCERT p. 72

Left mein Town A aur right mein Town B ke beech ek green pahadi uthti hai, jiske paas steep slope likha hai. Step 1 mein sirf pahadi aur dono towns hain. Step 2 mein ek road judti hai jo hairpin bends mein slope par zigzag chadhti hai, top ke upar se doosri taraf utarti hai, aur us par road zigzags up likha hai. Step 3 mein ek railway line judti hai jo Town A se Town B tak seedhi aur level chalti hai; jahan woh pahadi ke neeche tunnel se guzarti hai wahan dashed dikhayi gayi hai.

7.2.1 Roads ki classes

Indian roads ko chhe classes mein baanta gaya hai, is hisaab se ki woh kya le ja sakti hain aur kin jagahon ko jodti hain (Fig. 7.3).

7/7Saath milkar yeh ek connected road system banati hain.

Fig. 7.3Roads ki chhe classes, sabse chaudi se sabse local tak, saath mein border roads.

Chhe rows, har ek mein left par ek chhoti road drawing jo list mein neeche jaate hue patli hoti jaati hai, aur right par naam aur note. Golden Quadrilateral: super highways, metro se metro. National Highways: India ke door ke hisson ko jodte hain. State Highways: state capital se district headquarters. District roads: district headquarters se towns. Other ya rural roads: gaon se towns, PMGSY ke under, kachchi road ki tarah bani. BRO ki border roads: mushkil border areas, pahadon par ghoomti road ki tarah bani. Pehle chhe steps mein har step ek row ko highlight karta hai aur baaki ko dhundhla karta hai; aakhri step sab rows dikhata hai.

Golden Quadrilateral super highways. India ke sabse bade cities ke beech travel time kaise kam karein? Unke beech chaudi, tez roads banao. Golden Quadrilateral (स्वर्णिम चतुर्भुज) ka yahi maqsad tha: Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai aur Mumbai ke chaaron taraf multi-lane super highways ka lagbhag 5,846 km lamba loop Length Economic Survey 2006–07 ke hisaab se, jisne dono corridors ko lagbhag 7,300 km bataya tha.. Yeh kaam National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) karti hai. Do lambe corridors bhi isi project ka hissa hain. North–South corridor Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) ko Kanniyakumari (Tamil Nadu) se jodta hai, aur East–West corridor Silchar (Assam) ko Porbandar (Gujarat) se jodta hai. Dono Jhansi par cross karte hain (Fig. 7.4).

3/3Porbandar se Silchar, Jhansi par North–South corridor ko cross karte hue.

Fig. 7.4Sirf naam wali jagahon ka ek schematic, scale par nahi aur map nahi. Dono corridors Jhansi par cross karte hain.NCERT p. 72

Ek schematic diagram, map nahi, jismein India ki outline nahi hai. Step 1 mein ek mota orange loop Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai aur Mumbai ko jodta hai: Golden Quadrilateral. Step 2 mein ek dashed blue line judti hai, North–South corridor, jo upar Srinagar se Delhi aur Jhansi hote hue neeche Kanniyakumari tak jaati hai. Step 3 mein ek dotted purple line judti hai, East–West corridor, jo left mein Porbandar se Jhansi hote hue right mein Silchar tak jaati hai. Neeche left mein ek legend teeno lines ke naam batata hai.

Definition
Golden Quadrilateral

Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai aur Mumbai ko jodne wala super highways ka loop, jise NHAI ne India ke metro cities ke beech travel time kam karne ke liye banaya.

ExampleIske saath ke projects North–South (Srinagar–Kanniyakumari) aur East–West (Silchar–Porbandar) corridors hain.

Is system ki reedh ki haddi National Highways (राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग) ka network hai. Atlas mein tum dekhoge ki yeh north–south aur east–west dono taraf chalte hain, aur country ke sabse door ke kono ko state capitals aur ports se jodte hain. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways ke anusaar December 2025 mein India mein lagbhag 1.46 lakh km National Highways the.

Har state ke andar capital ko har district headquarters se State Highways jodte hain. Har district headquarters se district roads us district ke towns aur doosri jagahon tak phailti hain. Aakhri link other roads se banta hai, zyaadatar rural roads jo gaon ko towns se jodti hain. 2000 se Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) aisi roads bana rahi hai. Iska maqsad: har eligible gaon tak kisi bhi season mein bus ya truck pahunch sake aur use paas ke town se jode.

Northern aur north-eastern frontiers ke saath roads defence aur rozmarra ki zindagi, dono ke liye zaroori hain. 1960 se Border Roads Organisation (BRO), jo Government of India ki ek body hai, in strategic border roads ko bana rahi hai aur maintain kar rahi hai. Pahadon aur jungle mein jahan kabhi travel bahut mushkil tha, ab yeh roads soldiers, traders, tourists aur gaon walon, sabko le jaati hain, aur in areas ki economy badhi hai.

7.2.2 Metalled aur unmetalled roads

Road ki surface tay karti hai ki use kab use kiya ja sakta hai. Jin roads ka top cement concrete ya bitumen (tar) ka sakht hota hai, woh metalled roads (पक्की सड़कें) hain: baarish unhe nahi rokti, isliye woh all-weather roads hain. Mitti ya dheeli bajri ki unmetalled roads baarish mein keechad ban jaati hain aur aksar hafton tak use nahi ho paati.

Compare

Metalled aur unmetalled roads ka farak

Metalled

  • cement concrete ya bitumen ka sakht top
  • har season mein use ho sakti hai
  • banane mein zyada kharch

Unmetalled

  • mitti ya bajri ki surface
  • keechad bhari, baarish mein aksar bekaar
  • banane mein sasti
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Ek truck Himachal Pradesh ke ek baag se apples seedhe Chandigarh ki fruit shop tak le jaata hai. Yeh road transport ki kaunsi khoobi sabse achhe se dikhata hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (B) Door-to-door service

Truck baag mein load hota hai aur dukaan par unload hota hai: door-to-door service. Bahut lambi doori par heavy loads ke liye rail sasti hai; speed ke liye air tez hai.

7.3 Railways

Har din Indian trains par lagbhag do crore journeys shuru hoti hain: log kaam par ja rahe hain, chhutti par, teerth yatra par, ya tyohaar par ghar. Saath hi goods trains coal, anaaj aur cement country bhar mein dhote hain. Railways passengers aur freight dono ke liye India ka principal mode hain, khaaskar lambi doori par. Inhone cheezein le jaane se zyada kiya hai. 150 se zyada saalon se inhone door ke regions aur cultures ko ek saath joda hai, aur raw materials aur products ko saste mein le jaakar farming aur industry ko badhne mein madad ki hai.

Indian Railways country ka sabse bada public sector undertaking hai. Tumhari textbook iski route length 67,956 km batati hai. 2024–25 tak yeh badhkar lagbhag 69,440 route km ho gayi, jismein se lagbhag 68,700 km electrified tha. Us saal isne lagbhag 729 crore passenger journeys aur 1,600 million tonnes se zyada freight dhoya Economic Survey 2025–26, Statistical Appendix Table 1.26 (Ministry of Railways)..

Itna bada system chalane ke liye railway ko zones mein baanta gaya hai, har zone ka apna headquarters hai. Tumhari textbook 17 zones ginti hai. Ek naya zone, South Coast Railway, jiska headquarters Visakhapatnam mein hai, 1 June 2026 se kaam karne laga, jisse zones 18 ho gaye.

7.3.1 Railways kahan chalti hain

India ka railway map ek jaisa nahi hai. Ise teen tarah ke factors ne shape kiya: physiographic (zameen ki banawat), economic (log, khet aur industries kahan hain) aur administrative. Kuch regions mein banana aasan tha; doosron mein dheema, mehenga ya bekaar.

Compare

India bhar mein railways banana

Aasan

  • Northern plains: samtal zameen
  • bahut log aur upjaau khet
  • lekin chaudi nadiyon ke liye lambe bridges chahiye

Mushkil

  • Himalayas: high relief, kam log, kam economic activity
  • western Rajasthan ke ret wale maidan
  • Gujarat ke swamps
  • Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand ke jungle

Engineering se bani

  • peninsular hills: neechi pahadiyon, gaps ya tunnels se hokar
  • Sahyadri: sirf passes (ghats) se paar
  • west coast ke saath Konkan Railway

West coast ke saath Konkan Railway (1998 mein shuru) Maharashtra, Goa aur Karnataka se hokar, Sahyadri aur samudra ke beech chalti hai. Baarish se bheegi slopes ki wajah se ise chalana mushkil hai: landslides line ko block kar dete hain, aur track ke kuch hisse dhans gaye hain. Phir bhi isne is vyast economic belt mein travel aur trade ko kahin aasan bana diya hai.

Railways ki kuch sabse badi problems public ki wajah se hoti hain. Bina ticket travel, railway property ki chori aur nuksaan, aur bina wajah chain pulling ke baare mein socho, jo trains ko rok deti hai aur hazaaron passengers ko late karti hai. Yeh afsos ki baat hai, kyunki railways ab national economy ke liye baaki saare transport ke saadhanon ko milakar bhi zyada important hain.

7.3.2 Rail gauges

Dono rails ke andar ke faces ke beech ki doori ko gauge (आमान) kehte hain. India ne teen gauges banaye (Fig. 7.5): broad gauge (1.676 m), metre gauge (1.000 m) aur narrow gauge (0.762 m ya 0.610 m). Train ek gauge se doosre gauge par nahi chal sakti, isliye jahan bhi do gauges milte the wahan goods ko wagons ke beech badalna padta tha. Isiliye zyaadatar metre aur narrow gauge lines ko broad gauge mein badla ja raha hai. Textbook ki table mein broad gauge pehle se hi route length ka lagbhag 94 per cent tha.

4/4Aamne-saamne: broad-gauge track metre-gauge track se lagbhag 1.7 guna chauda hai.

Fig. 7.5India ke teen rail gauges, rails ke andar ke faces ke beech naape gaye.NCERT Table 7.1 · p. 75

Sleepers par rails ke teen jode, same scale par bane, unki left rails ek line mein. Broad gauge, rails ke beech 1.676 m, sabse chauda hai. Metre gauge, 1.000 m, uske baad aata hai. Narrow gauge, 0.762 m (ya 0.610 m), sabse patla hai. Steps 1 se 3 mein har step ek gauge ko highlight karta hai aur baaki ko dhundhla karta hai; step 4 teeno ko ek line mein lagi left rails ke saath ek guide line ke saath dikhata hai, taaki chaudai ka farak aasani se compare ho sake.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Northern plains mein railway lines sabse ghani kyun hain?
Answer dekho

Answer (D) Level land, bahut log aur upjaau agriculture

Samtal zameen par banana sasta hai, aur ghani aabaadi aur kheti se bahut passengers aur freight milte hain. Wahan nadiyan ek problem hain, gayab nahi: chaudi river beds ke liye lambe bridges chahiye.

7.4 Pipelines

Socho ki crude oil ko door andar ki ek refinery tak tanker trucks se le jaana pade: hazaaron chakkar, spills aur delays. Pipeline wahi kaam chupchaap, din-raat karti hai. Isiliye refineries coast se door, Barauni, Mathura aur Panipat mein ban paayi, aur saath mein gas-based fertiliser plants bhi kaafi andar. Pipeline bichhane mein kharch bahut hota hai, lekin ek baar lag jaaye to use chalana sasta hai. Aur kyunki raaste mein oil kabhi carrier nahi badalta, isliye koi trans-shipment losses ya delays nahi hote.

Pipelines India ke transport network mein haal hi mein judi hain. Pehle inhe mainly towns aur factories ko paani supply karne ke liye bichhaya jaata tha. Aaj yeh crude oil aur natural gas ko fields se bahar, aur petroleum products ko aage le jaati hain. Yeh refineries, fertiliser factories aur bade thermal power stations ko supply karti hain. Solids bhi pipe se ja sakte hain, jab unhe peeskar paani ke saath milakar slurry bana diya jaaye.

India ke paas teen important pipeline networks hain (Fig. 7.6):

  1. Upper Assam se Kanpur. Yeh upper Assam ke oil field se shuru hoti hai aur Guwahati, Barauni aur Prayagraj se hote hue Uttar Pradesh ke Kanpur tak jaati hai. Branches Barauni se Rajbandh hote hue Haldia tak, Rajbandh se Maurigram tak, aur Guwahati se Siliguri tak jaati hain.
  2. Salaya se Jalandhar. Yeh Gujarat coast par Salaya se shuru hoti hai aur Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi aur Sonipat se hote hue Punjab ke Jalandhar tak jaati hai. Branches Koyali (Vadodara ke paas), Chakshu aur doosri jagahon tak pahunchti hain.
  3. Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur (HVJ). India ki pehli cross-country gas pipeline, lagbhag 1,700 km lambi. Isne Mumbai High aur Bassein gas fields ko western aur northern India ke fertiliser, power aur industrial plants se joda.

3/3Mumbai High aur Bassein se Hazira, Vijaipur aur Jagdishpur hote hue gas.

Fig. 7.6Teen main pipeline networks, jagahon ki chains ke roop mein (scale par nahi).NCERT p. 75

Naam wali jagahon ke teen route diagrams, har step mein ek, bina map outline ke. Step 1, upper Assam se Kanpur tak crude oil: ek line upper Assam se Guwahati, Barauni aur Prayagraj hote hue Kanpur tak jaati hai, aur dashed branches Guwahati se Siliguri tak aur Barauni se Rajbandh, phir aage Haldia aur Maurigram tak jaati hain. Step 2, Salaya se Jalandhar tak crude oil: ek line Salaya se Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi aur Sonipat hote hue Jalandhar tak jaati hai, Viramgam se Vadodara ke paas Koyali tak ek branch ke saath, aur ek note ki branches Chakshu tak bhi pahunchti hain. Step 3, HVJ gas pipeline: Mumbai High aur Bassein fields ki gas Gujarat ke Hazira mein aati hai aur Madhya Pradesh ke Vijaipur se hote hue Uttar Pradesh ke Jagdishpur tak jaati hai, aur fertiliser, power aur industrial plants ko supply karti hai.

Tumhari textbook kehti hai ki India ki cross-country gas pipelines 1,700 km se badhkar 18,500 km ho gayi. 31 December 2025 tak lagbhag 27,400 km natural gas pipelines chal rahi thi, aur lagbhag 8,500 km aur ban rahi thi Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board, Natural Gas Pipeline Networks in India, December 2025: 27,427 km operational aur 8,489 km under construction..

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Mathura mein refinery kyun ban paayi, jabki woh kisi oil field ya port se door hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) Crude oil wahan pipeline se pahunchta hai

Salaya–Jalandhar pipeline crude oil ko andar Mathura tak laati hai. Pipelines ki wajah se hi Barauni, Mathura aur Panipat jaisi inland refineries mumkin hui.

7.5 Waterways

Barge ko har tonne par truck se kahin kam fuel lagta hai, isliye water transport sabse sasta mode hai aur environment ke liye sabse naram bhi. Yeh dheema hai, lekin heavy, bulky goods ke liye perfect hai. India ke liye yeh nayi baat nahi: puraane zamane se iske naavik aur vyapaari samudron ke paar goods aur ideas le jaate the.

India ke paas lagbhag 14,500 km navigable inland waterways hain. Government chahti hai ki nadi aur canal transport badhkar rail aur road ka ek sasta, saaf partner bane. Isliye National Waterways Act, 2016 ne 111 National Waterways (राष्ट्रीय जलमार्ग) declare kiye, jinmein pehle declare kiye gaye paanch bhi shaamil hain Textbook mein diya gaya source: Annual Report 2022–23, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.. Pehle paanch ko Fig. 7.7 mein compare kiya gaya hai.

  • NW-1: Prayagraj aur Haldia ke beech Ganga (1,620 km).
  • NW-2: Sadiya aur Dhubri ke beech Brahmaputra (891 km).
  • NW-3: Kerala ki West Coast Canal: Kottapuram–Kollam, Udyogamandal aur Champakkara canals ke saath (205 km).
  • NW-4: Godavari aur Krishna ke hisse, Kakinada–Puducherry canals ke saath (1,078 km).
  • NW-5: Brahmani aur Matai nadiyon ke hisse, Mahanadi aur Brahmani ke delta channels, aur East Coast Canal (588 km).

3/3NW-1 sabse lamba hai; Kerala ka NW-3 sabse chhota hai.

Fig. 7.7Pehle paanch National Waterways aur unki lengths.NCERT p. 77

Paanch horizontal bars, har National Waterway ke liye ek, har ek ke upar uski nadi ya canal aur end points likhe hain. NW-1, Ganga, Prayagraj se Haldia: 1,620 km, sabse lamba. NW-2, Brahmaputra, Sadiya se Dhubri: 891 km. NW-3, Kerala ki West Coast Canal: 205 km, sabse chhota. NW-4, Godavari, Krishna aur canals: 1,078 km. NW-5, Brahmani, Mahanadi delta aur East Coast Canal: 588 km. River waterways solid blue bars hain; canal aur delta waterways dashed green bars hain. Step 1 do river waterways ko highlight karta hai, step 2 teen canal aur delta waterways ko, aur step 3 paanchon ko dikhata hai.

Kai doosre inland waterways par bhi bahut traffic chalta hai. Inmein Goa ki Mandovi, Zuari aur Cumberjua, West Bengal ke Sunderbans, Assam ki Barak aur Kerala ke backwaters shaamil hain. North-eastern states mein nadiyon par boats rozmarra ke travel ka hissa hain.

Pichhle kuch saalon mein National Waterways par cargo tezi se badha hai (Table 7.4).

Table 7.4National Waterways par dhoya gaya cargo (million tonnes). Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Parliament mein jawab, July 2026 (2025–26 ka figure un-audited).
SaalCargo
2021–22108.8
2022–23126.2
2023–24133.0
2024–25145.8
2025–26218.2

Doosre countries ke saath trade ke liye samudra aur bhi zyada important hai. Tumhari textbook batati hai ki India ka lagbhag 95 per cent trade volume ke hisaab se, aur lagbhag 68 per cent value ke hisaab se, samudra ke raaste hota hai.

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Har National Waterway ko uski nadi ya canal se match karo.

Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

Answer dekho
Answer
  • NW-1 : Ganga
  • NW-2 : Brahmaputra
  • NW-3 : West Coast Canal
NW-1 Ganga hai (Prayagraj–Haldia), NW-2 Brahmaputra (Sadiya–Dhubri) aur NW-3 Kerala ki West Coast Canal.

7.5.1 Major sea ports

India ki coastline lagbhag 11,098.81 km lambi hai. Iske saath 12 major ports aur lagbhag 200 notified non-major ports (minor aur intermediate ports) hain. Major ports central government ke under aate hain; non-major ports coastal states ke under aate hain (Fig. 7.8).

3/3Saath milkar yeh India ka zyaadatar sea cargo handle karte hain.

Fig. 7.8India ke 12 major ports, map nahi: har list north (upar) se south ki taraf chalti hai.NCERT Map: Major Ports · p. 79

Do lists aamne-saamne, beech mein north ki taraf point karta ek arrow. West coast, north se south: Deendayal (Kandla), Gujarat, tidal port; Mumbai, Maharashtra, harbour; Jawaharlal Nehru, Maharashtra, hub port; Mormugao, Goa, iron ore; New Mangalore, Karnataka, iron ore; Kochi, Kerala, lagoon. East coast, north se south: Kolkata aur Haldia, West Bengal, river port; Paradip, Odisha, iron ore; Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, sabse gehra; Kamarajar (Ennore), Tamil Nadu; Chennai, Tamil Nadu, artificial harbour; V.O. Chidambaranar, Tamil Nadu, Tuticorin. Step 1 west coast list ko highlight karta hai, step 2 east coast list ko, aur step 3 dono ko dikhata hai.

1947 ke Partition ne Karachi ko, jo port north-western India ki seva karta tha, Pakistan mein daal diya, aur Mumbai par bahut bojh aa gaya. Iska hal tha Kachchh mein Deendayal Port (Kandla), Independence ke baad develop kiya gaya pehla port. Yeh ek tidal port hai. Iska hinterland (पृष्ठप्रदेश) woh zameen hai jiske goods isse hokar guzarte hain. Yahan woh Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan aur Gujarat mein phaila khet aur industries ka ek ameer belt hai.

Baaki west coast ports, north se south:

  • Mumbai (Maharashtra): ek khula natural harbour, samudra se achhe se surakshit; tumhari textbook ise India ka sabse bada port kehti hai.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Navi Mumbai): Mumbai ki bheed kam karne ke liye harbour ke us paar banaya gaya, aur region ka hub port.
  • Mormugao (Goa): kisi bhi doosre Indian port se zyada iron ore bahar bhejta hai; textbook iska hissa India ke iron ore exports ka lagbhag aadha batati hai.
  • New Mangalore (Karnataka): Kudremukh mines ke iron ore concentrates ka outlet.
  • Kochi (Kerala): door south-west mein, ek natural harbour jahan ek lagoon samudra mein khulta hai.

East coast ports, south se north:

  • V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu): door south-east mein; ameer hinterland wala ek natural harbour, jo Sri Lanka, Maldives aur India ke apne coastal regions ke liye tarah-tarah ka cargo handle karta hai.
  • Chennai (Tamil Nadu): India ke sabse puraane artificial (insaan ke banaye) harbours mein se ek. Textbook ise trade aur cargo mein sirf Mumbai ke baad doosre number par rakhti hai.
  • Kamarajar Port (Ennore) (Tamil Nadu): Chennai ke theek north mein.
  • Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh): sabse gehra landlocked port, khule samudra se surakshit; pehle iron ore export karne ke liye plan kiya gaya tha.
  • Paradip (Odisha): iron ore export karne mein specialise karta hai.

Hooghly mein kaafi upar Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata hai, ek river port jo samudra se kaafi andar hai. Nadi silt chhodti hai aur tides use hilate hain, isliye dredgers ko ships ke liye channel ko lagaataar gehra karte rehna padta hai. Mehnat ka fayda milta hai: yeh port vishaal, ameer Ganga–Brahmaputra basin ki seva karta hai. Iska bojh kam karne ke liye neeche ki taraf Haldia mein ek subsidiary port develop kiya gaya.

Aaj sabse vyast ports kaunse hain? 2025–26 mein 12 major ports ne milkar lagbhag 915 million tonnes cargo handle kiya. Deendayal aur Paradip ne sabse zyada handle kiya, dono ne milkar ek-tihaai se zyada, jabki Mumbai paanchve number par raha (Fig. 7.9). Exam answers ke liye textbook follow karo: Mumbai ko uske khule natural harbour ke saath sabse bada port bataya gaya hai. Cargo weight ke hisaab se ab bulk-cargo ports aage hain.

1/22025–26 mein har major port ka cargo.

Fig. 7.9Major ports dwara handle kiya gaya cargo, 2025–26 (advance estimates, million tonnes). Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, March 2026 ka cargo bulletin.

2025–26 mein handle kiye gaye cargo ka ek horizontal bar chart, million tonnes mein, sabse bade se sabse chhote ke kram mein. Deendayal 160, Paradip 156, Jawaharlal Nehru 102, Visakhapatnam 91, Mumbai 75, Kolkata aur Haldia 71, Chennai 58, New Mangalore 50, Kamarajar 49, V.O. Chidambaranar 43, Kochi 38, Mormugao 21. West coast ports ki bars plain blue hain aur east coast ports ki striped orange, jaisa legend dikhata hai. 12 ports ka total 914.7 hai. Step 1 sab bars dikhata hai; step 2 top do ke alawa sab ko dhundhla karta hai aur batata hai ki dono ne milkar cargo ka ek-tihaai se zyada handle kiya.

Flash cards · 12

Ports ek nazar mein

1 / 12
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Kolkata port par badhte dabaav ko kam karne ke liye kaunsa port develop kiya gaya?
Answer dekho

Answer (D) Haldia

Hooghly par neeche ki taraf Haldia ko Kolkata ke subsidiary port ki tarah banaya gaya. Kandla doosre coast par Mumbai ka bojh kam karne ke liye bana tha.

7.6 Airways

Jab speed sabse zyada matter karti hai, log udte hain: air travel sabse tez mode hai, aur sabse aaramdayak aur prestigious bhi. Zameen par kuch bhi iske raaste mein nahi aata, isliye plane barfeeli ranges, deserts, jungle aur oceans ko utni hi aasani se paar karta hai jitna plains ko.

Yeh north-eastern states mein sabse zyada matter karta hai (Fig. 7.10). Wahan badi nadiyan, gehri kati pahadiyan, ghane jungle, baar-baar aane wali baadh aur lambe international borders roads ko dheema aur railways ko banana mushkil bana dete hain. Flights aur helicopters ne is region tak pahunchna kahin aasan bana diya hai.

3/3Flight har rukawat ke upar se seedhi jaati hai.

Fig. 7.10North-east mein udna kyun matter karta hai: land routes ke saamne nadiyan, pahadiyan, jungle aur baadh hain.NCERT Fig. 7.9 question · p. 78

Left mein Town A aur right mein Town B samtal zameen par hain. Unke beech steep pahadiyan, ek chaudi nadi aur ek jungle hain, har ek par label laga hai. Step 1 sirf yeh rukawatein dikhata hai. Step 2 mein ek dashed road judti hai jo pahadiyon par ghoomte hue chadhti aur utarti hai aur nadi par ruk jaati hai, jahan ek red cross baadh mein baha crossing mark karta hai, saath mein flood cuts the road likha hai. Step 3 mein ek dotted flight path judta hai jo Town A se Town B tak seedha arch banata hai, top par ek chhota aeroplane hai aur by air: direct likha hai.

Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) ke liye uske offshore oil platforms tak helicopters udaati hai. Yeh north-eastern states aur Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh aur Uttarakhand ke andar ke hisson jaisi mushkil se pahunchne wali jagahon ki bhi seva karti hai.

Udna ab sirf ameeron ke liye nahi hai. 15 July 2026 ko India mein 165 operational airports the, jo 2014 mein 74 the, aur 2024–25 mein Indian airports ne lagbhag 41 crore passengers handle kiye Airports: Modified UDAN scheme par PIB backgrounder, July 2026. Passengers: Economic Survey 2025–26, Statistical Appendix Table 1.29 (Ministry of Civil Aviation)..

InteractiveTransport mode chooser

Do decks wala ek card game. Mode deck mein barah cards mein se har ek ek kaam batata hai, jaise inland refinery tak crude oil, paas ki mandi tak tamatar ya baadh se kati valley tak medicines, aur learner road, rail, pipeline, water ya air chunta hai. Port deck mein barah cards mein se har ek ek clue deta hai, jaise Kachchh mein ek tidal port ya sabse gehra landlocked port, aur learner chaar buttons mein se port chunta hai. Har choice ke baad card batata hai ki woh sahi tha ya nahi aur kyun. Score pehli koshish mein sahi answers ginta hai, aur buttons agle card par le jaate hain ya phir se shuru karte hain.

Fig. 7.11Har kaam ke liye sabse achha mode chuno, phir deck badlo aur clue se port ka naam batao.
Quick check
3 mein se 1
North-eastern states mein air transport khaas taur par useful kyun hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (A) Badi nadiyan, kati-phati pahadiyan, jungle aur baadh land routes ko dheema aur unreliable bana dete hain

Region ki relief, nadiyan, jungle aur baadh roads aur railways ko dheema, mehenga aur aksar band kar dete hain. Air sabse tez mode hai, sabse sasta nahi, aur region mein roads hain.

7.7 Communication

Dubai mein cousin ko video call, classmate ko message, TV par shaam ki news: har din tum ghar se nikle bina lambi doori par communicate karte ho. Log hamesha se messages bhejte aaye hain, dhol, harkaare, dhuen ke signals aur chitthiyon se, lekin badlaav kabhi itna tez nahi tha jitna modern time mein.

Communication do tarah ka hota hai (Fig. 7.12). Personal communication logon ke beech hota hai: letters, phone calls aur messages. Mass communication (जनसंचार) television, radio, press aur films ke zariye ek saath bahut saare logon tak pahunchta hai.

3/3Country ko dono tarah ka chahiye.

Fig. 7.12Do tarah ka communication.

Top par Communication likha ek box do boxes mein bant jaata hai. Left mein Personal, ek insaan se doosre tak, neeche chaar examples: letters aur parcels, phone calls, email aur messages, aur video calls. Right mein Mass, ek source se crore logon tak, chaar examples: radio, Akashvani; TV, Doordarshan; newspapers aur books; aur films. Step 1 personal branch ko highlight karta hai, step 2 mass branch ko, aur step 3 dono ko dikhata hai.

Saari chitthiyan ek hi tarah se nahi jaati. Cards aur envelopes first-class mail hain: inhe stations ke beech plane se bheja jaata hai, isliye yeh land aur air dono se jaate hain. Book packets, registered newspapers aur periodicals second-class mail hain, jo land aur water par surface se le jaaye jaate hain. Iske peeche duniya ka sabse bada postal network hai, jo letters ke saath parcels bhi handle karta hai. Bade cities mein chhe khaas mail channels delivery ko tez karte hain: Rajdhani, Metro, Green, Business, Bulk Mail aur Periodical.

India ka telecom network Asia ke sabse bade networks mein se ek hai. Tumhari textbook batati hai ki STD (lambi doori ki) telephone service do-tihaai se zyada gaon tak pahunchi, poore India mein ek hi rate par, kyunki space technology ko communication technology ke saath joda gaya. Tab se mobile phones ne ise kahin aage pahuncha diya hai. March 2026 ke ant mein India mein lagbhag 133 crore telephone connections aur 109 crore internet subscriptions the. Rural areas abhi bhi peeche hain, jahan har 100 logon par sirf lagbhag 60 telephone connections hain TRAI, Indian Telecom Services Yearly Performance Indicators 2025–26, 5 October 2026 ko jaari: 1,330.58 million telephone aur 1,092.79 million internet subscribers; rural tele-density 60.46 per cent..

Radio aur television do kaam karte hain: entertain karte hain, aur logon ko national programmes aur policies ke baare mein batate hain. Akashvani (All India Radio) ke stations poore country mein hain, jinke programmes national, regional aur local bhashaon mein farmers, students, bachchon aur bahut se doosre listeners ki seva karte hain. Doordarshan, national television channel, ek land-based transmitter network ke zariye poore country tak pahunchta hai jo duniya ke sabse bade networks mein se hai. Yeh har umar ke viewers ke liye entertainment, education aur sports dikhata hai.

India mein films bahut badi cheez hain: yeh country kisi bhi doosre country se zyada feature films banata hai, short films aur video films ke alawa. Har film, Indian ho ya videshi, dikhaye jaane se pehle Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) se certificate leti hai. Press bhi utna hi vividh hai. Newspapers aur periodicals, kuch daily aur kuch weekly ya monthly, lagbhag 100 bhashaon aur boliyon mein chhapte hain; sabse zyada titles Hindi mein hain, phir English, phir Urdu.

Definition
Mass communication

Radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books aur films ke zariye ek source se ek saath bahut zyada logon tak communication.

ExampleDoordarshan ka news bulletin ya cinemas mein release hui film.

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Post se bheja gaya book packet aam taur par kaise jaata hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (B) second-class mail, surface se

Book packets, registered newspapers aur periodicals second-class mail hain, jo land aur water par surface se bheje jaate hain. Cards aur envelopes first-class mail hain.

7.8 International trade

Jab goods ko paison ya doosre goods ke badle mein badla jaata hai, chahe logon, states ya countries ke beech, to hum use trade kehte hain; jahan yeh hota hai woh jagah market hai. Kisi city, town ya gaon ke andar khareedna-bechna local trade hai. Jo trade ek state se doosre state mein jaata hai woh state-level trade hai. Jo trade national border paar karta hai woh international trade (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार) hai, aur yeh sea, air ya land se ho sakta hai.

Definition
International trade

Do ya zyada countries ke beech trade, jo sea, air ya land routes se hota hai.

ExampleLondon ke ek bank ko bechi gayi Indian software services, ya West Asia se khareeda gaya crude oil.

Resources jagahon se bandhe hote hain: kisi bhi country ke paas har mineral, fasal aur skill nahi hoti jo use chahiye. Isliye koi bhi country international trade ke bina kaam nahi chala sakta. Kisi country ka international trade kitni tezi se badh raha hai, yeh uski khushhaali ke baare mein bahut kuch batata hai, isiliye ise country ka economic barometer kaha jaata hai.

Trade ke do hisse hain. Exports woh goods aur services hain jo country bahar bechta hai; imports woh hain jo woh bahar se khareedta hai. Balance of trade (व्यापार संतुलन) uske exports ki value aur imports ki value ka farak hai (Fig. 7.13).

  • Favourable balance of trade: exports ki value imports se zyada hai.
  • Unfavourable balance of trade: imports ki value exports se zyada hai.

4/4India ka goods trade: exports lagbhag US$ 442 billion, imports lagbhag US$ 775 billion.

Fig. 7.13Balance of trade = exports − imports. India ke goods figures 2025–26 ke liye Ministry of Commerce ke estimates hain.

Ek post par ek beam balance khada hai. Left pan mein Exports likhe green crates hain; right pan mein Imports likhe orange crates hain. Step 1: dono pans mein do crates hain aur beam level hai, title exports equal imports, balanced. Step 2: exports mein ek extra crate judta hai, left pan neeche jaata hai, title exports greater than imports, favourable. Step 3: extra crate imports ki taraf hai, right pan neeche jaata hai, title imports greater than exports, unfavourable. Step 4: wahi jhukaav, 2025–26 ke goods ke India ke figures ke saath: exports US$ 442 billion, imports US$ 775 billion, lagbhag US$ 333 billion ka deficit.

Definition
Balance of trade

Ek samay mein, aam taur par ek saal mein, kisi country ke exports ki value mein se uske imports ki value ghatane par mila number.

ExampleAgar exports imports se zyada hain to balance favourable hai; agar imports exports se zyada hain to unfavourable hai.

Example 7.1

India ka balance of trade, 2025–26

April 2026 mein Ministry of Commerce and Industry ne 2025–26 (April se March) ke estimates jaari kiye. Goods exports US$ 441.78 billion the aur goods imports US$ 774.98 billion. Goods aur services ke total exports US$ 860.09 billion the, aur total imports US$ 979.40 billion.

  1. Goods ka balance of trade nikaalo.
  2. Services ko milakar overall balance nikaalo.
  3. Har balance favourable hai ya unfavourable? Overall gap chhota kyun hai?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

India saare major trading blocs aur duniya ke har region ke saath trade karta hai. Textbook iske exports mein gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, aur agricultural and allied products, aur bhi kai cheezein ginati hai. Iske imports mein crude petroleum aur petroleum products, gems and jewellery, chemicals, base metals, electronic items, machinery, aur agricultural and allied products shaamil hain. Gems and jewellery dono lists mein hain: India rough diamonds aur gold khareedta hai, aur cut aur polished stones aur bani-banayi jewellery bechta hai.

India ek software giant bhi ban gaya hai, jo information technology aur doosri services export karke bahut saari foreign exchange kamata hai. 2025–26 mein services exports lagbhag US$ 418 billion estimate kiye gaye, lagbhag goods exports jitne (Ministry of Commerce estimate, April 2026).

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Ek saal mein ek country ₹ 950 crore ke goods export karta hai aur ₹ 1,200 crore ke goods import karta hai. Uska balance of trade kitna hai, ₹ crore mein? (Deficit ke liye minus sign use karo.)
₹ crore
Answer dekho

Answer -250 ₹ crore

950−1200=−250, isliye balance −₹ 250 crore hai: unfavourable balance of trade.

7.9 Tourism ek trade ke roop mein

Jab Germany ki ek family Kerala mein houseboat holiday ke paise deti hai, to yahan beche gaye ek service ke liye bahar se India mein paisa aata hai. Isliye tourism ek tarah ka trade hai. Pichhle bees saalon mein India mein tourism tezi se badha hai. Government ki pehal, naye airports, roads aur hotels, aur bahar India ko promote karne wale campaigns, sabne ismein hissa nibhaya hai.

Ise aur badhane ke liye government ne kai schemes shuru ki hain. Inmein Swadesh Darshan 2.0, Vibrant Villages Programme, PRASHAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Heritage Augmentation Drive) aur Paryatan Mitra shaamil hain.

Tourism sirf paisa kamane se zyada karta hai (Fig. 7.14). Yeh hotels, transport aur guiding mein jobs banata hai, aur local handicrafts aur cultural traditions ko support karta hai. Jab alag regions ke log milte hain to yeh national integration badhata hai, aur bahar ke logon ko India ki culture aur heritage samajhne mein madad karta hai. Foreign tourists India mein heritage, eco, adventure, cultural, medical aur business tourism ke liye aate hain.

3/3Isse jobs aur income, foreign exchange aur saanjhi culture aati hai.

Fig. 7.14Tourism ek trade ki tarah kaise kaam karta hai: kharch local economy mein phailta hai.NCERT p. 81

Left mein ek purple box par Tourists likha hai, andar heritage, eco, adventure, medical aur business jaise prakaar likhe hain. Step 1 sirf yeh box dikhata hai. Step 2 mein isse chaar orange boxes tak arrows judte hain, hotels and stays, transport, guides and food, aur handicrafts, saath mein tourists spend likha hai. Step 3 mein inse teen green boxes tak arrows judte hain, jobs and income, foreign exchange, aur shared culture, saath mein region gains likha hai.

2025 mein India mein lagbhag 91.5 lakh foreign tourists aaye, jo 2024 ke 99.5 lakh se kam the, aur tourism se lagbhag US$ 31.7 billion foreign exchange kamaya gaya Ministry of Tourism, India Tourism Data Compendium 2026: 2025 mein foreign tourist arrivals 91.49 lakh aur 2024 mein 99.52 lakh; 2025 mein foreign exchange earnings US$ 31.69 billion.. Lagbhag har state ke paas dikhane ko kuch hai, deserts aur beaches se lekar hill stations aur mandiron tak, isliye growth ki bahut gunjaish hai.

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Inmein se kaunse is section mein bataye gaye tourism ke fayde hain? Jitne sahi hain, sab chuno.
Saare sahi options chuno
Answer dekho
Answer
  • (A) local handicrafts ko support karta hai
  • (B) national integration badhata hai
  • (C) foreign exchange kamata hai
Tourism crafts ko support karta hai, logon ko saath laata hai aur foreign exchange kamata hai. Ise zyada transport chahiye, kam nahi, aur bura manage kiya gaya tourism pollution badha sakta hai.
Timeline

India ki lifelines ke milestones

  1. 1853

    Pehli train

    16 April: Bombay se Thane, 34 km.

  2. 1960

    BRO bana

    Border Roads Organisation border areas mein strategic roads banana shuru karta hai.

  3. 1998

    Konkan Railway

    Maharashtra, Goa aur Karnataka se hokar west coast ke saath line khulti hai.

  4. 2000

    PMGSY

    Gaon ko all-weather roads se towns se jodne ki scheme shuru hoti hai.

  5. 2015

    Digital India

    1 July: knowledge-based future ke liye umbrella programme launch hota hai.

  6. 2016

    Waterways aur UDAN

    National Waterways Act 111 National Waterways declare karta hai; October mein UDAN launch hota hai.

  7. 2020

    Atal Tunnel

    October: Rohtang Pass ke neeche 9.02 km lambi tunnel khulti hai.

  8. 2025

    Srinagar tak rail

    6 June: Chenab bridge ke saath Udhampur–Srinagar–Baramulla Rail Link poora hota hai.

  9. 2026

    18va rail zone

    1 June: South Coast Railway, jiska headquarters Visakhapatnam mein hai, kaam shuru karta hai.

Recap

Summary aur key points

  1. Transport goods ko supply points se demand points tak le jaata hai; communication aur trade ke saath milkar yeh economy ki lifelines banata hai (Section 7.1).
  2. India ke paas duniya ka second-largest road network hai. Roads banana sasta hai, yeh steep slopes chadh sakti hain, door-to-door service deti hain aur doosre modes ko feed karti hain (Section 7.2).
  3. Road classes: Golden Quadrilateral super highways (Srinagar–Kanniyakumari aur Silchar–Porbandar corridors ke saath), National Highways, State Highways, district roads, rural roads (PMGSY) aur border roads (BRO) (Section 7.2.1).
  4. Metalled roads har mausam mein kaam karti hain; unmetalled roads baarish mein aksar use se bahar ho jaati hain (Section 7.2.2).
  5. Railways principal mode hain; relief, economy aur administration ne network ko shape kiya: northern plains mein ghana, Himalayas, deserts, swamps aur jungle mein kam (Section 7.3.1).
  6. Gauges: broad 1.676 m, metre 1.000 m, narrow 0.762 ya 0.610 m; ab zyaadatar lines broad gauge hain (Section 7.3.2).
  7. Pipelines bichhane mein bahut kharch hota hai lekin chalane mein kam, aur koi trans-shipment losses nahi; teen networks Assam–Kanpur, Salaya–Jalandhar aur HVJ gas line hain (Section 7.4).
  8. Heavy, bulky goods ke liye waterways sabse sasta mode hain; 2016 mein 111 National Waterways declare kiye gaye, jinmein NW-1 Prayagraj se Haldia tak Ganga hai (Section 7.5).
  9. India ke 12 major ports hain: Deendayal (tidal), Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mormugao (iron ore), New Mangalore, Kochi, V.O. Chidambaranar, Chennai, Kamarajar, Visakhapatnam (sabse gehra landlocked), Paradip aur Kolkata aur Haldia (riverine) (Section 7.5.1).
  10. Air transport sabse tez mode hai aur north-east ke liye bahut zaroori hai; Pawan Hans helicopters udaati hai aur UDAN regional flights ko affordable banata hai (Section 7.6).
  11. Communication personal ya mass hota hai; India ke paas duniya ka sabse bada postal network, first- aur second-class mail, Akashvani, Doordarshan aur CBFC hain (Section 7.7).
  12. Balance of trade = exports − imports; jab exports zyada hon to yeh favourable hai aur jab imports zyada hon to unfavourable (Section 7.8).
  13. Tourism ek trade hai: yeh foreign exchange kamata hai, jobs banata hai, handicrafts ko support karta hai aur national integration badhata hai (Section 7.9).
Practice · 22 questions

Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)

  1. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1 (i)

    Ek truck driver East–West corridor ki poori length drive karna chahti hai. Woh kin do jagahon ke beech travel karegi?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) Silchar aur Porbandar

    East–West corridor Silchar (Assam) aur Porbandar (Gujarat) ko jodta hai. Srinagar–Kanniyakumari North–South corridor hai.
  2. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1 (ii)

    Panipat ki ek refinery ko crude oil milta hai bina oil ko raaste mein kabhi ek carrier se doosre carrier mein badle. Kaunsa mode ise mumkin banata hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (B) pipelines

    Pipelines oil ko source se seedhe refinery tak le jaati hain, isliye koi trans-shipment losses ya delays nahi hote.
  3. Quick answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q1 (iii)

    HVJ gas pipeline ke naam ki teen jagahein kin teen states mein hain?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh aur Uttar Pradesh

    Hazira Gujarat mein hai, Vijaipur Madhya Pradesh mein aur Jagdishpur Uttar Pradesh mein. Maharashtra route par nahi hai, bhale hi Mumbai High ki gas ise supply karti hai.
  4. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1 (iv)

    Ek shipping company ko east coast par ek gehra, landlocked aur achhe se surakshit harbour chahiye. Kaunsa major port fit hota hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (D) Visakhapatnam

    Visakhapatnam India ke landlocked ports mein sabse gehra hai aur khule samudra se surakshit hai. Chennai ek purana artificial port hai; Paradip aur Tuticorin landlocked harbours nahi hain.
  5. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1 (v)

    Tumhari textbook ke hisaab se, transport ka kaunsa saadhan India ki economy ke liye baaki sabko milakar bhi zyada important ho gaya hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) railways

    Tumhari textbook kehti hai ki ab railways India ki economy ke liye baaki saare modes ko milakar bhi zyada important hain.
  6. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1 (vi)

    Haryana ka Basmati rice Dubai ke ek supermarket mein bikta hai. Yeh kis tarah ka trade hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) international trade

    Do countries ke beech trade international trade hai; India ke liye yeh sale ek export hai.
  7. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q2 (i)

    Uttarakhand ki pahadiyon mein ek kisaan patta gobhi maidaan ki ek market mein bhejti hai. Teen kaaran do ki road transport uske liye rail se behtar kyun hai. (lagbhag 30 words)

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerRoads steep pahadi slopes chadh sakti hain; kam doori par chhote loads ke liye yeh sasti hain; aur truck door-to-door service deta hai, isliye loading aur unloading ka kharch kam hota hai.

    • Roads steep slopes aur ubad-khabad terrain par chadh sakti hain, isliye woh un pahadi gaon tak pahunchti hain jahan railways nahi ja sakti.
    • Kam doori par chhote loads ke liye sasti, jaise kuch quintal patta gobhi.
    • Door-to-door service: truck khet par load hota hai aur market mein unload hota hai, jisse loading ka kharch kam hota hai. (Yeh bhi sahi maano: roads banana sasta hai; roads railway stations ko feed karti hain.)
  8. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q2 (ii)

    Map par railway lines northern plains mein sabse ghani hain. Yeh region railways ke liye sabse achha kyun hai? (lagbhag 30 words)

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerNorthern plains: level land par lines banana sasta hai, aur ghani population aur upjaau agriculture se bahut passengers aur freight milte hain.

    Rail northern plains mein sabse convenient hai. Zameen samtal hai, isliye tracks bichhana aasan aur sasta hai; population ghani hai aur agriculture upjaau, isliye bahut passengers aur freight hain. Railways heavy goods ko lambi doori tak saste mein bhi le jaati hain. (Sirf chaudi nadiyan, jinke liye lambe bridges chahiye, ek rukawat hain.)

  9. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q2 (iii)

    Government India ke borders ke saath roads kyun banati aur maintain karti hai? Teen kaaran do. (lagbhag 30 words)

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerYeh defence ke liye strategically important hain; mushkil terrain wale areas tak pahunch aasan banati hain; aur border regions ke economic development mein madad karti hain.

    Border Roads Organisation (1960 mein bana) yeh roads teen kaaranon se banata hai. (1) Inki strategic importance hai: troops aur supplies northern aur north-eastern borders tak pahunch sakte hain. (2) Yeh mushkil terrain tak pahunch aasan banati hain, taaki door ke log markets, schools aur hospitals tak pahunch sakein. (3) Yeh border areas ke economic development mein madad karti hain.

  10. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q2 (iv)

    Ek kumhaarin apne gaon ke haat mein matke bechti hai; Tiruppur ki ek factory Germany ki ek dukaan ko T-shirts bechti hai. Har case mein trade ka prakaar batao aur farak samjhao. (lagbhag 30 words)

    Solution dikhao

    AnswerHaat ki sale local trade hai; T-shirt ki sale international trade hai (India ke liye export). Local trade ek gaon, town ya city ke andar hota hai; international trade national border paar karta hai.

    Trade market mein goods ko khareedna, bechna ya badalna hai. Gaon ke haat mein kumhaarin ki sale local trade hai: buyer aur seller ek hi jagah hain. Tiruppur factory ki Germany ko sale international trade hai: yeh sea, air ya land se national border paar karta hai. Yeh India ke liye export hai aur Germany ke liye import.

  11. Long answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q3 (i)

    'Inke bina economy ki saans ruk jaayegi.' Hum transport aur communication ko India ki economy ki lifelines kyun kehte hain? Samjhao. (lagbhag 120 words)

    Solution dikhao

    Goods aur logon ko le jaana. Cheezein kuch jagahon par banti hain aur doosri jagahon par chahiye hoti hain. Transport raw materials ko factories tak aur bane hue goods ko markets tak le jaata hai, aur logon ko kaam, padhai aur ilaaj ke liye le jaata hai. Iske bina production bekaar ho jaata.

    Development aur trade. Koi country tabhi develop hota hai jab woh zyada produce bhi kare aur apne products ko jaldi aur saste mein le bhi jaaye. Roads, railways, pipelines, waterways, ports aur airports local, national aur international trade ko mumkin banate hain, aur foreign exchange kamate hain.

    Information aur ekta. Communication orders, payments, news aur ideas ko turant le jaata hai: individuals ke liye post, phones aur internet; masses ke liye radio, TV, newspapers aur films. Saath milkar yeh ek bade aur vividh country ko ek market aur ek nation mein baandhte hain. Shareer ki blood vessels aur nerves ki tarah, yeh har hisse ko supply aur connected rakhte hain.

  12. Long answerHardNCERT Exercises Q3 (ii)

    Samjhao ki India ke international trade ka nature kaise badal raha hai. Is chapter ke kam se kam do figures use karo. (lagbhag 120 words)

    Solution dikhao

    Badhta volume. India ka trade tezi se badha hai. 2025–26 mein iske goods aur services ke total exports lagbhag US$ 860 billion estimate kiye gaye. Major ports ne lagbhag 915 million tonnes cargo handle kiya, jo pichhle saal se 7 per cent zyada tha.

    Primary goods se manufactures aur services tak. India pehle mainly tea, jute aur cotton jaise raw materials export karta tha. Aaj gems and jewellery, chemicals aur engineering goods jaise manufactured goods aage hain. Services, khaaskar information technology, bahut badi kamaai ka zariya ban gayi hain: 2025–26 mein lagbhag US$ 418 billion, lagbhag goods exports ke barabar.

    Zyada partners, lekin goods mein deficit. India ab saare major trading blocs aur har region ke saath trade karta hai. Crude oil, electronics, machinery aur gold ke imports aur bhi tezi se badhe hain. Isliye goods ka balance of trade unfavourable rehta hai (2025–26 mein lagbhag US$ 333 billion ka deficit), haalanki services ka surplus overall gap ko kam karta hai.

  13. Quick answerEasyNCERT Quiz Drive aur word-search activity

    Place hunt (har blank ke liye ek word ya naam). East–West corridor ka eastern sira hai. Iron ore exports ke liye sabse mashhoor Goa ka port hai. 1 m chaude track ko gauge kehte hain. HVJ pipeline ka western sira hai. Kolkata port nadi par hai.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (1) Silchar, (2) Mormugao, (3) metre, (4) Hazira, (5) Hooghly

    Silchar; Mormugao; metre gauge; Hazira; Hooghly.
  14. Quick answerMedium

    Assertion (A): Refineries Mathura aur Panipat jaisi jagahon par, kaafi andar, lag paayi. Reason (R): Pipelines ka running cost zyada hai lekin koi trans-shipment losses nahi.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) A sahi hai, lekin R galat hai

    A sahi hai: pipelines crude oil ko andar tak laayi. R galat hai: pipelines ka initial cost zyada hai lekin running cost kam hai.
  15. Quick answerMedium

    Assertion (A): Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata ko lagaataar dredging chahiye. Reason (R): Yeh Hooghly par ek tidal river port hai, jahan silt lagaataar jamti rehti hai.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) A aur R dono sahi hain, aur R, A ko samjhata hai

    Dono sahi hain, aur tidal Hooghly mein silt jamna hi woh kaaran hai jiski wajah se channel ki dredging karni padti hai.
  16. Short answerMedium

    Data padho aur answer do. 2025–26 mein handle kiya gaya cargo (million tonnes, advance estimates): Deendayal 160, Paradip 156, Jawaharlal Nehru 102, Visakhapatnam 91, Mumbai 75.

    1. Kis port ne sabse zyada cargo handle kiya, aur woh kis coast par hai?

      Answer dekho

      Answer (B) Deendayal, west coast

      Gujarat coast par Deendayal (Kandla) ne lagbhag 160 million tonnes handle kiya, Paradip se thoda aage.

    2. Deendayal port Independence ke turant baad kyun develop kiya gaya?

      Solution dikhao

      Partition mein jab Karachi port Pakistan mein chala gaya, to Mumbai par western India ke trade ka bahut zyada bojh aa gaya. Kandla ko Kachchh mein bojh baantne ke liye aur Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan aur Gujarat ke hinterland ki seva ke liye banaya gaya.

    3. Tumhari textbook Mumbai ko sabse bada port kehti hai, phir bhi yahan woh paanchve number par hai. Ek kaaran suggest karo.

      Solution dikhao

      Textbook Mumbai ke khule, surakshit natural harbour aur uski lambi importance ki baat kar rahi hai. Cargo weight se naapa jaata hai, aur Deendayal aur Paradip jaise ports crude oil aur coal jaise bulk cargo ke bahut bade tonnages handle karte hain. Mumbai ka bahut sa container trade bhi harbour ke us paar Jawaharlal Nehru Port chala gaya hai, jise Mumbai ki bheed kam karne ke liye plan kiya gaya tha.

  17. NumericalEasy

    2024–25 mein India ke goods exports lagbhag US$ 437.70 billion aur goods imports lagbhag US$ 721.20 billion the (Ministry of Commerce). Imports exports se kitne billion dollars zyada the?

    billion dollars
    Answer dekho

    Answer 283.5 billion dollars

    721.20−437.70=283.50, isliye goods trade deficit lagbhag US$ 283.5 billion tha: unfavourable balance.
  18. Short answerMedium

    Map skill: India ke outline map par tum neeche di gayi cheezein locate aur label karoge. Apne answers naamon ki lists ki tarah likho.

    1. Golden Quadrilateral se jude chaar cities, aur North–South aur East–West corridors ke end points.

      Solution dikhao

      Golden Quadrilateral: Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai. North–South corridor: Srinagar aur Kanniyakumari. East–West corridor: Silchar aur Porbandar (dono corridors Jhansi par cross karte hain).

    2. West coast ke major sea ports, north se south.

      Solution dikhao

      Deendayal (Kandla), Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mormugao, New Mangalore, Kochi.

    3. East coast ke major sea ports, south se north.

      Solution dikhao

      V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin), Chennai, Kamarajar (Ennore), Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata aur Haldia.

    4. Amritsar, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad aur Thiruvananthapuram ke international airports (har ek ka naam batao).

      Solution dikhao
      • Amritsar: Raja Sansi (Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport)
      • Delhi: Indira Gandhi International Airport
      • Mumbai: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
      • Chennai: Chennai (Meenambakkam) International Airport
      • Kolkata: Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
      • Hyderabad: Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
      • Thiruvananthapuram International Airport
  19. Short answerEasy

    Inmein farak batao:

    1. Metalled aur unmetalled roads.

      Solution dikhao

      Metalled roads ka top cement concrete ya bitumen ka sakht hota hai aur yeh har mausam mein use ho sakti hain. Unmetalled roads mitti ya bajri ki hoti hain aur monsoon mein aksar use ke laayak nahi rehti.

    2. Favourable aur unfavourable balance of trade.

      Solution dikhao

      Favourable balance ka matlab hai exports ki value imports se zyada hai (surplus). Unfavourable balance ka matlab hai imports ki value exports se zyada hai (deficit).

  20. Quick answerMedium

    Har kaam ke liye transport ka sabse sahi mode chuno.

    1. Odisha se 600 km andar ek steel plant tak 5,000 tonnes iron ore.

      Answer dekho

      Answer (B) rail

      Lambi zameeni doori par heavy, bulky cargo: rail sabse sasti hai.

    2. Har din ek coastal terminal se fertiliser plant tak natural gas.

      Answer dekho

      Answer (A) pipeline

      Gas ka lagaataar flow: pipeline, kam running cost aur bina trans-shipment ke.

    3. Landslide ke baad Arunachal Pradesh ke ek door ke gaon tak vaccines.

      Answer dekho

      Answer (C) air

      Kate hue pahadi area tak urgent, halka cargo: helicopter ya aircraft.

    4. Goa se China ke ek steel maker tak iron ore.

      Answer dekho

      Answer (B) sea

      Samudra paar bulky cargo: ships, Mormugao port se hokar.
  21. Short answerMediumNCERT Discussion, p. 81

    Tourism ek pahadi district ki economy ko bina nuksaan pahunchaye kaise madad kar sakta hai? Teen points do. (lagbhag 60 words)

    Solution dikhao
    • Local income aur jobs: homestays, local guides, taxis aur food stalls paisa district mein hi rakhte hain.
    • Crafts ke liye markets: tourists local handicrafts aur upaj khareedte hain, jisse kaarigaron ko support milta hai.
    • Buniyaad ki raksha: nazuk sites par bheed aur gaadiyon ki limit rakho, waste manage karo aur landslide wali slopes se door nirmaan karo, taaki woh jungle aur culture bache rahein jo visitors ko kheenchte hain.
  22. Short answerEasy

    Teen tareeke batao jinse passengers aur citizens Indian Railways ko safe aur time par chalane mein madad kar sakte hain.

    Solution dikhao
    • Hamesha valid ticket ke saath travel karo.
    • Alarm chain sirf asli emergency mein kheencho.
    • Railway property ko kabhi nuksaan mat pahunchao ya chori mat karo; jo aisa kare uski report karo, aur tracks aur platforms saaf rakho.

Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo

Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.

Tumhari NCERT textbook meinYahan practice question
NCERT Exercises Q1 (i)Practice Q1
NCERT Exercises Q1 (ii)Practice Q2
NCERT Exercises Q1 (iii)Practice Q3
NCERT Exercises Q1 (iv)Practice Q4
NCERT Exercises Q1 (v)Practice Q5
NCERT Exercises Q1 (vi)Practice Q6
NCERT Exercises Q2 (i)Practice Q7
NCERT Exercises Q2 (ii)Practice Q8
NCERT Exercises Q2 (iii)Practice Q9
NCERT Exercises Q2 (iv)Practice Q10
NCERT Exercises Q3 (i)Practice Q11
NCERT Exercises Q3 (ii)Practice Q12
NCERT Quiz Drive aur word-search activityPractice Q13
NCERT Discussion, p. 81Practice Q21

Quick check: MCQs

  1. 7.1 Humein transport kyun chahiye3 questions
  2. 7.2.2 Metalled aur unmetalled roads4 questions
  3. 7.3.2 Rail gauges4 questions
  4. 7.4 Pipelines3 questions
  5. 7.5 Waterways3 questions
  6. 7.5.1 Major sea ports4 questions
  7. 7.6 Airways3 questions
  8. 7.7 Communication3 questions
  9. 7.8 International trade4 questions
  10. 7.9 Tourism ek trade ke roop mein3 questions
Glossary · 13

Key terms (English + Hindi)

balance of tradeव्यापार संतुलनvyapar santulan
Kisi country ke exports ki value mein se uske imports ki value.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
gaugeआमानaaman
Track ki dono rails ke andar ke faces ke beech ki doori.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
Golden Quadrilateralस्वर्णिम चतुर्भुजswarnim chaturbhuj
Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai aur Mumbai ko jodne wala super highways ka loop.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
hinterlandपृष्ठप्रदेशprishthpradesh
Port ke peeche ka land area jo usse hokar goods bhejta hai aur usse goods paata hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
international tradeअंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापारantarrashtriya vyapar
Do ya zyada countries ke beech trade.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
mass communicationजनसंचारjansanchar
Ek source se ek saath bahut saare logon tak communication, jaise radio, TV aur newspapers.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
metalled roadपक्की सड़कpakki sadak
Cement concrete ya bitumen ke sakht top wali road, jo har mausam mein use ho sakti hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
National Highwayराष्ट्रीय राजमार्गrashtriya rajmarg
Country ke door ke hisson ko jodne wali ek primary road.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
National Waterwayराष्ट्रीय जलमार्गrashtriya jalmarg
Kanoon dwara inland water transport route ki tarah develop karne ke liye declare kiya gaya nadi ya canal route.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
slurry
Paani mein mila hua pisa solid, taaki woh pipe mein beh sake.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
tidal portज्वारीय पत्तनjvariya pattan
Aisa port jahan paani ka level tides ke saath chadhta-utarta hai, isliye ships aksar high tide par andar ya bahar jaate hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
trans-shipment
Raaste mein cargo ko ek carrier se doosre carrier mein badalna, jisse cost, delay aur losses badhte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
transportपरिवहनparivahan
Goods aur logon ko land, water ya air se ek jagah se doosri jagah le jaana.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

Tum chapter ke end tak pahunch gaye

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