Sectors of the Indian Economy: Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Hinglish mein
Understanding Economic Development · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗
Published · Updated
Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge
- Economic activities ko primary, secondary ya tertiary mein classify karo aur dikhao ki teeno sectors ek doosre par kaise depend karte hain
- Samjhao ki GDP mein sirf final goods aur services hi kyun gine jaate hain, aur value-added method se output nikaalo
- Batao ki developed countries mein sectors ki importance kaise badli, aur recent official data se output aur employment mein India ke shares compare karo
- Underemployment (disguised unemployment) aur open unemployment ko rural aur urban examples ke saath samjhao
- Zyada jobs banane ke tareeke suggest karo aur India ki rural employment guarantee ko samjhao, MGNREGA (2005) se lekar VB-G RAM G Act (2025) tak
- Kaam ki conditions ke basis par organised aur unorganised sectors mein farq karo aur samjhao ki unorganised workers ko protection kyun chahiye
- Ownership ke basis par public aur private sectors mein farq karo aur samjhao ki governments kuch activities khud kyun chalati hain ya unhe support kyun karti hain
NCERT Social Science Class 10, Chapter 2, pp. 18–37 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.
Aaj subah tumhare school pahunchne se pehle hi bahut se log tumhare liye kaam kar chuke the. Ek dairy farmer ne sooraj nikalne se pehle apni bhainson ka doodh nikaala. Ek mill ne tumhari rotiyon ke liye gehun pees diya. Ek bus ya auto driver tumhe traffic se nikaal kar laaya, aur ek dukaandaar ne tumhe pen becha. In sab mein se har koi ek economic activity kar raha tha: goods ya services produce karke rozi kamaane ke liye kiya gaya kaam.
India mein har din aisi crores activities chalti hain. Inhe samajhne ke liye hum inhe groups mein baant-te hain jinhe sectors kehte hain, aur jis rule se hum baant-te hain use criterion kehte hain. Is chapter mein teen rules use hote hain: kaam ka nature (primary, secondary, tertiary), log kin terms par employ hote hain (organised, unorganised) aur enterprise ka owner kaun hai (public, private). Chapter 1, Development, mein tumne dekha tha ki achhi jobs, security aur dignity development ka hissa hain. Grouping ka har tareeka dikhata hai ki yeh cheezein kahan hain aur kahan missing hain.
2.1 Economic activities ke sectors
Ek cup chai ko ulta follow karo. Tumhari kitchen tak pahunchne se pehle chai teen bilkul alag tarah ke kaam se guzri, jo Fig. 2.1 mein dikhaye gaye hain.
Pehle, kisi ko use ugaana pada. Assam ke ek estate par workers tea bushes se nayi pattiyan todte hain, jo dhoop, baarish aur achhi mitti se ugi hain. Log bushes ki dekhbhaal karte hain, lekin patti khud ek natural process se banti hai. Doodh ke liye pashu paalna, talaabon mein jhinga paalna, lakdi kaatna aur coal ya iron ore khodna bhi isi tarah kaam karte hain: hum woh lete hain jo nature produce karta hai. Aisi activities milkar primary sector (प्राथमिक क्षेत्रक) banati hain. Iska zyada tar output farming, animal rearing, fishing aur forestry se aata hai, isliye iska doosra naam hai agriculture and related sector. Aur yeh primary isliye hai kyunki yeh sabse pehle aata hai: har doosra product kisi aisi cheez se shuru hota hai jo yeh sector deta hai.
Doosre, pattiyon ko process kiya gaya. Ek tea factory unhe murjhaati, roll karti, sukhaati, sort karti aur pack karti hai, aur jo nikalta hai woh aisa product hai jo koi bush nahi uga sakti. Jab natural products ko is tarah naye goods mein badla jaata hai, to woh kaam secondary sector (द्वितीयक क्षेत्रक) ka hota hai. Size se farq nahi padta: steel plant, carpenter ka shed jahan bamboo se kursiyan banti hain, aur woh kitchen jahan bechne ke liye achaar bottle hota hai, sab manufacturing hain. Is sector ka doosra naam, industrial sector, un factories aur industries se aata hai jo iske saath badhi. India ke official statistics construction aur electricity, gas aur paani ki supply ko bhi yahin ginte hain.
Teesre, packets ko tum tak pahunchna tha. Trucks unhe warehouse tak le gaye, ek wholesaler ne unhe khareeda, ek bank ne trader ko paisa udhaar diya, phone calls se orders tay hue aur tumhare ghar ke paas ki dukaan ne unhe becha. Is kaam se koi naya good nahi banta, phir bhi iske bina chai kabhi factory se bahar nahi nikalti. Le jaana, store karna, bechna, paisa dena aur communicate karna aisi services hain jo production ko support karti hain, aur yeh tertiary sector (तृतीयक क्षेत्रक) mein aati hain. Iska doosra naam batata hai ki yeh kya produce karta hai: service sector.
3/3Tertiary: transport, storage, banks aur dukaanein chai ko tum tak laati hain.
Left se right teen panels. Pehle step mein sirf green Primary panel dikhta hai: tea bushes aur todi hui pattiyon ki ek tokri, jis par label hai nature se aur patti todna. Doosre step mein ek arrow orange Secondary panel tak jaata hai: chimney wali ek factory aur tea likha ek packet, jis par label hai maal banana aur chai pack. Teesre step mein doosra arrow blue Tertiary panel tak jaata hai: ek dukaan aur ek truck, jis par label hai services deta aur moves, sells.
Un services ke baare mein bhi socho jinka farms ya factories se koi lena-dena nahi. Jab tum doctor ke paas jaate ho, class mein baithte ho, haircut karwaate ho ya lawyer hire karte ho, to tum apne liye ek service khareed rahe ho, aur yeh bhi tertiary sector mein gini jaati hain. Haal ke saalon ki sabse tezi se badhti kuch activities bhi isi mein hain, mobile banking aur online shopping se lekar app development aur data analysis tak.
Woh sector jismein goods natural resources ko seedhe use karke produce kiye jaate hain, jaise farming, animal rearing, fishing, forestry aur mining mein.
ExampleChai ki pattiyan todna, machhli pakadna, coal ki mining.
Woh sector jo manufacturing se natural products ko naye goods mein badalta hai, chahe factory mein, workshop mein ya ghar mein; construction aur utilities bhi isi mein shaamil hain.
ExampleLimestone se cement banana, ghar banana.
Woh sector jo goods ki jagah services produce karta hai: production ko support karne wali services aur woh services jo log seedhe use karte hain.
ExampleTransport, banking, trade, health care, teaching.
Sectors ek doosre par depend karte hain
Activities ko teen groups mein baantna useful hai, lekin isse yeh chhup sakta hai ki groups aapas mein kitne kas kar jude hain. Har sector baaki do se khareedta hai aur unhe bechta hai, isliye ek sector ko laga jhatka baaki tak pahunchta hai. Table 2.1 ki chaar situations padho aur tay karo ki har ek kya dikhati hai. Pehli tumhare liye kar di gayi hai.
| Kya hota hai | Isse kya pata chalta hai? |
|---|---|
| Sookhe se Gujarat mein moongphali ki fasal kam ho jaati hai. Oil mills ko kam moongphali milti hai, woh kam shifts chalati hain aur workers ko ghar bhej deti hain. | Secondary sector (oil mills) primary sector (moongphali ki kheti) par depend karta hai. |
| Buvaai se theek pehle ek tractor factory mein strike ki wajah se deliveries late ho jaati hain. Jo farmers naye tractors ka intezaar kar rahe the, woh apne khet der se taiyaar karte hain. | |
| Ek cyclone Odisha coast par ek hafte ke liye mobile networks aur bank branches thapp kar deta hai. Machhuare door ke buyers tak nahi pahunch paate, aur chhoti factories apne suppliers ko payment nahi kar paati. | |
| Ek shehar ke paas naya IT park khulta hai. Hazaaron employees zyada doodh, phal, furniture aur scooters khareedne lagte hain. |
Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.
5/5Service workers aur firms baaki do se khaana aur machines khareedte hain.
Teen boxes: upar left mein Primary, upar right mein Secondary aur neeche Tertiary. Step 1 mein sirf boxes dikhte hain. Step 2 mein Primary se Secondary tak ek arrow judta hai jis par label hai raw materials. Step 3 mein Secondary se wapas Primary tak ek dashed arrow judta hai jis par label hai tools, fertiliser. Step 4 mein Tertiary se upar dono boxes tak arrows judte hain, label services, dono ko. Step 5 mein Primary aur Secondary se neeche Tertiary tak dashed curved arrows judte hain, label food and machines, kyunki service workers aur firms baaki do se khareedte hain.
To teeno sectors interdependent hain. Farms ko tools, pumps aur fertiliser ke liye factories chahiye. Factories ko raw materials ke liye farms aur mines chahiye. Dono ko transport, banks aur traders chahiye, aur kisi bhi sector mein kaam karne wale har insaan ko khaana chahiye. Ek sector mein slowdown ka matlab jaldi hi baaki sectors mein kam buyers, aur kam jobs.
Neeche wali activity se asli jobs ko sort karne ki practice karo. Iska aakhri tab aage ke liye ek kaam ki baat dikhata hai: ek hi job ko is chapter ke teeno rules se ek saath describe kiya ja sakta hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 21): answers ke saath
Rows 2, 3 aur 4 ke liye Table 2.1 ka doosra column poora karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerRow 2: primary secondary par depend karta hai. Row 3: primary aur secondary tertiary par depend karte hain. Row 4: primary aur secondary tertiary workers ki demand par depend karte hain.
- Row 2: primary sector (farming) secondary sector par depend karta hai, jo tractors jaisi machines banata hai.
- Row 3: primary sector (fishing) aur secondary sector (factories) dono tertiary sector par depend karte hain, yahan communication aur banking par.
- Row 4: primary aur secondary sectors tertiary sector mein kaam karne wale logon par depend karte hain, jo unka doodh, phal aur manufactured goods khareedte hain.
Chai ke alawa koi ek product chuno jo tumne aaj use kiya. Use teeno sectors se hote hue peeche trace karo, har sector mein hue kaam ka naam lo, aur batao ki har sector ko kya alag banata hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerPrimary nature se raw material leta hai, secondary product banata hai, tertiary use le jaata aur bechta hai.
- Example, ek school notebook. Primary: ped ya bamboo ugaaye aur kaate jaate hain (forestry). Material seedhe nature se aata hai.
- Secondary: ek paper mill lakdi ko pulp karke paper banati hai, aur ek printing unit use kaatti, line kheenchti aur bind karti hai. Ek natural product naye good mein badal jaata hai.
- Tertiary: trucks notebooks le jaate hain, ek wholesaler unhe store karta hai aur ek stationery shop unhe bechti hai, shayad bank loan ke saath. Koi naya good nahi banta; yeh services hain.
In workers ko primary, secondary aur tertiary sectors mein classify karo: rubber tapper, furniture maker, auto-rickshaw driver, shoe-factory worker, beautician, silkworm rearer, insurance agent, ghar par kaam karne wala papad maker, stone-quarry worker, video editor, port par crane operator, spice-grinding unit ka worker.
Solution dikhao
AnswerPrimary 3, secondary 4, tertiary 5 (solution dekho).
- Primary: rubber tapper, silkworm rearer, stone-quarry worker.
- Secondary: furniture maker, shoe-factory worker, ghar par kaam karne wala papad maker, spice-grinding unit worker.
- Tertiary: auto-rickshaw driver, beautician, insurance agent, video editor, port par crane operator (cargo handle karna transport aur storage hai).
Ek cricket academy apne players ko do tarah se group karti hai: batters, bowlers aur all-rounders ke roop mein, aur under-14, under-16 aur under-19 ke roop mein. Har baar kaunsa criterion use hua hai? Kaunsi grouping coach ko training plan karne mein madad karti hai, aur kaunsi fair tournament chalane mein?
Solution dikhao
AnswerPehle mein playing role, doosre mein age. Role se training plan hoti hai; age se fair tournaments chalte hain.
Pehli grouping player ka role ya skill use karti hai; doosri age use karti hai. Coach nets aur drills role ke hisaab se plan karta hai, kyunki batters aur bowlers alag-alag cheezein practise karte hain. Tournaments players ko age ke hisaab se group karte hain taaki matches fair hon.
Koi bhi grouping apne aap mein sahi ya galat nahi hai: kaam ka criterion is par depend karta hai ki tum kya pata karna chahte ho. Economists jab har sector mein output aur jobs study karna chahte hain, to woh activities ko kaam ke nature ke hisaab se group karte hain.
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Secondary, kyunki ek natural product se naya good banaya jaata hai
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Apples ke liye cold store chalana
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (A) secondary sector primary sector par depend karta hai
2.2 Teeno sectors ko compare karna
India mein kaunsa sector sabse zyada matter karta hai? Jawab is par depend karta hai ki tum kya produce hua woh ginte ho ya kaun employed hai woh, isliye hume dono measures chahiye: har sector kitna produce karta hai, aur usmein kitne log kaam karte hain. Dono jawab kam hi match karte hain. Ek sector output mein bada lekin jobs mein chhota ho sakta hai, jaisa hum India ke liye dekhenge.
Production measure karte hi ek paheli khadi ho jaati hai. 40 tractors, 5,000 haircuts aur 30 tonnes aam ko tum kaise jodoge? Units match nahi karti, isliye total ka koi matlab nahi hoga. Economists isse quantities ki jagah money values jod kar solve karte hain. Jo produce hua use uske price se multiply karo, aur har item rupees ka ek number ban jaata hai, jise joda ja sakta hai.
Value se jodna
Ek saal mein ek gaon 3,000 kg chawal aur 1,200 dozen kele produce karta hai. Chawal ₹40 per kilogram aur kele ₹50 per dozen bikte hain. Gaon ke in do goods ke output ki value kya hai?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Lekin ismein ek trap hai. Bahut se goods un logon ko nahi bike jo aakhir mein unhe use karte hain, balki doosre producers ko bikte hain, jo unhe kuch aur banane mein khapa dete hain. Aakhri user jo goods khareedta hai woh final goods (अंतिम वस्तुएँ) hain. Unhe banane mein jo goods khap jaate hain woh intermediate goods (मध्यवर्ती वस्तुएँ) hain. Sirf final goods aur services gine jaate hain. Kyun? Inputs ke liye jo bhi diya gaya, woh pehle se final price mein shaamil hai. Agar inputs bhi jod do, to wahi rupees baar-baar gine jaate hain, aur is galti ko economists double counting kehte hain.
Woh goods aur services jo apne aakhri user tak pahunchte hain aur kuch aur produce karne mein khapte nahi.
ExampleEk family ki khareedi hui shirts.
Woh goods jinhe producers final goods ya services banane mein khapa dete hain; unki value pehle se final good ke price mein shaamil hoti hai.
ExampleEk weaving unit ka khareeda hua yarn.
Cotton se shirts tak
Ek cotton farmer raw cotton ek spinning mill ko ₹3,000 mein bechta hai. Mill yarn ek weaving unit ko ₹5,000 mein bechti hai. Weaving unit kapda ek garment maker ko ₹8,000 mein bechti hai, jo shirts silkar customers ko ₹14,000 mein bechta hai. Maan lo farmer ne koi inputs nahi khareede. (a) Chaaron sales ko jodne mein kya galat hai? (b) Har stage par value added nikaalo aur dikhao ki uska total final good ki value ke barabar hai.
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
3/3Har stage ka value added jodne par ₹14,000 aata hai, shirts ka price. ✓
Chaar bars har stage ki sale value dikhate hain: cotton 3,000 rupees, yarn 5,000, kapda 8,000 aur shirts 14,000. Doosre step mein ek heading kehti hai ki har sale jodne par 30,000 rupees aata hai, jo galat hai kyunki cotton chaar baar gina gaya. Teesre step mein har baad wale bar ka neeche ka hissa hatched hai, jo pichhle stage se khareede inputs dikhata hai, aur upar ke hisse par value added likha hai: 3,000, 2,000, 3,000 aur 6,000 rupees, jinka total 14,000 hai, yaani shirts ka price.
- ek producer ka value added
- producer ke output ki value (jo woh bechta hai)
- uske khareede intermediate goods (inputs) ki value
Ek saal mein ek sector ke final goods aur services ki value nikaalo, to tumhe us sector ka output mil jaata hai. Teeno sectors ko jodo, to tumhe woh measure milta hai jis par economists sabse zyada nazar rakhte hain: desh ka gross domestic product (GDP, सकल घरेलू उत्पाद). Domestic ka matlab hai desh ke andar bana hua, firm ka owner chahe koi bhi ho: Gujarat mein ek Japanese-owned company ki banayi cars India ke GDP mein gini jaati hain. GDP kisi economy ke size ka sabse common paimaana hai.
Ek saal mein kisi desh ki boundaries ke andar bane final goods aur services ki kul money value.
ExampleProvisional estimate ke hisaab se 2025–26 (April 2025 se March 2026) ke liye India ka GDP current prices par lagbhag ₹346 lakh crore tha.
Yeh ginti kaun karta hai? National Statistics Office (NSO), jo Union Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) ka hissa hai. Yeh company filings se, farms, factories aur households ke surveys se, aur states aur union territories ke government departments se figures ikattha karta hai. February 2026 mein isne naye data sources use karke apne estimates ko ek naye base year, 2022–23, par shift kiya.
International practice ke hisaab se sector-wise figures GDP ki jagah gross value added (GVA, सकल मूल्य वर्धित) ke roop mein publish hote hain. GVA kisi sector ke saare producers ka value added hai. GVA aur GDP ka link simple hai, jaisa (2.2) dikhata hai: unhe sirf products par taxes aur subsidies alag karte hain. Is chapter mein hum sectors ko compare karne ke liye GVA use karte hain.
- products par taxes, jaise GST
- products par subsidies
Sectors mein historical badlaav
Kya desh ke develop hone ke saath har sector ki importance wahi rehti hai? Aaj ke ameer deshon, jaise Britain, United States aur Japan, ki history kehti hai nahi. Unki kahani teen stages mein batayi ja sakti hai, jinka sketch Fig. 2.5 mein hai, aur har shift ka ek kaaran hai.
Stage 1: zyada tar kheti. Jab zyada tar families kheti karti hain, to output aur jobs dono mein primary sector aage hota hai. Bahar nikalne ka raasta khet se hi shuru hota hai: behtar beej, tools aur tareeke har farmer ko apni family se zyada logon ka pet bharne dete hain. Yahi surplus doosron ko alag tareeke se rozi kamaane deta hai: cheezein banakar, trade karke ya service dekar.
Stage 2: factories aage nikal jaati hain. Phir machines ne kam cost par bade paimaane par goods banana mumkin kiya. Peedhiyon tak factories mein kaam zameen par kaam se tez badha, aur log kheti chhod kar industry mein gaye, hamesha apni marzi se nahi: History chapter The Age of Industrialisation us kahani ka ek hissa batata hai. Lambe samay tak output aur employment dono mein manufacturing sabse bada sector raha.
Stage 3: services aage. Ameer samaaj health, education, transport, finance, entertainment aur government par zyada se zyada kharch karte hain. Twentieth century mein developed countries mein services ne industry ko peeche chhod diya, aur aaj unka zyada tar output aur zyada tar jobs tertiary sector mein hain.
3/3Service stage: services sabse zyada produce karti hain aur sabse zyada logon ko employ karti hain.
Ek schematic chart, asli data nahi, jismein primary, secondary aur tertiary sectors ke teen bars hain. Early stage mein primary bar sabse lamba hai aur baaki do chhote hain. Industrial stage mein secondary bar sabse lamba hai, primary bar chhota ho gaya hai aur tertiary bar thoda badha hai. Service stage mein tertiary bar sabse lamba hai, secondary bar uski lagbhag aadhi height ka hai aur primary bar chhota hai.
Kya India bhi isi tarah badla hai? Agla section India mein production aur jobs ko dekhta hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 23): answers ke saath
Aaj ke developed countries mein kheti, factories aur services, har ek kabhi na kabhi sabse bada sector bana. Unhe order mein rakho aur har shift ka main kaaran batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerPrimary → secondary → tertiary.
Pehle kheti (primary) aayi, jab zyada tar log zameen par kaam karte the. Behtar kheti se food surplus bana, jisne logon ko doosre kaam ke liye free kiya. Phir machines aur factories ne manufacturing (secondary) ko output aur jobs mein sabse bada bana diya. Twentieth century mein badhti incomes aur trade, transport, finance, health aur education ki zarooraton ne services (tertiary) ko sabse bada bana diya.
Riya ne apne desh ka GDP measure karne ke liye yeh plan likha: Is saal ka GDP nikaalne ke liye main gehun, aata aur bread jodungi, taaki har stage shaamil ho. Main gehun ke kilograms, aate ke packets aur bread ke loaves ginungi. Main pichhle saal ka production bhi jodungi, taaki total poora ho. Teen galtiyan dhoondo aur plan ko sahi tarah se dobara likho.
Solution dikhao
AnswerValues use karo, ek saal, sirf final goods.
- Sirf final goods gino: bread. Gehun aur aata intermediate goods hain jinki value pehle se bread ke price mein hai, isliye unhe jodna double counting hai.
- Kilograms, packets aur loaves joda nahi ja sakta; money values jodo (quantity × price).
- GDP ek saal ka hota hai; pichhle saal ka production pichhle saal ke GDP mein jaata hai.
Sahi plan: is saal desh mein produce hue saare final goods aur services ki money value nikaalo, aur in values ko jodo.
Ek rubber tapper ₹2,000 ka latex ek factory ko bechta hai jo rubber sheets banati hai. Factory sheets ₹3,500 mein ek footwear company ko bechti hai, jo sandals ek shop ko ₹6,000 mein bechti hai. Shop unhe customers ko ₹7,500 mein bechti hai. Value-added method se, yeh chain GDP mein kitne rupees jodti hai?
₹Solution dikhao
- Tapper: ₹2,000 − ₹0 = ₹2,000.
- Sheet factory: ₹3,500 − ₹2,000 = ₹1,500.
- Footwear company: ₹6,000 − ₹3,500 = ₹2,500.
- Shop: ₹7,500 − ₹6,000 = ₹1,500 (trade bhi value add karta hai).
Total: ₹2,000 + ₹1,500 + ₹2,500 + ₹1,500 = ₹7,500, final good ki value ke barabar.
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Bread banane ke liye bakery ka khareeda gaya aata
Answer dekho
Answer 5000 ₹
Answer dekho
Answer Sahi
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Tertiary
2.3 India mein primary, secondary aur tertiary sectors
Ab India ko dekhte hain. Table 2.2 latest official estimates se dikhata hai ki 2022–23 aur 2025–26 mein har sector mein kitni value ke goods aur services produce hue.
| Sector | 2022–23 | 2025–26 | Badhotri | GVA mein share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | 52.62 | 62.64 | +10.02 | 22.1% → 19.9% |
| Secondary | 61.81 | 81.38 | +19.57 | 26.0% → 25.8% |
| Tertiary | 123.20 | 170.85 | +47.65 | 51.8% → 54.3% |
| Total GVA | 237.64 | 314.87 | +77.23 | 100% |
Teeno sectors mein production badha, lekin tertiary sector ne sabse zyada joda: lagbhag ₹47.6 lakh crore, jo baaki do sectors ke total se bhi zyada hai. GVA mein iska share lagbhag 52% se 54% ho gaya, jabki primary sector ka share lagbhag 22% se 20% par aa gaya. Yeh figures current prices par hain, isliye har badhotri ka kuch hissa sirf badhe hue prices hain. Constant prices par, jo price changes hata dete hain, measure karne par bhi tertiary sector ne hi sabse zyada joda.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 24): answers ke saath
Table 2.2 use karke batao: 2022–23 mein kis sector ne sabse zyada produce kiya?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Tertiary
₹123.20 lakh crore, GVA ka lagbhag 52%. Textbook ke graph mein 1977–78 mein sabse bada producer primary sector tha.2022–23 aur 2025–26 ke beech kis sector ka GVA share sabse zyada gira?
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Primary
Primary sector ka share 22.1% se 19.9% par aa gaya; secondary share mein mushkil se koi badlaav hua aur tertiary share badha.Dono saalon ke beech kis sector ne apne production mein, rupees mein, sabse zyada joda?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Tertiary
Tertiary sector ne ₹47.65 lakh crore jode, jabki secondary ne ₹19.57 lakh crore aur primary ne ₹10.02 lakh crore. Textbook ka graph 1977–78 se 2017–18 ke liye bhi yahi dikhata hai.2025–26 mein India ka total GVA kitna tha, ₹ lakh crore mein?
₹ lakh croreAnswer dekho
Answer 314.87 ₹ lakh crore
₹314.87 lakh crore. Products par net taxes jodne se GDP ₹346.36 lakh crore aata hai ((2.2)).
Production mein tertiary sector ki badhti importance
Services kheti aur industry se itni tezi se kyun badhi hain? Iske kai kaaran hain. Neeche ek-ek karke unhe dekho.
Services ke badhne ke chaar kaaran
Basic services
Kuch services ke bina koi modern desh kaam nahi chala sakta, uski income chahe jitni ho: tumhare district ka clinic, school, police station aur court, ya municipal office jo paani chalta rakhta hai. Yeh basic services population ke saath badhti hain, aur India jaise developing country mein inmein se bahut si government deti hai.
Lekin bade numbers ke peeche service workers ki zindagiyan bahut alag hain, jaisa neeche ka comparison dikhata hai. Ek software engineer aur ek mochi dono tertiary sector mein kaam karte hain, lekin boom ka fayda sirf ek ko mil raha hai. Doosra joote isliye theek karta hai kyunki koi behtar kaam nahi mila, aur mushkil se guzara chalne layak kamaata hai. Tez growth asli hai, lekin woh sector ke sirf ek hisse tak pahunchti hai.
Do tarah ke service workers
Ek chhota group: skilled, achhi pay
- software engineers aur data analysts
- doctors, bank officers, pilots
- lambi education ya training chahiye
- achhi pay, aksar regular jobs mein
Ek bada group: kam pay, insecure
- chhote dukaandaar aur street vendors
- repair workers, delivery riders, thele waale
- kam formal training chahiye
- bas guzara chalne layak kamaate hain
Zyada tar log kahan employed hain?
Production sirf aadhi kahani batata hai; baaki aadhi jobs ki hai. Fig. 2.6 latest saalon ke liye dono ko saath-saath rakhta hai, aur Table 2.3 exact figures deta hai.
3/3Primary sector ke paas 43% workers hain lekin output sirf 20%.
Do horizontal bars, har ek primary, secondary aur tertiary hisson mein bata hua, jinhe solid, hatched aur dotted fills aur ek legend se pehchaana jaata hai. Upar wala bar, 2025–26 mein output (GVA) ka share, 20% primary, 26% secondary aur 54% tertiary hai. Doosra step neeche wala bar jodta hai, 2025 mein workers ka share: 43% primary, 25% secondary aur 32% tertiary. Teesra step dono bars ke primary hisson ko dashes se outline karta hai aur note jodta hai Primary: 20% vs 43%, yaani output ka 20% aur workers ka 43%.
| Sector | GVA mein share, 2025–26 | Workers mein share, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Primary | 19.9 | 43.3 |
| Secondary | 25.8 | 24.8 |
| Tertiary | 54.3 | 31.8 |
Dono bars ko saath rakho to India ki paheli saamne aati hai. Output tezi se services ki taraf gaya hai, lekin jobs utni tezi se services ki taraf nahi gayi. 2025 mein har 100 workers mein se lagbhag 43 primary sector mein the, lagbhag sab kheti mein, phir bhi us sector ne GVA ka sirf lagbhag paanchva hissa produce kiya. Tertiary sector ne ek-tihaai se kam workers ke saath GVA ka aadhe se zyada produce kiya. Kheti ab bhi desh ka sabse bada employer hai.
Itne log ab bhi khet par kyun hain? Mainly isliye kyunki industry aur services ne itni tezi se jobs nahi banayi ki unhe kaam de sakein. Factories aur offices ne hire karne se kahin zyada tezi se apna output badhaaya, kyunki machines, behtar tareeke aur computers unhe thode se extra logon ke saath zyada produce karne dete hain. Jinhe aisi jobs nahi mili, woh zameen par hi rahe.
Farm worker ka kam output mehnat ki kami ki wajah se nahi hai. Asli kaaran bheed hai: agriculture mein kaam ki zaroorat se zyada log hain.
Underemployment: chhupi hui unemployment
Ise aise samjho. Maan lo Uttar Pradesh mein Jhansi ke paas ek 1.5-hectare rain-fed bajra ke khet ko monsoon season mein lagbhag 360 din ka insaani kaam chahiye: hal chalaana, buvaai, nirai, rakhwaali aur katai. Ramvati ki family mein paanch adults hain aur kaam ka koi aur zariya nahi, isliye paanchon poora season khet par lagaate hain: kul milaakar lagbhag 600 din ki mehnat. Fasal ko sirf 360 chahiye. Extra 240 din fasal mein lagbhag kuch nahi jodte; woh bas sab mein bant jaate hain, isliye har insaan apni capacity se kaafi kam kaam karta hai.
Yeh underemployment hai: sab busy hain, phir bhi har insaan jitna kaam kar sakta hai uska sirf ek hissa karta hai. Kyunki koi berozgaar nahi dikhta, yeh chhupi rehti hai. Ise open unemployment (खुली बेरोज़गारी) se compare karo, jahan kaam chahne wale insaan ke paas bilkul kaam nahi hota aur woh saaf-saaf berozgaar dikhta hai. Isiliye underemployment ko disguised unemployment (प्रच्छन्न बेरोज़गारी) bhi kehte hain. Ek simple test: agar kuch workers chale jaayein, to kya output girega? Ramvati ke khet par nahi girega.
3/3Do log shehar mein jobs lete hain: utni hi fasal, plus do wages.
Ek khet jis par 1.5 hectares, rain-fed plot likha hai, usmein paanch log kaam kar rahe hain, aur right mein fasal ki teen boriyan hain. Doosre step mein paanch mein se do log fade ho jaate hain aur un par extra likha hai, jabki fasal par utni hi likha hai. Teesre step mein woh do log neeche shehar ki ek workshop mein chale jaate hain, notes ke saath do ko town mein kaam aur + wages, jabki fasal wahi teen boriyan rehti hai.
Agar paanch mein se do shehar ki ek food-processing unit mein jobs le lein, to baaki teen phir bhi fasal ke liye zaroori 360 din laga sakte hain. Fasal utni hi rahegi, aur family ki income mein do wages jud jaayengi. Poore India mein lakhon farm families bina koi fasal khoye is tarah workers ko free kar sakti hain, bas agar unke liye kahin aur jobs hon.
Shehron ka apna version hai. Kai Indian towns mein ek labour chowk par workers subah-subah ikattha hote hain aur din bhar ke kaam ke liye chune jaane ka intezaar karte hain; kisi din chune jaate hain, kisi din nahi. Teen cousins ek paan stall share kar sakte hain jise ek insaan chala sakta hai. Har koi employed dikhta hai, lekin sabke liye kaafi kaam, ya income, nahi hai.
Aisi situation jismein kisi kaam par zaroorat se zyada log lage hote hain, isliye har koi apni capacity se kam kaam karta hai; kuch logon ko hataane se bhi output kam nahi hota.
ExampleEk chhote plot par paanch adults kaam kar rahe hain jahan sirf teen ki zaroorat hai.
Open aur disguised unemployment
Open unemployment
- bilkul kaam nahi, jabki kaam karne laayak aur taiyaar
- dekhna aur ginna aasaan
- jaise ek graduate jo ek saal baad bhi job dhoondh raha hai
Disguised unemployment
- kaam karta hua dikhta hai
- chhupi hui, isliye ginna mushkil
- jaise teen ki zaroorat wale plot par paanch adults
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 27): answers ke saath
Table 2.2, Table 2.3 aur upar ke textbook note ko use karke primary sector ke GVA share (2022–23 aur 2025–26) aur employment share (1977–78, 2017–18 aur 2025) ki ek table banao. Primary sector ke liye kya badla hai, aur kya nahi?
Solution dikhao
AnswerOutput mein iska share girta ja raha hai; jobs mein iska share 2017–18 tak gira aur uske baad mushkil se hila hai.
Table 2.4 Primary sector Share (%) GVA, 2022–23 22.1 GVA, 2025–26 19.9 Employment, 1977–78 (textbook) 71 Employment, 2017–18 (textbook) 44 Employment, 2025 (PLFS) 43 Output mein primary sector ka share chhota hai aur ab bhi gir raha hai. Jobs mein iska share 1977–78 aur 2017–18 ke beech bahut gira lekin uske baad mushkil se badla hai. Isliye do-paanchve se zyada workers ab bhi output ka sirf lagbhag paanchva hissa produce karte hain.
Koi insaan underemployed tab hota hai jab woh
Answer dekho
Answer (B) kaam kar raha hai, lekin apni poori capacity se kam
Underemployed log kaam karte hain, lekin jo kaam milta hai woh unki capacity ka sirf ek hissa use karta hai. Job khone ke baad kaam dhoondhne wala insaan openly unemployed hai.Developed countries mein jaise-jaise output industry aur services ki taraf gaya, workers kheti se bahar nikle. Kya India mein bhi aisa hua? Us badlaav ka kaunsa hissa missing hai, aur kyun?
Solution dikhao
AnswerOutput developed countries ki tarah services ki taraf shift hua, lekin jobs primary sector se bahar shift nahi hui.
Developed countries mein output aur jobs saath-saath chale: pehle industry ki taraf, phir services ki taraf. India mein output services ki taraf chala gaya hai (GVA ka lagbhag 54%), lekin jobs uske saath nahi gayi: lagbhag 43% workers ab bhi primary sector mein hain. Agriculture se industry aur services ki taraf workers ka jo move expected tha, woh sirf thoda hi hua, kyunki un sectors ne bahut kam jobs banayi.
Ramvati ki family ke sab members apne khet par busy hain. Phir bhi unki situation desh ke liye chinta ki baat kyun honi chahiye?
Solution dikhao
AnswerIsse incomes kam rehti hain, logon ki kaabiliyat barbaad hoti hai aur ise nazarandaaz karna aasaan hai.
- Incomes kam rehti hain, kyunki chhote plot ki kamaai bahut zyada logon mein bant jaati hai; kai families gareeb hi rehti hain.
- Logon ka time aur skills barbaad hote hain, jabki woh kahin aur zyada produce kar sakte the.
- Per worker output kam rehta hai, jo poori economy ko peeche rakhta hai.
- Kyunki koi berozgaar nahi dikhta, yeh problem aasaani se nazar se chhoot jaati hai, isliye ise utna dhyaan nahi milta jitna chahiye.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Aadhe se thoda zyada
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Primary
Answer dekho
Answer Sahi
Answer dekho
Answer disguised
Zyada employment kaise banayein?
Hamare saamne do problems hain: agriculture mein bahut se log underemployed hain, aur kuch logon ke paas bilkul kaam nahi hai. Zyada kaam, aur behtar kaam, kaise ban sakta hai? Fig. 2.8 ek gaon ke aas-paas kuch jawab ikattha karta hai.
Doosri fasal ke liye paani. Ramvati ke khet par wapas chalo. Government ki madad se bane farm pond, ya borewell aur solar pump ke liye bank loan se, family rabi season mein chana ya sarson bhi uga sakti hai. Jo members monsoon ki fasal ke baad khaali baithe the, unhe ab mahinon tak useful kaam milta hai. Bade paimaane par ek canal network ek saath saikdon gaon ke liye yeh kar sakta hai.
Roads, transport aur storage. Badi fasal tabhi kaam aati hai jab woh bik sake. Mandi tak pakki all-weather road, ek godown aur ek cold store farmers ko jaldbaazi mein bechne ki jagah tab bechne dete hain jab prices sahi hon. Inke liye drivers, loaders, mechanics aur traders bhi chahiye, jo sab tertiary-sector jobs hain.
Sahi rates par credit. Kheti ka kharch pehle karna padta hai: beej, fertiliser aur diesel fasal se cash aane se mahinon pehle khareede jaate hain. Jis farmer ko bahut oonchi rate par moneylender se udhaar lena padta hai, uska kaafi munaafa interest mein ja sakta hai. Banks, cooperatives ya self-help groups se saste loans fasal ki zyada value family ke paas rakhte hain. Yeh tum Chapter 3, Money and Credit, mein padhoge.
Gaon ke paas industries. Local upaj ko process karne wali units chhote towns aur semi-rural areas mein, unhe supply karne wale farmers ke paas, lagaayi ja sakti hain. Socho: jahan ragi aur jowar ugte hain wahan millet-processing unit, mango belt mein mango-pulp factory, coast ke paas cashew-processing unit, ya North-East mein bamboo-craft cluster. Aisi units ghar ke paas jobs deti hain, isliye logon ko bade shehron mein migrate nahi karna padta.
5/5Paas ki processing unit ghar ke paas factory jobs deti hai.
Beech mein ek circle hai jis par gaon, kaam likha hai. Step by step uske chaaron taraf chaar boxes aate hain, har ek dashed line se juda: upar left, farm pond jo doosri fasal tak le jaata hai; upar right, rural road jo transport jobs tak le jaati hai; neeche left, bank credit jo inputs on time tak le jaata hai; neeche right, processing unit jo factory jobs tak le jaati hai.
Logon ko chahiye services. Schools aur health centres khud bade employers hain: har bachche ko school poora karwaana aur har gaon mein ek nurse pahunchaana lakhon teachers, nurses aur health workers maangega. Har region jo uske paas pehle se hai us par bhi build kar sakta hai, jaise tourism ke liye Kerala ke backwaters aur Himachal ke pahaad, Varanasi ka silk aur Bastar ka metal craft, ya Coimbatore aur Indore jaise towns mein software firms. Isse Chapter 1 mein padhe development ke goals bhi aage badhenge.
Kaam ka legal right
Inmein se zyada tar measures mein saalon lagte hain, aur bina kaam ke logon ko madad abhi chahiye. India ka jawab hai kaam ki legal guarantee. 2005 ke National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ke tahat, jiska naam 2009 mein badal kar Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) kiya gaya, koi bhi rural household unskilled manual kaam maang sakta tha. Use ek financial year mein aise kaam ke 100 din tak, maangne ke 15 din ke andar dene padte the; warna state unemployment allowance deta tha. Kyunki household is kaam ko haq se claim kar sakta tha, is law ko aksar right to work kaha jaata hai. Zyada tar kaam talaabon, check dams, zameen samtal karne aur ped lagaane mein gaya, yaani aise assets jo kheti ki zameen ko zyada productive banate hain.
1 July 2026 se MGNREGA repeal ho gaya. Uski jagah Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025, yaani VB-G RAM G Act, aaya, jise Parliament ne December 2025 mein pass kiya. Neeche ka comparison dono laws ko saath-saath rakhta hai.
MGNREGA (2005) aur VB-G RAM G Act (2025)
MGNREGA, 2005
- har rural household ke liye saal mein 100 din tak kaam
- kaam der se mile to unemployment allowance
- zameen aur paani ke kaamon ko priority
- unskilled kaam ki saari wages Union Government deti thi
VB-G RAM G Act, 2025
- har rural household ke liye saal mein 125 din tak kaam
- unemployment allowance jaari hai
- chaar themes: paani, rural infrastructure, livelihoods, extreme-weather works
- kharch Centre aur zyada tar states 60:40 mein baant-te hain (north-eastern aur Himalayan states mein 90:10)
- states peak buvaai aur katai seasons mein 60 din tak kaam rok sakte hain
MGNREGA se VB-G RAM G tak
- 2005
NREGA pass hua
Parliament saal mein 100 din tak ke rural wage work ki guarantee deti hai.
- 2 Feb 2006
Kaam shuru
Pehle 200 districts mein.
- 1 Apr 2008
Poora desh
Har rural district tak badhaaya gaya.
- 2 Oct 2009
Naam badal kar MGNREGA
Mahatma Gandhi ka naam joda gaya.
- Dec 2025
Naya Act pass hua
VB-G RAM G Act: 125 din, kharch states ke saath share.
- 1 Jul 2026
Naya Act laagu
Usi date se MGNREGA repeal.
Zyada tar bade badlaavon ki tarah, is par bhi raay alag-alag hai. Union Government kehti hai ki extra 25 din aur tikaau assets par focus rural incomes badhayega aur behtar gaon banayega. Kuch economists aur state governments ne poochha hai ki kya states kharch ka apna bada hissa uthaa paayenge, aur kya fixed allocations asal mein diye jaane wale kaam ko seemit kar dengi. Naya law practice mein kaise kaam karta hai, yeh dekhna bhi use samajhne ka hissa hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 29): answers ke saath
MGNREGA (2005) ya VB-G RAM G Act (2025) ke tahat kaam ek ehsaan nahi balki right kyun hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerKyunki law paid kaam ko ek legal entitlement banata hai jise household claim kar sakta hai.
In laws ke tahat kaam ehsaan nahi hai. Jis rural household ke adult members unskilled manual kaam maangte hain, woh legally uska haqdaar hai: MGNREGA ke tahat saal mein 100 din tak aur VB-G RAM G Act ke tahat 125 din. Agar kaam time par nahi diya jaata, to government ko unemployment allowance dena padta hai. Law se backed claim, jiske poora na hone par penalty ho, ek right hai.
Tumhari gram sabha ko employment guarantee ke tahat is saal ke plan ke liye teen kaam chunne hain. Kharif ki fasal ke baad kai families ke paas kaam nahi hota, aur gaon mein har kuch saal mein baadh aati hai. Tum kaunse kaam propose karoge, aur har ek baad mein incomes kaise badhayega?
Solution dikhao
AnswerJaise ek farm pond, market tak link road aur ek flood embankment ya drain.
- Farm ponds ya check dam (water security): abhi kaam, aur baad mein rabi ki fasal.
- Mandi tak link road (rural infrastructure): farmers behtar prices par bechte hain aur transport ka kaam aata hai.
- Drains ya embankment (extreme-weather works): baadh mein kam fasalein aur ghar barbaad hote hain, isliye incomes zyada steady rehti hain.
Do padosi gaon ek jaise hain, bas ek ko paas mein canal aur regulated market mil jaata hai. Compare karo ki dono mein kaam aur incomes kaise badlenge.
Solution dikhao
AnswerIrrigation se zyada fasalein aur kaam ke zyada din milte hain; marketing se behtar prices milte hain aur trade aur transport jobs banti hain.
Canal wale gaon mein farmers doosri ya teesri fasal uga sakte hain, isliye jo family members khaali the unhe zyada mahinon tak kaam milta hai aur fasal badhti hai. Paas ka market unhe katai ke turant baad saste mein bechne ki jagah sahi prices par bechne deta hai, aur transport, storage aur trade mein jobs banata hai. Doosra gaon ek rain-fed fasal, mahinon ki bekaari aur kam prices ke saath hi rehta hai.
Tumhare town mein bahut se young log hain jinke paas Class 10 ya 12 ke certificates hain aur koi steady kaam nahi. Unke liye jobs banane ke chaar tareeke suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerChhote businesses ke liye credit, skill training, zyada labour use karne wali industries, urban infrastructure aur services.
- Small aur micro enterprises aur street vendors ke liye aasaan credit, jaise PM SVANidhi jaisi schemes se, jo vendors ko chhote working-capital loans deti hai.
- Local industries se match karti skill training, jaise electricians, nurses aur machine operators.
- Garments, food processing aur leather jaisi zyada labour use karne wali industries ko support.
- Housing, roads, drainage aur public transport par public kharch, jismein bahut workers chahiye.
- Health care, education, tourism aur repairs jaisi services ki growth.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) 125
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Canals banana taaki farmers doosri fasal uga sakein
Answer dekho
Answer Sahi
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Secondary
2.4 Sectors ka organised aur unorganised mein division
Grouping ka teesra tareeka un terms ko dekhta hai jin par log kaam karte hain. Kya likhit contract hai? Kya kaam ke ghante fixed hain? Kya koi law worker ko protect karta hai? Hyderabad ke do padosiyon ki working lives compare karo.
Do padosi, do tarah ki job
Nasreen, laboratory technician
- ek badi registered diagnostic company mein kaam karti hai
- uske appointment letter mein pay, hours aur duties likhe hain
- 8-hour shift; overtime ke liye extra pay
- salary har mahine account mein; provident fund katta hai
- paid leave, holidays aur health insurance
Bittu, tea stall par helper
- stall owner ke liye kaam karta hai
- koi letter nahi; zubaani baat par rakha gaya
- subah 7 baje se raat 9 baje tak kaam
- cash mein daily wage; chhutti wale din pay nahi
- kisi bhi din jaane ko kaha ja sakta hai
Nasreen ka employer government ke saath registered hai aur use labour laws maanne padte hain: yahi uski job ko organised sector (संगठित क्षेत्रक) mein rakhta hai. Organised word likhit terms, records aur rules ke us formal system ki baat karta hai jiske andar aisi firms kaam karti hain. Self-employed log bhi ismein ho sakte hain: registered practice wala chartered accountant ya doctor bhi isi tarah ke rules follow karta hai.
Fig. 2.9 mein list hai ki aisi job aam taur par kya deti hai. Sabse keemti cheez aakhri hai, security of employment: Nasreen ko kisi ki marzi par nikaala nahi ja sakta. Law uske kaam ke ghante, overtime pay aur kaam par uski safety bhi protect karta hai, jismein saaf peene ka paani jaisi facilities bhi shaamil hain. Uska provident fund aur gratuity, aur kai jobs mein pension, budhaape mein uska khayal rakhte hain.
3/3Health cover aur security of employment.
Do column headings: Nasreen, organised, aur Bittu, unorganised. Har row kaam ka ek feature batati hai, Nasreen ke liye circle mein tick aur Bittu ke liye dashed square mein cross. Pehle step mein likhit contract aur fixed hours dikhte hain. Doosra step paid leave aur provident fund jodta hai. Teesra step health cover aur job security jodta hai. Har row mein Nasreen ke paas tick hai aur Bittu ke paas cross.
Bittu ki job unorganised sector (असंगठित क्षेत्रक) mein aati hai. Iski units chhoti aur bikhri hui hain, tea stall se lekar chhoti si workshop tak, aur government inhe kam hi check karti hai. Wages aur hours ke laws kaagaz par hain lekin kam hi laagu hote hain. Isliye Bittu ko na overtime pay milta hai, na paid holidays, na sick leave, na notice period; slack season mein use bas aane se mana kiya ja sakta hai, aur bahut kuch owner ke mood par depend karta hai. Is sector mein woh crores log bhi aate hain jo khud apne employer hain, jaise vendors, repairers aur zyada tar farmers, jo sirf busy hafton mein helpers rakhte hain.
Government ke saath registered enterprises aur workplaces jinhe labour laws maanne padte hain, taaki jobs ke saath likhit terms, steady pay, benefits aur security mile.
ExampleRegistered company mein ek technician, jiske paas appointment letter aur provident fund hai.
Door-door tak bikhri chhoti units jinhe government kam hi check karti hai, jahan kaam kam paise wala, irregular aur insecure hota hai, aur paid leave ya koi doosre benefits nahi hote.
ExampleSadak kinare tea stall par helper, jise roz cash mein pay milta hai.
Kitne Indians organised terms par kaam karte hain? Latest survey ek mota-mota idea deta hai. 2025 mein 56.2% workers self-employed the, 23.6% ke paas regular wage ya salaried jobs thi aur 20.2% casual labourers the (PLFS Annual Report 2025). Lagbhag saare casual labourers aur zyada tar self-employed log unorganised sector mein kaam karte hain, aur kuch salaried employees ke paas bhi koi likhit contract ya social security nahi hoti. Isliye India ke workers mein se sirf ek minority ke paas organised-sector jobs hain.
| Sector | Organised | Unorganised | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | 0.3 | 30.0 | |
| Secondary | 3.1 | 6.9 | |
| Tertiary | 8.4 | 12.0 | |
| Total |
Tumhari entries apne aap save hoti hain.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 31): answers ke saath
Inmein se kaunsi unorganised-sector activities hain? Jo bhi sahi hon, sab chuno.
Saare sahi options chunoAnswer dekho
Answer- (B) Ek mahila jo ghar par contractor ke liye bidi banati hai, har hazaar par pay milta hai
- (C) Wholesale market mein loader, jise har bori par pay milta hai
- (E) Gehun ki katai ke liye rakha gaya khet mazdoor
- (F) Ghar par padosiyon ke liye blouse silne wala darzi
Bidi banane wali, loader, katai mazdoor aur ghar wale darzi ke paas na contract hai, na fixed pay, na benefits. Nurse aur engineer ke paas rules se chalne wali regular jobs hain.Neeche Activity 2.1 ke apne notes use karo. Dono workers ki conditions kin chaar baaton mein sabse zyada alag thi?
Solution dikhao
AnswerHours, pay ki regularity, leave aur social security mein farq.
- Hours: overtime pay ke saath fixed, vs lambe aur uncertain ghante.
- Pay: time par milne wali monthly salary, vs daily ya piece-rate pay jo chhutti ke din ruk jaati hai.
- Leave aur holidays: paid, vs bilkul nahi.
- Security: provident fund, health cover aur pension, vs beemar, boodha ya nikaala jaane par koi sahara nahi.
Tum ek ATM par ek security guard se milte ho. Uski job organised sector mein hai ya unorganised mein, yeh pata karne ke liye tum usse kaunse teen sawaal poochhoge?
Solution dikhao
AnswerEmployer ke registration, uske likhit terms aur uske benefits ke baare mein poochho.
Teen useful sawaal: Kya tumhara employer, ya tumhe rakhne wali security agency, government ke saath registered hai? Kya tumhe fixed hours aur regular pay wala appointment letter mila? Kya tumhe paid leave, provident fund aur health cover milta hai? Agar jawab haan hain, to job organised sector mein hai. Agar koi letter nahi hai, pay irregular hai aur use kabhi bhi hataaya ja sakta hai, to yeh unorganised sector mein hai, chahe bank khud organised ho.
Table 2.5 use karo, jo ek district ke imaginary figures deta hai.
Missing figures bharo.
Solution dikhao
Primary unorganised = 30.0 − 0.3 = 29.7. Secondary total = 3.1 + 6.9 = 10.0. Tertiary organised = 12.0 − 8.4 = 3.6. Totals: organised 0.3 + 3.1 + 3.6 = 7.0; unorganised 29.7 + 6.9 + 8.4 = 45.0; saare workers 30.0 + 10.0 + 12.0 = 52.0 lakh.
District ke primary-sector workers mein se kitne percent unorganised sector mein hain?
%Answer dekho
Answer 99 %
29.7 ÷ 30.0 × 100 = 99%.District ke saare workers mein se kitne percent unorganised sector mein hain?
%Answer dekho
Answer 86.5 %
45.0 ÷ 52.0 × 100 ≈ 86.5%, yaani sirf lagbhag 13.5% ke paas organised-sector jobs hain.District ke lagbhag saare farm workers organised sector se bahar kyun hain?
Solution dikhao
Haan. Lagbhag saare farm workers (yahan 99%) unorganised sector mein hain. Zyada tar farmers chhote plots par apne liye kaam karte hain, aur khet mazdoor din ya season ke hisaab se rakhe jaate hain, bina contract, fixed hours ya benefits ke.
Unorganised sector ke workers ko protect kaise karein?
Unorganised sector itna bada kyun bana rehta hai? Teen forces logon ko ismein dhakelti hain. Organised jobs kaam dhoondhne walon ki ginti se kahin dheere badhi hain. Kuch firms jinhe organised sector mein hona chahiye, taxes aur labour costs bachaane ke liye workers ko apni books se bahar rakhti hain, contractors ke zariye ya kaagaz par chhoti bani reh kar. Aur 1990s se mills aur factories band hone se kai pehle regular rahe workers street trade aur chhote-mote kaamon mein aa gaye. Sirf zyada jobs se yeh theek nahi hoga: jo log pehle se unorganised sector mein hain unhe bhi protection aur support chahiye.
Protection kise chahiye?
Gaon mein
- landless khet mazdoor
- small aur marginal farmers
- sharecroppers aur tenant farmers
- kumhaar, mochi aur bamboo workers jaise kaarigar
Towns aur shehron mein
- chhoti workshops ke workers
- building sites par mazdoor
- street vendors aur rickshaw chalaane wale
- domestic workers aur kooda beenne wale
- bidi banane wale jaise home-based workers
- delivery riders jaise gig workers
Agriculture Census 2015–16 mein 2 hectare se kam ki small aur marginal holdings India ki saari farm holdings ka lagbhag 86% thi. Aise workers ki madad kya karegi? Chhote farmer ko time par beej aur fertiliser, sasta credit, fasal store karne ki jagah aur ek sahi market chahiye. Chhoti workshop ko raw materials aur buyers tak aasaan pahunch chahiye. Casual worker ko laagu hone wali minimum wages, safe workplace aur health cover chahiye.
Yeh bojh barabar nahi banta. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes aur doosre backward communities ke workers ke unorganised kaam mein hone ke chances zyada hain, aur kai log kam aur uncertain pay ke upar se social discrimination bhi jhelte hain. Isliye in workers ko protect karna economics ke saath-saath social justice ka bhi sawaal hai.
Kuch steps liye gaye hain. e-Shram portal, jo 26 August 2021 ko launch hua, unorganised workers ka ek national database hai. Yeh unhe social security aur welfare schemes se jodta hai, aur 18 August 2026 tak ismein 31.89 crore registrations ho chuke the (PIB, 25 August 2026). November 2025 se laagu Code on Social Security gig aur platform workers, jaise delivery riders, ko bhi social security schemes ke daayre mein laata hai.
Answer dekho
- (A) appointment letter jismein terms likhe hon
- (B) provident fund aur paid leave
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Unorganised, kyunki uski chhoti si unit unregistered hai aur koi fixed terms nahi hain
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Unorganised workers ka national database jo unhe welfare schemes se jodta hai
2.5 Ownership ke hisaab se sectors: public aur private sectors
Kisi bhi enterprise ke baare mein ek simple sawaal poochho: yeh kiska hai? Agar iske zyada tar assets government ke hain aur government ise chalati hai, to enterprise public sector (सार्वजनिक क्षेत्रक) mein hai. Agar log ya companies iske owner hain aur ise chalate hain, to yeh private sector (निजी क्षेत्रक) mein hai.
Economy ka woh hissa jahan zyada tar assets government ke hote hain, aur services bhi government hi chalati hai.
ExampleNTPC, State Bank of India, Kendriya Vidyalayas.
Economy ka woh hissa jismein assets logon ya companies ke hote hain aur services bhi wahi dete hain, mainly profit kamaane ke liye.
ExampleInfosys, Maruti Suzuki, ek kirana shop.
NTPC, India ki sabse badi power company, State Bank of India, Kendriya Vidyalayas aur AIIMS hospitals public sector mein hain. Infosys, Maruti Suzuki, mohalle ki kirana shop aur ek private clinic private sector mein hain. Ownership badal sakti hai. Air India 1932 mein ek private airline ke roop mein shuru hui aur 1953 mein government ne use le liya. January 2022 mein jab Tata group ne use khareeda, to woh wapas private haathon mein chali gayi.
Farq sirf ownership tak nahi hai. Ek private bus company koi route isliye chalati hai kyunki fares se uski cost nikal aati hai aur profit bachta hai. State transport corporation kisi door ke gaon tak bhi bus chala sakti hai jahan fares se kabhi cost nahi niklegi, kyunki wahan ke logon ko iski zaroorat hai. Government aisi services ka kharch mainly taxes se uthaati hai. Woh itna kuch apne zimme kyun leti hai?
Public aur private sectors
Public sector
- assets zyada tar government ke
- aim: public welfare, mainly profit nahi
- kharch zyada tar taxes se
- jaise NTPC, SBI, Kendriya Vidyalayas
Private sector
- assets logon ya companies ke
- aim: profit
- users lagaaya gaya price dete hain
- jaise Infosys, Maruti Suzuki, ek kirana shop
Kuch cheezein private firms ke liye bahut badi hain. Badi nadi par lamba pul hazaaron crore rupees ka ho sakta hai, banne mein saal lag sakte hain aur lakhon logon ke kaam aa sakta hai, jinmein se zyada tar se ek-ek karke paisa lena mushkil hoga; agar koi private firm use banaye bhi, to use oonche tolls lene padenge. Roads, railways, ports, power stations aur irrigation dams bhi aise hi hain. Isliye governments yeh bade projects apne haath mein leti hain aur unhe sabke liye khula rakhti hain.
3/3Sabke liye schools, health care, saaf paani aur nutrition.
Teen panels. Pehla, Too big for one firm, paani ke upar ek bridge dikhata hai, label bridges, dams. Doosre step mein Support panel aata hai, subtitle cost kam rakho, ek bijli ke pylon aur MSP likhi anaaj ki bori ke saath, label bijli, anaaj. Teesre step mein Basic duty panel aata hai, subtitle sabke liye, ek school aur cross wale health centre ke saath, label schools, clinics.
Kuch activities ko government support chahiye. Power looms aur aata chakki jaisi chhoti units bahut bijli use karti hain; agar woh iski poori cost dein, to kai band ho jaayengi, isliye governments unhe kam rates par power deti hain aur cost ka kuch hissa khud uthaati hain. Anaaj ko dono taraf support milta hai. Food Corporation of India gehun aur chawal minimum support price (MSP) par khareedta hai, jo farmers ki income protect karta hai, aur anaaj ration shops se gareeb households tak bahut kam ya bina kisi cost ke pahunchta hai: 2024 se lagbhag 81 crore logon ke liye yeh free hai. Is public distribution system ko tumne Class 9 ke chapter Food Security in India mein padha tha.
Kuch cheezein government ki zimmedari hain. Yeh duties hain, business nahi:
- Schooling: Right to Education Act, 2009 6 se 14 saal ke har bachche ke liye education ko free aur compulsory banata hai, aur achhe elementary schools government ka kaam hain.
- Health: 2023 mein infant mortality rate Madhya Pradesh mein 37 per 1,000 live births aur Odisha mein 30 tha, jabki Kerala mein 5 (Sample Registration System). Tumhari textbook 43 aur 36 ke purane figures deti hai.
- Nutrition: 2019–21 mein India ke paanch saal se kam umar ke lagbhag 36% bachche stunted the (NFHS-5).
- Paani aur housing: sabke liye saaf peene ka paani, aur gareebon ke liye ghar.
- Peeche chhoote regions: sabse gareeb aur sabse backward areas mein extra kharch.
Answer dekho
Answer (D) assets ka owner kaun hai aur services kaun deta hai
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Unki cost bahut zyada hoti hai aur har user se paisa lena mushkil hai, isliye private firms unhe sahi cost par shayad na banayein
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Air India
Quick revision: key terms
Summary aur key points
- Economic activities ko ek criterion se sectors mein group kiya jaata hai, aur criterion is par depend karta hai ki hum kya pata karna chahte hain (Section 2.1).
- Primary: nature ko seedhe use karke bane goods. Secondary: manufacturing se badle gaye natural products, plus construction aur utilities. Tertiary: services (Section 2.1).
- Teeno sectors interdependent hain: har ek baaki se khareedta hai aur unhe bechta hai (interdependence).
- Sirf final goods aur services gine jaate hain; intermediate goods jodna double counting hoga. Value added = output − inputs (Section 2.2).
- GDP ek saal mein desh ke andar bane final goods aur services ki money value hai; India ka NSO iska estimate lagaata hai, aur GDP = GVA + product taxes − subsidies ((2.2)).
- Developed countries mein leading sector primary se secondary aur phir tertiary bana (history).
- India mein tertiary sector sabse zyada produce karta hai, 2025–26 mein GVA ka lagbhag 54%, aur sabse zyada badha bhi hai (Section 2.3).
- Jobs utni shift nahi hui: lagbhag 43% workers ab bhi primary sector mein hain (PLFS 2025) (employment).
- Agriculture mein disguised unemployment hai; towns mein casual workers ke paas bahut kam kaam hai (underemployment).
- Irrigation, roads, storage, sasta credit, agro-processing aur services jobs bana sakte hain; rural job guarantee 1 July 2026 ko MGNREGA (100 din) se VB-G RAM G Act (125 din) par aa gayi (more employment).
- Organised jobs registered, regular aur labour laws se protected hoti hain; unorganised jobs irregular, kam paise wali aur insecure hoti hain, aur in workers ko protection chahiye (Section 2.4).
- Public sector: assets government ke, aim welfare. Private sector: log ya companies, aim profit. Governments mehngi infrastructure banati hain, producers ko support karti hain aur health aur education deti hain (Section 2.5).
Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)
Brackets mein diye words mein se chunkar blanks bharo.
1977–78 aur 2017–18 ke beech service sector mein jobs uske output se badhi. (faster / more slowly)
Answer dekho
Answer more slowly
Services output lagbhag 14 guna badha, services employment sirf lagbhag 5 guna.Bus conductor sector mein kaam karta hai. (secondary / tertiary)
Answer dekho
Answer tertiary
Transport ek service hai.Paid leave aur pension wale zyada tar workers sector mein hain. (organised / unorganised)
Answer dekho
Answer organised
Paid leave aur pension organised-sector jobs ke saath aate hain.Iron ore ki mining ek activity hai, jabki usse steel ki almirahs banana ek activity hai. (primary / secondary)
Answer dekho
Answer (1) primary, (2) secondary
Ore nature se aata hai; almirah manufacture hoti hai.
Sabse sahi answer chuno.
NTPC ko ‘public’ aur Infosys ko ‘private’ kehna kis basis par classification hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (B) uska owner kaun hai
Ownership public ya private tay karti hai; kaam ki kism se primary, secondary aur tertiary bante hain, aur job security se organised aur unorganised.Cocoons produce karne ke liye silkworms paalna kis sector ki activity hai?
Answer dekho
Answer (A) primary sector
Silk cocoons ek natural, biological process se aate hain.Bakery ka aata GDP mein nahi gina jaata, lekin uski bread gini jaati hai. Aisa isliye kyunki GDP ginta hai
Answer dekho
Answer (B) sirf final goods aur services
Aata ek intermediate good hai jiski value pehle se bread ke price mein hai.2025–26 mein current prices par India ke GVA mein tertiary sector ka share kiske beech tha?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) 50 aur 60 per cent
54.3% (MoSPI). 2017–18 ke liye textbook ka answer bhi 50 se 60 per cent hai.
Kheti wale gaon ki har problem ko us measure se match karo jo use solve karta hai.
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
Answer- Tamatar shehar pahunchne se pehle sad jaate hain : Cold storage aur refrigerated trucks
- Khet sirf monsoon par depend karta hai : Check dams aur farm ponds
- Moneylender 5% mahina leta hai : Bank se Kisan Credit Card loan
- Family saal mein chaar mahine khaali rehti hai : Rural employment guarantee ke tahat kaam
- Har farmer mol-bhaav karne ke liye bahut chhota hai : Ek farmer producer organisation
Har measure ek problem ka kaaran hataata hai: sadna, sirf baarish par depend rehna, mehnga credit, seasonal bekaari aur mol-bhaav ki kamzor taakat.Odd one out dhoondo aur reason do.
Beautician, bus conductor, kursiyan banane wala carpenter, bank clerk
Solution dikhao
Carpenter: woh ek good banata hai (secondary sector); baaki services dete hain (tertiary).
Registered firm mein software engineer, government hospital mein nurse, roz pay paane wala tea-stall helper, Indian Railways mein engineer
Solution dikhao
Tea-stall helper: woh unorganised sector mein hai; baaki ke paas regular, organised-sector jobs hain.
Machhuara, chai ki patti todne wala, cement-factory worker, coal miner
Solution dikhao
Cement-factory worker: manufacturing secondary hai; baaki primary hain.
State Bank of India, NTPC, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Infosys
Solution dikhao
Infosys: yeh privately owned hai; baaki public sector mein hain.
Ek imaginary town, Navnagar, ke kaam karne wale logon ke survey se yeh results mile. 18% municipality, district hospital aur do banks ke liye kaam karte hain, aur 9% ek registered textile mill mein. 31% wholesale market mein roz pay paane wale loaders aur helpers ka kaam karte hain, aur 42% self-employed vendors, auto drivers aur repairers hain.
Inmein se kaunse groups organised sector mein hain aur kaunse unorganised sector mein?
Solution dikhao
Organised: municipality, hospital aur banks (18%) aur registered mill (9%). Unorganised: roz pay paane wale loaders aur helpers (31%) aur self-employed vendors, drivers aur repairers (42%).
Navnagar ke kitne percent workers unorganised sector mein hain?
%Answer dekho
Answer 73 %
31 + 42 = 73%; organised sector mein 18 + 9 = 27% hain.
Ek dost kehti hai ki kaam ko primary, secondary aur tertiary sectors mein group karna bas labelling hai. Examples ke saath use dikhao ki yeh grouping hume kya pata karne mein madad karti hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerHaan: isse hum har sector ka output aur jobs measure kar sakte hain, unke badlaav track kar sakte hain aur problems pakad sakte hain.
- Yeh crores alag-alag activities ko teen groups mein badal deti hai jinka output aur employment measure aur compare kiya ja sakta hai.
- Yeh dikhati hai ki time ke saath economy kaise badalti hai, jaise services ka India ke GVA ke lagbhag 54% tak badhna.
- Yeh problems saamne laati hai: lagbhag 43% workers primary sector mein hain lekin output ka sirf lagbhag 20% produce karte hain, jo disguised unemployment ki taraf ishaara karta hai.
- Yeh policy ko raasta dikhati hai: government agriculture ke liye irrigation aur credit plan kar sakti hai, ya jahan jobs chahiye wahan industry ko support kar sakti hai.
- Yeh interdependence dikhati hai, jaise sookha kaise oil mills aur transport ko bhi hit karta hai.
Is chapter ne sectors ko mainly output (GVA) aur jobs se parkha. Yeh do measures useful kyun hain? Kisi sector ke baare mein jaanne layak do aur cheezein suggest karo, reasons ke saath.
Solution dikhao
AnswerGVA output dikhata hai, employment rozi-roti dikhata hai; incomes, working conditions, environment waghaira bhi study karo.
GVA batata hai ki har sector kitna produce karta hai aur kitni tezi se badhta hai. Employment batata hai ki kitne log rozi ke liye us par depend karte hain. Saath milkar yeh per worker output dikhate hain aur yeh bhi ki log kahan low-productivity kaam mein phanse hain.
- Incomes aur unka distribution: koi sector badh sakta hai jabki uske zyada tar workers gareeb hi rahein.
- Kaam ki conditions: contracts, safety aur social security dikhate hain ki jobs achhi jobs hain ya nahi.
- Environmental impact: kuch growth groundwater khatam karti hai ya hawa aur nadiyon ko pollute karti hai.
- Jobs kise milti hain: mahilaon, young logon aur disadvantaged groups ka share.
Apne jaan-pehchaan ke adults ke aath tarah ke kaam list karo. Unhe do alag tareekon se group karo, aur batao ki tumhe kaunsi grouping zyada useful lagti hai aur kyun.
Solution dikhao
AnswerKoi bhi do criteria, sahi tarah lagaaye gaye, choice ke reason ke saath.
Example list: farmer, mistri, schoolteacher, auto driver, dukaandaar, factory worker, government hospital ki nurse, domestic worker. Activity ke hisaab se: farmer (primary); mistri, factory worker (secondary); baaki tertiary. Job terms ke hisaab se: teacher, nurse aur shayad factory worker (organised); baaki unorganised. Agar hume jaanna hai ki protection kise chahiye to doosri grouping zyada useful hai; agar output study karna hai to pehli. Is chapter ke end ka project is task ko aage badhaata hai.
Bank aur brick kiln (eent ka bhatta) dono paisa kamaate hain. Inhe aur apne do examples ko use karke samjhao ki tertiary sector baaki do se alag kyun hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeh goods nahi, services produce karta hai, aur baaki do sectors ko support karta hai.
Brick kiln mitti ko ek naye good mein badalta hai, isliye woh secondary hai; farm ya mine nature se seedhe goods leta hai (primary). Bank koi good nahi banata: woh udhaar deta hai, savings safe rakhta hai aur payments aage bhejta hai, jo ek service hai. Do aur examples: bus company logon aur goods ko le jaati hai, aur school padhata hai. Tertiary activities koi physical good banaye bina value add karti hain, aur inmein se kai, jaise transport, storage aur banking, hi baaki do sectors ko chalne deti hain.
Disguised unemployment ko apne shabdon mein samjhao, ek rural aur ek urban example ke saath jo is chapter mein na hon.
Solution dikhao
AnswerZaroorat se zyada log kaam par; jaise chhote farm par family ke extra members, ya casual workers jinhe sirf kuch din kaam milta hai.
Disguised unemployment aisi situation hai jismein log kaam karte hue dikhte hain, lekin kisi kaam par uski zaroorat se zyada log lage hote hain. Har koi apni capacity se kam kaam karta hai, aur kuch log output gire bina ja sakte hain.
- Gaon: ek family ke chhe members do acre ke rain-fed plot par kaam karte hain jise sirf chaar ki zaroorat hai; do log fasal kam hue bina doosri jobs le sakte hain.
- Shehar: teen bhai ek chhota paan stall chalaate hain, jabki ek hi use sambhaal sakta hai; ya casual painters jinhe hafte mein sirf do-teen din kaam milta hai.
Open unemployment disguised unemployment se kaise alag hai? Farq ke do points aur har ek ka example do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerOpen: bilkul kaam nahi, dikhti hai. Disguised: employed lagta hai lekin capacity se kam kaam karta hai, chhupi hui.
Table 2.8 Open unemployment Disguised unemployment Insaan ke paas bilkul kaam nahi hai, jabki woh kaam karne laayak aur taiyaar hai. Insaan kaam karta hua dikhta hai, lekin capacity se kam. Yeh dikhti hai aur gini ja sakti hai. Yeh chhupi hui hai aur measure karna mushkil hai. Towns ke padhe-likhe young logon aur kaam na paane wale landless labourers mein common hai. Chhote family farms par aur shehron ke casual kaam mein common hai. Example: ek graduate jo ek saal baad bhi job dhoondh raha hai. Example: teen ki zaroorat wale plot par paanch adults. Koi kehta hai ki services ‘bas support ka kaam’ hain aur India ke development ke liye zyada matter nahi karti. Reasons ke saath is claim ko parkho.
Solution dikhao
AnswerNahi. Output mein yeh sabse bada sector hai aur baaki ko support karta hai, haalaanki iski jobs ek jaisi nahi hain.
Main sehmat nahi hoon.
- Yeh India ka sabse bada sector hai: 2025–26 mein GVA ka lagbhag 54%, aur rupees mein yeh sabse tezi se badha hai.
- Farms aur factories ko transport, storage, trade aur banking chahiye.
- Health aur education services human development banati hain.
- IT aur doosri modern services foreign exchange kamaati hain aur skilled jobs banati hain.
- Yeh saare workers ke lagbhag ek-tihaai ko employ karta hai.
Ek baat dhyaan rakho: kai service jobs kam paise wali aur insecure hain, isliye achhi jobs banane mein iska role abhi bhi limited hai.
Ek software engineer aur ek mochi dono service sector mein kaam karte hain. Woh service workers ke kin do groups ko represent karte hain, aur unki situations kaise alag hain?
Solution dikhao
AnswerThode se skilled, achhi pay wale workers aur bahut saare kam pay aur insecure jobs wale workers.
- Highly educated, skilled professionals ka ek kaafi chhota group, jaise software engineers, doctors aur bank officers. Unhe achhi pay milti hai aur aksar unke paas regular jobs hoti hain.
- Kam pay wale workers ka ek kahin bada group, jaise mochi, chhote dukaandaar, repair workers, vendors aur drivers. Woh kam kamaate hain, aksar irregular tareeke se, aur kai yeh kaam sirf isliye karte hain kyunki unhe kuch behtar nahi mila.
Bittu ke case aur apne ek example ko use karke samjhao ki unorganised-sector workers ka kin tareekon se exploitation hota hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerHaan, zyada tar cases mein.
- Unhe aksar fair wage se kam pay milta hai, aur woh bhi irregular.
- Ghante lambe hote hain, na overtime pay, na paid leave, na holidays.
- Unhe kabhi bhi bina reason nikaala ja sakta hai, isliye woh mol-bhaav nahi kar paate.
- Zyada tar ke paas na provident fund hai, na pension, na health cover, aur workplaces aksar unsafe hote hain.
- Kai log disadvantaged communities se aate hain aur social discrimination bhi jhelte hain.
Jab hum activities ko employment ke terms se classify karte hain to kaunse do sectors milte hain? Har ek ko do-teen lines mein describe karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerOrganised aur unorganised sectors.
Organised sector: registered enterprises jo labour laws follow karte hain; kaam regular hota hai, fixed hours, overtime pay, paid leave, provident fund aur job security ke saath. Unorganised sector: chhoti, bikhri units jo zyada tar government control se bahar hain; kaam kam paise wala, irregular aur insecure hota hai, bina benefits ke.
Kam se kam paanch points par organised sector ki job aur unorganised sector ki job ko compare karne wali ek table banao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerSolution mein table dekho.
Table 2.9 Point Organised Unorganised Registration registered; labour laws follow karta hai zyada tar unregistered; rules aksar nazarandaaz Terms appointment letter, fixed hours contract nahi; lambe, uncertain ghante Pay regular salary; overtime ka paisa milta hai kam, irregular; overtime pay nahi Leave paid leave aur holidays paid leave nahi Security PF, gratuity, pension, medical kuch nahi Job security secure kabhi bhi nikaala ja sakta hai Parliament ne rural kaam ki legal guarantee kyun banayi, pehle MGNREGA ke tahat aur ab VB-G RAM G Act ke tahat? Iske aims batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerMaangne wale rural households ko paid kaam ki guarantee dena, aur useful assets banana.
Aim hai rural households ko income security dena. Jo adults paid unskilled kaam maangte hain, unhe uski guarantee hai: MGNREGA ke tahat saal mein 100 din tak aur 1 July 2026 se laagu VB-G RAM G Act ke tahat 125 din tak. Agar kaam time par nahi diya jaata, to unemployment allowance diya jaata hai. Is kaam se talaab, check dams aur rural roads jaise tikaau assets bhi bante hain jo baad mein production aur incomes badhaate hain.
Apne area ki ek public-sector aur ek private-sector service chuno, jaise do schools, do hospitals ya do bus services. Compare karo ki unka owner kaun hai, woh kyun chalti hain aur unka kharch kaun uthaata hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerPublic: government-owned, welfare aim, taxes se kharch. Private: privately owned, profit aim, users pay karte hain.
- Ownership: government school, primary health centre aur state bus service public owned hain; private school, clinic aur private bus operator logon ya companies ke hain.
- Aim: public bodies ka aim welfare hai aur woh gareebon samet sab tak pahunchti hain; private firms ka aim profit hai.
- Paisa: public services free ya sasti hain kyunki unka kharch taxes se chalta hai; private services poore prices leti hain.
- Pahunch: private firms wahan jaati hain jahan kamaai ho; public sector ko door-daraaz aur gareeb areas ko bhi serve karna hota hai.
Apne area ke ek public-sector aur ek private-sector organisation ke baare mein socho. Kaun logon ko achhi tarah serve karta hai aur kaun kharaab tarah? Farq kis cheez se padta hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerAnswers alag-alag honge; dono ko ek hi paimaane se parkho.
Answers alag-alag honge. Achhi tarah chalne wale organisation mein, public ho ya private, staff time par aata hai aur trained hota hai, rules saaf hote hain, service jaldi milti hai, har customer ke saath fair bartaav hota hai, aur complaint karke jawab paane ka tareeka hota hai. Kharaab tarah chalne wale mein lambi deri, rude ya gaayab staff, chhupe charges aur koi accountability nahi hoti. Sirf ownership quality tay nahi karti; management, funding aur accountability karte hain.
Teen cheezon ke naam do jo government deti ya chalati hai, aur batao ki har ek ko private firms ki jagah government kyun karti hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerJaise dams, sasti bijli aur anaaj ki khareed, aur schools.
- Irrigation dams aur highways: inmein bahut bada investment lagta hai aur yeh kai users ke kaam aate hain jinse charge lena mushkil hai, isliye private firms inhe sahi cost par nahi dengi.
- Chhoti industries ke liye bijli aur MSP par anaaj ki khareed: production chalta rakhne aur farmers aur consumers ko support karne ke liye government cost ka kuch hissa uthaati hai.
- Schools aur health centres: sabke liye education aur health government ki basic duties hain.
Public-sector kharch kisi desh ko develop hone mein kin chaar tareekon se madad karta hai, list karo, har ek ke liye ek Indian example ke saath.
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeh infrastructure banata hai, producers ko support karta hai, health aur education deta hai, jobs banata hai aur backward regions ki madad karta hai.
- Roads, railways, ports, power aur irrigation jaisi infrastructure banata hai, jis par baaki saare sectors depend karte hain.
- MSP par khareed, sasti power aur credit se farmers aur chhoti industries ko support karta hai.
- Health, education, saaf paani aur nutrition deta hai, jo human development banate hain.
- Public distribution system chalata hai, jo gareebon ko bhookh se bachaata hai.
- Backward regions mein zyada kharch karta hai, jisse regional inequality kam hoti hai, aur seedhe employment banata hai.
Wages, safety aur health, har ek ke liye unorganised worker ke saamne aane wala ek risk aur use protect karne ka ek tareeka batao.
Wages
Solution dikhao
Kai logon ko minimum wage se kam, ya der se pay milta hai. Domestic worker ko legal rate se bahut kam pay mil sakta hai; minimum wages ko laagu karna aur wages bank accounts mein dena unhe protect karta hai.
Safety
Solution dikhao
Construction workers aksar bina helmet ya harness ke oonchaai par kaam karte hain. Safety rules, equipment aur inspection chot aur maut ko rok sakte hain.
Health
Solution dikhao
Kooda beenne wala jo kachre ke sampark mein rehta hai, ya stone-quarry worker jo dhool mein saans leta hai, beemar pad kar income kho sakta hai. Health insurance, free check-ups aur sick pay protection dete hain.
Ek imaginary shehar, Sonpur, mein ek survey ne 8,00,000 workers gine, jinmein se 6,00,000 ke paas unorganised-sector jobs thi. Us saal shehar ki income ₹24,000 crore thi, jismein se ₹15,000 crore organised sector se aaye.
Is data ko ek table mein dikhao.
Solution dikhao
Table 2.10 Sector Workers Income (₹ crore) Organised 2,00,000 15,000 Unorganised 6,00,000 9,000 Total 8,00,000 24,000 Sonpur ke kitne percent workers unorganised sector mein hain?
%Answer dekho
Answer 75 %
6,00,000 ÷ 8,00,000 × 100 = 75%.Har sector mein per worker income kitni hai, rupees mein?
Solution dikhao
Organised: ₹15,000 crore ÷ 2,00,000 = ₹7,50,000 saal mein. Unorganised: ₹9,000 crore ÷ 6,00,000 = ₹1,50,000 saal mein. Organised-sector worker average mein paanch guna kamaata hai, jabki teen-chauthai workers income ka sirf 37.5% produce karte hain.
Shehar mein zyada aur behtar employment banane ke tareeke suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
- Aasaan credit aur simple registration, taaki chhoti units badh sakein aur organised sector mein aa sakein.
- Local industries se judi skill training.
- Housing, roads aur drainage mein public works.
- Labour laws ko laagu karna aur unorganised workers tak social security pahunchaana.
Current prices par India ka GVA, ₹ lakh crore mein (MoSPI): 2022–23 mein primary 52.62, secondary 61.81 aur tertiary 123.20; 2025–26 mein primary 62.64, secondary 81.38 aur tertiary 170.85.
Dono saalon mein har sector ka GVA share calculate karo.
Solution dikhao
2022–23: total = 52.62 + 61.81 + 123.20 = 237.63. Primary 52.62 ÷ 237.63 = 22.1%; secondary 26.0%; tertiary 51.8%.
2025–26: total = 62.64 + 81.38 + 170.85 = 314.87. Primary 19.9%; secondary 25.8%; tertiary 54.3%.
Shares ko bar diagram mein dikhao.
Solution dikhao
Barabar height (100%) ke do bars banao, har saal ke liye ek, har ek ko sectors ke teen hisson mein baanto, ya side-by-side bars ke teen jode banao. Axis par share of GVA (%) label likho, har hisse par uska percentage likho aur ek key jodo. Sectors ko alag dikhane ke liye sirf colour nahi, shading ya patterns use karo.
Tum kya conclusions nikaal sakte ho?
Solution dikhao
Tertiary sector sabse bada hai, bahut aage, aur iska share ab bhi badh raha hai (51.8% se 54.3%). Primary sector ka share gir raha hai (22.1% se 19.9%), aur secondary share lagbhag wahi hai. Production aur zyada services ki taraf ja raha hai, jabki, jaisa Table 2.3 dikhata hai, jobs nahi ja rahi.
Assertion (A): India ke workers mein primary sector ka share GVA mein uske share se kahin bada hai. Reason (R): Agriculture mein disguised unemployment hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) A aur R dono sahi hain, aur R, A ki sahi explanation hai
Lagbhag 43% workers GVA ka lagbhag 20% produce karte hain (A sahi hai). Aisa isliye kyunki agriculture mein zaroorat se zyada log kaam karte hain, jo disguised unemployment hai, isliye R, A ko explain karta hai.Passage padho aur sawaalon ke jawab do. Pichhle saal Devgaon ki panchayat ne rural employment guarantee se ek farm pond khudwaaya aur market town tak ki link road theek karwaayi. Is sardi Meena ne, jiske paas ek acre zameen hai, pond ke paani se sarson ki fasal seenchi, isliye kharif ki fasal ke baad uske do bade bachchon ko khet ka kaam mila. Ek trader ka mini-truck ab hafte mein do baar gaon aata hai, aur do young ladkon ko use load karne aur chalaane ka kaam mila hai.
Loading aur driving ki jobs kis sector ko mili?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Tertiary
Transport ek service hai.Pond ne Meena ke khet par underemployment kaise kam kiya?
Solution dikhao
Pehle family ko sirf kharif season mein kaam milta tha aur baaki saal woh underemployed rehti thi. Pond ke paani se rabi ki fasal ho payi, isliye uske bachchon ko usi zameen par productive kaam ke zyada din mile.
Ek aur kaam ka naam batao jo panchayat Act ke tahat le sakti hai, aur woh sector jise isse sabse zyada madad milegi.
Solution dikhao
Jaise fasalon ke liye storage shed (farmers aur traders ki madad: primary aur tertiary), check dam (irrigation ke zariye primary) ya chhoti processing unit ke liye building (secondary).
Map skill. India ke outline map par woh paanch states locate aur label karo jinke unorganised workers ke e-Shram portal par sabse zyada registrations hain (August 2026 tak).
Solution dikhao
AnswerUttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh aur Maharashtra.
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh aur Maharashtra (e-Shram par PIB factsheet, 25 August 2026).
Blanks bharo.
Zyada tar Indian workers ki jobs sector mein hain. (organised / unorganised)
Answer dekho
Answer unorganised
Sirf lagbhag ek-chauthai workers ke paas regular salaried jobs hain, aur woh bhi sab organised nahi hain.Kyunki truckers ki strike factories band kar sakti hai aur kheti ki upaj kharaab kar sakti hai, hum kehte hain ki sectors hain. (independent / interdependent)
Answer dekho
Answer interdependent
Har sector baaki se khareedta hai aur unhe bechta hai, isliye ek mein laga jhatka phail jaata hai.
Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo
Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.
Quick check: MCQs
- Sectors ek doosre par depend karte hain4 questions
- Sectors mein historical badlaav4 questions
- Underemployment: chhupi hui unemployment4 questions
- Kaam ka legal right4 questions
- Unorganised sector ke workers ko protect kaise karein?4 questions
- 2.5 Ownership ke hisaab se sectors: public aur private sectors4 questions
Key terms (English + Hindi)
- disguised unemploymentप्रच्छन्न बेरोज़गारीprachchhann berozgari
- Kisi kaam par zaroorat se zyada log, isliye har koi capacity se kam kaam karta hai; kuch log output gire bina ja sakte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- final goodsअंतिम वस्तुएँantim vastuen
- Aakhri user ke khareede goods aur services, jo kuch aur banane mein khapte nahi.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- gross domestic product (GDP)सकल घरेलू उत्पादsakal gharelu utpad
- Ek saal mein kisi desh ki boundaries ke andar bane final goods aur services ki kul money value.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- gross value added (GVA)सकल मूल्य वर्धितsakal mulya vardhit
- Kisi economy ya sector ke saare producers ka kul value added; GDP = GVA plus products par taxes minus products par subsidies.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- intermediate goodsमध्यवर्ती वस्तुएँmadhyavarti vastuen
- Woh goods jinhe producers doosre goods ya services banane mein khapa dete hain, jaise bakery ka khareeda aata.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- open unemploymentखुली बेरोज़गारीkhuli berozgari
- Kaam karne laayak aur taiyaar insaan ko bilkul kaam nahi milta, isliye unemployment saaf dikhti hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- organised sectorसंगठित क्षेत्रकsangathit kshetrak
- Government ke saath registered enterprises jo labour laws follow karte hain aur benefits ke saath fixed terms par regular kaam dete hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- primary sectorप्राथमिक क्षेत्रकprathamik kshetrak
- Aisi activities jo natural resources ko seedhe use karke goods produce karti hain, jaise farming, fishing, forestry aur mining.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- private sectorनिजी क्षेत्रकniji kshetrak
- Log ya companies jinke owner hain aur jinhe chalate hain, mainly profit kamaane ke liye.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- public sectorसार्वजनिक क्षेत्रकsarvajanik kshetrak
- Enterprises aur services jinke assets zyada tar government ke hain, aur government hi unhe chalati hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- right to workकाम का अधिकारkaam ka adhikar
- Maangne wale logon ko tay dinon ke paid kaam ka legal vaada, jaise MGNREGA aur VB-G RAM G Act ke tahat.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- secondary sectorद्वितीयक क्षेत्रकdvitiyak kshetrak
- Aisi activities jo manufacturing se natural products ko doosre goods mein badalti hain, saath mein construction aur electricity, gas aur paani ki supply.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- tertiary sectorतृतीयक क्षेत्रकtritiyak kshetrak
- Aisi activities jo goods ki jagah services produce karti hain, jaise transport, trade, banking, health care, teaching aur IT.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- unorganised sectorअसंगठित क्षेत्रकasangathit kshetrak
- Door-door tak bikhri chhoti units jinhe government kam hi regulate karti hai, jahan kaam irregular, kam paise wala aur bina security ya benefits ka hota hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- value addedमूल्य वर्धनmulya vardhan
- Producer jo jodta hai: uske output ki value minus usne jo intermediate goods use kiye unki value.