Globalisation and the Indian Economy: Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Hinglish mein
Understanding Economic Development · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗
Published · Updated
Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge
- Multinational corporation ko define karo aur samjhao ki MNCs production ko alag-alag countries mein kyun phailati hain
- Batao ki MNCs doosre countries mein production kaise set up karti hain, khareedti hain, partner banti hain ya control karti hain, aur isse production kaise interlink hota hai
- Kisi import ka buyers aur producers par asar example se samjhate hue batao ki foreign trade markets ko kaise integrate karta hai
- Globalisation ko define karo aur countries ko jodne wale flows pehchano, India ke trade aur investment data ko padhte hue
- Samjhao ki technology, trade aur investment policy ke liberalisation aur WTO ne globalisation ko kaise possible banaya
- India mein consumers, companies, small producers aur workers par globalisation ke uneven impact ko evaluate karo
- Suggest karo ki globalisation ko fair banane ke liye governments, companies, workers aur citizens kya kar sakte hain
NCERT Social Science Class 10, Chapter 4, pp. 54–73 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.
Apne paas ki teen cheezein uthao: tumhara phone, tumhare shoes aur biscuits ka ek packet. Chhota likha hua padho. Phone par ek famous foreign brand ho sakta hai, lekin us par Made in India likha ho sakta hai. Shoes kisi German company ke liye Agra mein sile gaye ho sakte hain. Biscuit banane wala Indian ho sakta hai, lekin uska oven aur flavourings Europe se aaye ho sakte hain. Paintees saal pehle ek Indian dukaan mein bahut kam brands hote the, aur jo kuch woh bechti thi, uska zyadatar hissa Indian firms Indian buyers ke liye banati thi.
Yeh chapter isi badlaav ke baare mein hai: ise kisne chalaya, aur alag-alag logon ke liye iska kya matlab raha. Isme globalisation ka ek narrow, economic matlab liya gaya hai: countries ka foreign trade aur multinational companies ke investment ke zariye judna. Iske cultural aur political pehlu, aur shares aur bonds se aane-jaane wala paisa, chhod diye gaye hain. Agar tumne History Chapter 3, The Making of a Global World, padha hai, to tum jaante ho ki trade sadiyon se door-door ki jagahon ko jodta aaya hai. Yahan hum present phase ko dekhte hain, jisne India mein 1990s se speed pakdi.
4.1 Countries ke aar-paar production
1930 mein Kolkata mein khareedi gayi ek shirt ke baare mein socho. Uski cotton shayad Gujarat mein ugi ho, Lancashire ki ek mill tak ship se gayi ho aur kapde ke roop mein wapas aayi ho. Goods aur raw materials samundar paar jaate the, lekin banane ka har stage ek hi country ke andar hota tha, aur countries ke beech link trade tha. India jaisi colonies ko raw cotton, jute aur indigo ke suppliers aur British factory goods ke buyers ke roop mein rakha gaya.
Twentieth century ke beech se ek naye tarah ki firm ki importance badhi. Ek multinational corporation (बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनी), yaani MNC, ke paas do ya zyada countries mein factories, offices ya farms hote hain jinka woh malik hoti hai ya jinhe woh control karti hai. Uska head office ek jagah, factories doosri jagah, research labs teesri jagah aur service centres chauthi jagah ho sakte hain.
Aisi company jo do ya zyada countries mein production facilities ki malik ho ya unhe control kare.
ExampleJapan mein headquarter wali ek company jo India, Thailand aur Brazil mein car plants chalati hai.
Koi company khud ko itna kyun phailayegi? Chhota jawab hai cost. MNC kaam ke har stage ko wahan rakhti hai jahan woh sabse sasta ya sabse useful tareeke se ho sake. Yeh woh jagah ho sakti hai jahan wages kam hain, jahan raw materials paas hain, ya jahan skilled log milte hain. Kam cost ka matlab hai zyada profit, aur profit hi woh cheez hai jo company ke owners chahte hain.
5/5India ki ek team customers ko jawab deti hai aur software likhti hai.
Paanch labelled boxes ka ek flow diagram jo arrows se jude hain; koi map nahi bana hai. Pehle step mein sirf design box, Netherlands, pencil icon ke saath dikhta hai. Doosre step mein South Korea, battery cells, ka box ek arrow ke saath aata hai. Teesre step mein Taiwan, frames, jud jaata hai. Chauthe step mein dono supply arrows ek assembly box, Vietnam aur Hungary, ki taraf point karte hain, jahan se ek arrow Europe, America aur Asia ke buyers wale box tak jaata hai. Paanchve step mein ek support box, India, buyers se ek two-way dashed arrow se juda hai jis par calls and software likha hai.
Velora ki khaas baat yeh nahi hai ki uski bikes kai countries mein bikti hain; bahut si companies export karti hain. Khaas baat yeh hai ki koi bhi ek country poori Velora nahi banati. Kaam ko stages mein kaat diya gaya hai, aur har stage wahan pahunchta hai jahan woh sabse achha ya sabse sasta hota hai. Vietnam mein assembly cost kam hai, aur Hungary European buyers ke paas hai, isliye taiyaar bikes ko bas thodi door jaana padta hai. Taiwan aur Korea mein frames aur batteries ka lamba experience rakhne wali factories hain. India software engineers deta hai, aur aise graduates jo kai time zones ke customers se fluent English mein baat kar sakte hain. Har choice cost mein se thoda sa kam karti hai, aur sab milkar kaafi bachat ho sakti hai.
Aisi chains mein India ka hissa aksar services ke zariye aata hai. Bengaluru, Gurugram, Pune aur Hyderabad ke call centres aur back offices phone lines, computers aur internet use karke doosre continents ke customers ko jawab dete hain.
Let's work this out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 57): answers ke saath
Ek jaane-maane foreign sports brand ke naam se biki football kai countries mein stages mein banti hai. Stages ko ek sambhav order mein lagao.
- South Korea mein synthetic leather bana
- Jalandhar mein panels kaate aur sile gaye
- Europe ke buyers ko becha gaya
- Brand ki Europe wali team ne design kiya
- Netherlands ke ek warehouse mein ship kiya gaya
Answer dekho
Answer- Brand ki Europe wali team ne design kiya
- South Korea mein synthetic leather bana
- Jalandhar mein panels kaate aur sile gaye
- Netherlands ke ek warehouse mein ship kiya gaya
- Europe ke buyers ko becha gaya
Design sabse pehle aata hai; phir materials bante hain; phir ball sili jaati hai, buyers ke paas ek distribution hub tak ship hoti hai aur bikti hai. Har stage alag country mein hota hai.Apne paas ka koi product chuno aur yeh statement apne shabdon mein poora karo: "Tag par Made in ... likha hai, lekin product asal mein kai jagah bana hai. Jaise, ..."
Solution dikhao
AnswerKisi product ka design, parts, assembly, sale aur after-sales service, har ek alag country mein ho sakta hai.
Running shoes ki ek jodi ke liye sample answer: Tag par Made in Vietnam likha hai, lekin shoes asal mein kai jagah bane hain. Inka design United States mein hota hai, rubber soles Thailand se aate hain aur mesh fabric Taiwan mein buna jaata hai. Shoes Vietnam mein sile aur assemble kiye jaate hain, aur India ki ek online shop inhe bechti hai, jabki delivery aur customer care local level par sambhali jaati hai.
Jo bhi answer kam se kam chaar stages aur unke liye alag-alag countries ka naam leta hai, woh sahi hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (B) Aisi company jo do ya zyada countries mein production chalati ya control karti hai
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Cost kam karne aur zyada profit kamane ke liye
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
4.2 Countries ke aar-paar production ka interlinking
Kuch bhi banane se pehle MNC us jagah ko study karti hai. Zyadatar choices chaar sawaal tay karte hain. Kya jagah buyers ke paas hai, taaki goods ko door na jaana pade? Kya kam wages par workers, skilled aur unskilled dono, milte hain? Kya company doosre resources, jaise land, power, paani aur achhi roads, ke baare mein pakka ho sakti hai? Aur kya government ki policies uske interests ki raksha karengi, jaise kam taxes ya jaldi approvals ke zariye?
Jab yeh saare boxes tick ho jaate hain, to company land, buildings, machines aur doosre equipment par paisa kharch karti hai. Is tarah ke kharch ko investment (निवेश) kehte hain. Jab paisa kisi doosre country ki company se aata hai, to woh foreign investment (विदेशी निवेश) hai. Koi bhi shauk ke liye invest nahi karta: maksad yeh hai ki yeh assets profit kamayein.
Production mein use hone wale assets, jaise land, buildings, machines aur equipment, par profit kamane ki ummeed mein kiya gaya kharch.
Kisi doosre country ki company, jaise ek MNC, dwara kiya gaya investment. Ise aksar foreign direct investment, yaani FDI, kehte hain.
MNCs chaar main raaston se doosre countries tak pahunchti hain, jo Fig. 4.2 mein dikhaye gaye hain.
- Apni factory ya office set up karna. Company shuru se ek plant banati hai aur use chalati hai.
- Local company ke saath milkar production. MNC naye machines ke liye paisa aur latest technology laati hai; local partner market, suppliers aur land ki jaankari laata hai. Dono profit baant-te hain.
- Local company ko khareed lena. Yeh sabse common raasta hai. MNC aisi firm ko take over karti hai jiske paas pehle se buyers, brand aur sales network hai, aur use badhati hai.
- Small producers ko orders dena. MNC ki apni koi factory nahi hoti. Independent workshops uske design ke hisaab se goods banati hain, aur aakhir mein uska label lag jaata hai.
4/4Chhoti workshops goods banati hain; MNC unhe apne brand ke naam se bechti hai.
Left mein MNC head office label wala ek box right ki chaar rows mein se har ek ki taraf arrow bhejta hai, har step mein ek row judti hai; koi map nahi bana hai. Step one mein ek factory icon hai jis par own factory, builds and runs it likha hai. Step two mein do jude circles judte hain, MNC aur ek local firm, jin par joint production, shares money and know-how likha hai. Step three mein SOLD sign wali ek dukaan judti hai, jis par buy a local firm, takes over and expands likha hai. Step four mein teen chhoti workshops judti hain jin par orders to workshops, sells under its brand likha hai.
Banane ke bajaye khareedna kyun? Ek purchase pehle hi din customers, staff, warehouses aur ek bharosemand naam de deta hai. 2018 mein American retailer Walmart ne Indian online marketplace Flipkart ke 77 per cent share ke liye lagbhag 16 billion US dollars diye. Raaton-raat Walmart ko Flipkart ke customers, warehouses aur delivery network mil gaye. Ek national traders' association ne aitraaz kiya ki is deal se naye owner ko chhote dukaandaron par unfair power mil jaayegi, lekin Competition Commission of India ne ise approve kar diya. Sabse badi MNCs ki saalana sales sainkdon billion dollars tak jaati hai, jo kai developing countries ki governments ke poore annual budget se bhi zyada hai. Itni daulat se bahut zyada influence khareeda ja sakta hai.
Chautha raasta garments, shoes, toys aur sports goods mein common hai. Jalandhar, Meerut aur Tiruppur jaisi jagahon ki hazaaron chhoti workshops cricket bats, footballs aur T-shirts banati hain jo famous brand names ke saath bahar bikti hain. Jo ball workshop se kuch sau rupees mein nikalti hai, woh London ki kisi dukaan mein kai guna daam par bik sakti hai. Brand aasaani se suppliers badal sakta hai, isliye woh tay kar sakta hai ki woh kitna dega, kaun sa standard maangega, goods kab ship hone chahiye, aur yahan tak ki workshops apne workers ke saath kaisa bartaav karein.
MNCs local producers ke saath kaise kaam karti hain
Partner ya supplier
- local firm ke saath joint production
- local firms parts aur services supply karti hain
- small producers order par goods banate hain
Owner ya rival
- apna plant banati hai
- local firm ko poori tarah khareed leti hai
- local firms se seedha muqabla karti hai
Raasta jo bhi ho, MNC ek country mein hone wale kaam ko doosre country mein liye gaye decisions se jod deti hai. Amsterdam mein design ka ek change Jalandhar ki workshop ka kaam badal deta hai; Tokyo se aaya naya order Pune ke ek parts maker ko busy rakhta hai. Is tarah, door-door ki jagahon ka production interlink ho raha hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 59): answers ke saath
Kya Kaito Motors ek MNC hai? Ek reason do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerHaan: yeh ek se zyada country (14) mein production ki malik hai ya use control karti hai.
Haan. Kaito ki factories 14 countries mein hain, jinmein India, Thailand aur Brazil shaamil hain. Do ya zyada countries mein production facilities chalana hi kisi company ko MNC banata hai.
Foreign investment term ko samjhao, aur batao ki Kaito ne apne Indian plant mein kitna paisa lagaya.
Solution dikhao
AnswerDoosre country ki company dwara investment; ₹1,200 crore.
Foreign investment woh paisa hai jo ek MNC doosre country mein land, buildings aur machines jaise assets par is ummeed mein kharch karti hai ki woh profit kamayenge. Kaito ne apne Indian partner ke saath Pune plant mein ₹1,200 crore invest kiye.
India mein production karke Kaito ko ek saath bada market aur kam cost dono milte hain. Samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerIndia mein plant ke paas crores buyers hain, aur wages aur kai inputs Japan se saste hain.
Market: India duniya mein two-wheelers ke sabse bade markets mein se ek hai. Unhe yahan banane se factory apne buyers ke paas rehti hai, jisse transport aur import taxes ki bachat hoti hai.
Costs: skilled aur unskilled workers ki wages, land aur kai parts Japan se saste hain, isliye har scooter banana sasta padta hai. Sasta production aur bahut saare buyers ka matlab hai zyada profit.
Kaito duniya bhar ke apne plants ke engine parts ke liye India ko apna base kyun bana sakti hai? In factors par charcha karo.
India mein labour, land aur materials ki cost kitni hai
Solution dikhao
Indian engineers aur machine operators Japan walon se saste padte hain, aur land, buildings aur kai materials bhi saste hain, isliye har part banana kam kharch mein hota hai.
castings aur auto parts ke bahut saare local suppliers
Solution dikhao
Darjanon chhoti Indian firms pehle se castings aur auto parts banati hain. Paas mein unse khareedna parts ko ship karke mangane se sasta aur jaldi hai, aur Kaito ko sab kuch khud nahi banana padta.
India aur South Asia ke bahut saare buyers ke paas hona
Solution dikhao
Wahi plant India aur Nepal aur Sri Lanka jaise paas ke countries ke crores buyers ko serve karta hai. Iska bada output per unit cost ko kam rakhta hai, aur goods ko bas thodi door jaana padta hai.
Kaito ka Pune plant countries ke aar-paar production ko kin tareekon se interlink karta hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerIske parts Thailand aur Brazil ke Kaito plants ko jaate hain, yeh Indian suppliers se khareedta hai, aur taiyaar vehicles export karta hai.
Pune mein bane engine parts Thailand aur Brazil mein assemble hone wale vehicles mein lagte hain, isliye un plants ka kaam Pune par depend karta hai. Chhote Indian suppliers Kaito ko castings bechte hain, isliye unka output Kaito ke global orders se juda hai. Taiyaar two-wheelers chaar doosre countries ko jaate hain. Japan mein Kaito ke head office ke decisions in sab jagahon ke workers par asar daalte hain.
Ek MNC us badi company se kaise alag hai jo sirf India mein production karti hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerMNC ki production facilities do ya zyada countries mein hoti hain; domestic company sirf apne desh mein production karti hai.
Ek badi Indian company poore India mein bech sakti hai ya export bhi kar sakti hai, lekin uska production India mein hi hota hai. MNC kai countries mein production ki malik hoti hai ya use control karti hai, isliye woh unke beech kaam shift kar sakti hai, alag-alag jagahon ki factories ko jod sakti hai aur unki costs compare kar sakti hai.
Duniya ki sabse badi MNCs mein se zyadatar ke head offices kuch ameer countries mein hain. Iske reasons suggest karo. Do aur countries ke naam batao jinki companies ab MNCs ban rahi hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerAmeer countries ki firms ke paas zyada paisa, technology aur global brands hain; ab China aur India ki bhi MNCs hain.
USA, Western Europe, Japan aur South Korea ki companies jaldi badi ho gayi. Unke paas bahar invest karne ke liye paisa, advanced technology, jaane-maane brands, aur aisi governments thi jo trade talks mein unka saath deti thi.
Aaj China aur India (aur Brazil jaise doosre countries) ki companies bhi bahar factories aur offices ki malik hain, jaisa Section 4.7 dikhata hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Ek local company ko khareed kar use badhana
Answer dekho
- (A) Bade market ke paas hona
- (B) Kam cost wale skilled aur unskilled workers
- (D) Aisi government policies jo uske interests ki raksha karein
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
- Walmart Flipkart ko take over karti hai : local firm khareedna
- Ek brand Meerut ki workshops se bats order karta hai : small producers ko orders
- Ek foreign firm aur ek Indian firm ek naya plant share karti hain : joint production
4.3 Foreign trade aur markets ka integration
Trade countries ke beech sabse purana link hai. Sadiyon tak masale, cotton ka kapda aur indigo Indian ports se Arabia, Africa aur Europe jaate rahe. Aise trade se profit ki ummeed hi East India Company ko pehli baar yahan laayi. History Chapter 3 yeh kahani batata hai. Foreign trade (विदेश व्यापार) asal mein kisi economy ke liye kya karta hai?
Yeh do kaam karta hai. Sellers ke liye yeh home country ke bahar markets kholta hai. Ratnagiri ki ek mango grower Mumbai ke saath-saath Dubai mein bhi bech sakti hai, haalaanki wahan use Pakistan aur Egypt ke growers ke saamne tike rehna padta hai. Buyers ke liye imports goods ki range ko home country ke production se aage badhate hain, aksar kam prices par.
4/4Prices ek doosre ke paas aakar tikte hain; fark lagbhag shipping ki cost jitna hai.
Do market stalls aamne-saamne khade hain, jin par India aur Vietnam likha hai, aur price tags lage hain; koi map nahi bana hai. Pehle step mein woh alag hain: India ke tag par 300 rupees aur Vietnam ke tag par 180 rupees likha hai. Doosre step mein ek ship aur ek arrow Vietnam se India umbrellas le jaate hain, jahan dashed tag wali ek imported umbrella par 200 rupees likha hai. Teesre step mein Indian stall ke neeche ek bar chart dikhata hai ki Indian-made umbrellas ka bar chhota ho raha hai aur imported umbrellas ka hatched bar bada ho raha hai. Chauthe step mein tags par India mein 210 rupees aur Vietnam mein 190 rupees likha hai, aur ek note kehta hai ki sirf 20 rupees ka fark lagbhag shipping ki cost hai.
Umbrella ki kahani ek general pattern follow karti hai. Jab do markets ek doosre ke liye khulte hain, to ek hi good ke prices ka fark tab tak ghatta hai jab tak woh lagbhag transport ki cost jitna na reh jaaye. Dono jagah ke makers rivals ban jaate hain, chahe woh hazaaron kilometre door hon, aur efficient makers aage badhte hain jabki baaki peeche chhoot jaate hain. Har jagah ke shoppers ko chunne ke liye zyada milta hai, aur goods dono ke beech aate-jaate rehte hain. Asal mein do markets milkar ek ban jaate hain. Economists ise integration of markets (बाज़ारों का एकीकरण) kehte hain.
Foreign trade ke zariye alag-alag countries ke markets ka judna, jisse ek hi goods dono jagah bikte hain, unke prices paas aate hain aur producers borders ke aar-paar compete karte hain.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 61): answers ke saath
Pehle door ke countries ko mainly kaun sa channel jodta tha? Pichhle kuch dashakon mein kya juda hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerPehle mainly foreign trade; ab foreign investment aur MNCs ka production bhi.
Sadiyon tak countries mainly trade se jude the: goods apne desh mein bante the aur bahar khareede ya beche jaate the. Pichhle kuch dashakon mein MNCs ne ek doosra link joda hai: woh kai countries mein invest aur production karti hain, aur trade ka bada hissa bhi control karti hain.
Foreign trade foreign investment se kaise alag hai? Dono ka ek-ek example do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerTrade borders ke aar-paar goods ya services ka khareedna aur bechna hai; investment ek country ki company ka doosre country mein assets khareedna hai.
Foreign trade countries ke beech goods aur services ka khareedna aur bechna hai, jaise India ka Senegal ko rice export karna ya Iraq se crude oil import karna.
Foreign investment woh paisa hai jo ek country ki company doosre country mein land, buildings, machines ya firms par kharch karti hai, jaise ek Japanese company ka Gujarat mein factory banana.
India duniya ka sabse bada rice exporter hai. Maan lo ek West African country, Senegal, India se bahut zyada rice khareedna shuru karta hai. Iska har group par kya asar hoga?
Senegal ke rice farmers
Solution dikhao
Unhe saste Indian rice se competition milta hai. Jab tak woh costs kam na karein ya doosri crops na ugayein, unke prices aur sales gir sakte hain.
India ke rice farmers aur exporters
Solution dikhao
Unhe bada market aur zyada sales milti hai. Demand badhne se unke rice ke prices thode badh sakte hain.
Senegal ke families aur food businesses jo rice khareedte hain
Solution dikhao
Unhe sasta rice aur chunne ke liye zyada varieties milti hain, isliye unka paisa bachta hai.
Q3 ka rice trade India aur Senegal ke rice markets ko kaise integrate karega?
Solution dikhao
AnswerEk hi rice dono markets mein bikta hai, prices paas aate hain, aur Indian aur Senegalese farmers same buyers ke liye compete karte hain.
Ab Indian rice Senegal ki dukaanon mein bikta hai. Wahan ke buyers Indian aur local rice ko compare karte hain, isliye Indian aur Senegalese farmers hazaaron kilometre door hote hue bhi compete karte hain. Dono countries mein rice ke prices ek doosre ki taraf badhte hain, aur unmein lagbhag shipping ki cost jitna fark rehta hai. Dono markets ek jaisa behave karne lagte hain: yahi integration of markets hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Woh Indian umbrella makers jo apni costs kam nahi kar sakte
Answer dekho
Answer Sahi
Answer dekho
Answer (1) domestic, (2) choose
4.4 Globalisation kya hai?
Is chapter ke tukdon ko jodo. Velora ka Vietnam mein bikes assemble karna, Kaito ka Pune mein engine parts banana aur Walmart ka Flipkart ka malik hona, sab foreign investment ke cases hain. Har ek trade bhi paida karta hai: Vietnam ko ship kiye gaye battery cells, Pune se Thailand ship kiye gaye engine parts. Aise cases ko teen dashakon mein hazaaron companies se multiply karo. Natija aisi duniya hai jismein borders ke aar-paar investment aur trade dono bahut badh gaye hain, aur us trade ka bada hissa ek hi MNC ki units ke beech chalta hai.
Banana aur bechna ab borders ke aar-paar bun gaya hai, aur countries ek peedhi pehle ke mukable ek doosre se kahin zyada kareeb se jude hain. Economists is process ko globalisation (वैश्वीकरण) kehte hain. MNCs iske main drivers mein se hain.
Countries ka ek doosre ke saath tezi se badhta integration, mainly zyada foreign trade aur MNCs ke zyada foreign investment ke zariye.
Countries ab kai tarah ke flows se jude hain, jo Fig. 4.4 mein dikhaye gaye hain: goods, services, investment aur technology. Paanchva link people hai. Indian nurses Gulf aur Britain mein kaam karti hain, aur lakhon Indian students bahar padhte hain. Phir bhi yeh flow baaki flows se bahut kam badha hai, kyunki countries visas aur work permits ke zariye tay karti hain ki kaun aa sakta hai aur kaam kar sakta hai. Workers paise ya machines ke mukable borders bahut kam aazaadi se paar karte hain.
5/5People sabse kam aazaadi se move karte hain: visas aur permits unhe limit karte hain.
Do saade rounded boxes, Country A aur Country B, aamne-saamne hain; yeh boxes hain, maps nahi. Pehle step mein goods label wala ek mota two-way arrow unhe jodta hai. Doosre step mein services ka ek mota two-way arrow judta hai. Teesre step mein investment label wala ek one-way arrow A se B jaata hai, jahan new plant likha ek chhota factory icon dikhta hai. Chauthe step mein technology label wala ek two-way arrow judta hai. Paanchve step mein people label wala ek patla dashed arrow ek gate symbol se guzarta hai jis par visa needed likha hai, jo dikhata hai ki log bahut kam aazaadi se move karte hain.
India kitna juda hai? Ek common paimaana trade share hai. Ismein kisi country ke goods aur services ke exports aur imports ki value ko milakar uske GDP (saal bhar mein bani har cheez ki value) ke percentage ke roop mein liya jaata hai.
- gross domestic product: country mein saal bhar mein bane saare final goods aur services ki value
Trade share nikaalna
Ek imaginary country saal mein ₹320 lakh crore ke goods aur services banata hai (uska GDP). Woh ₹70 lakh crore export aur ₹78 lakh crore import karta hai. (a) Uska trade share nikaalo. (b) Das saal baad uska GDP ₹400 lakh crore hai aur exports plus imports milakar ₹160 lakh crore hain. Uska trade share badha hai ya ghata hai?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Fig. 4.5 World Bank ka real data use karta hai. 1990 mein India ka trade share sirf lagbhag 15 per cent tha. 2010 mein yeh 49 per cent paar kar gaya aur 2025 mein lagbhag 46 per cent tha. India mein aane wala foreign investment isse bhi tez badha, 1990 mein saal ke ek billion US dollars se kaafi kam se badhkar 2010 se har saal das-das billion dollars tak.
5/52025: trade 46.3 %; FDI 40.8 billion dollars.
Do bar charts aamne-saamne. Left chart trade (exports plus imports) ko GDP ke percentage ke roop mein dikhata hai; right chart net foreign direct investment inflows ko billion US dollars mein dikhata hai. Har step ek saal ke bars ki jodi jodta hai, jis par uski value likhi hai. Step one mein 1990 hai: 15.5 per cent aur 0.2 billion. Step two mein 2000 judta hai: 26.9 per cent aur 3.6 billion. Step three mein 2010 judta hai: 49.3 per cent aur 27.4 billion. Step four mein 2020 judta hai: 37.8 per cent aur 64.4 billion. Step five mein 2025 judta hai: 46.3 per cent aur 40.8 billion.
Alag-alag agencies foreign investment ko alag-alag tareekon se ginti hain, isliye news reports mein alag numbers aate hain. Upar World Bank ka figure net hai: ismein woh investment ghata diya jaata hai jo foreign companies ne wapas nikaala. India ka apna Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) gross inflows report karta hai, jismein woh profits bhi shaamil hain jo foreign firms yahin dobara invest karti hain. 2025–26 ke liye usne inhe 94 billion US dollars se zyada bataya (News On AIR, June 2026). Dono series ek hi kahani batati hain: 1991 se foreign investment India ki economy ka ek bada aur tikau hissa ban gaya hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 62): answers ke saath
Globalisation mein MNCs ka kya role hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerWoh kai countries mein invest aur production karti hain aur world trade ka bada hissa chalati hain, isliye woh countries ke production aur markets ko aapas mein jodti hain.
MNCs production ke liye sasti jagahein dhoondhti hain aur wahan invest karti hain, isliye paisa, machines aur technology countries ke beech move karte hain. Woh production ko borders ke aar-paar baant-ti hain aur apni hi units ke beech parts aur goods ship karti hain, isliye trade ka bada hissa unke zariye chalta hai. Dono kaam countries ko integrate karte hain, isliye MNCs globalisation ke peeche ek badi force hain.
Aaj countries ko jodne wale flows ke naam batao. Inmein se kaun sa sabse kam badha hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerGoods, services, investment, technology aur people; people sabse kam aazaadi se move kiye hain.
Countries goods, services, investment, technology aur people ke movement se jude hain. People ka movement sabse kam badha hai, kyunki countries visas aur permits ke zariye entry aur kaam par rok lagati hain.
Countries ko kareeb se jodkar globalisation se hone ki sambhavna hai
Answer dekho
Answer (B) producers ke beech zyada competition
Ab kai countries ke producers same buyers ko bechte hain, isliye competition badhta hai.
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Zyada trade aur foreign investment ke zariye countries ka tez integration
Answer dekho
Answer 40 %
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
4.5 Globalisation ko possible banane wale factors
MNCs hamesha se production ke liye sasti jagahein aur bechne ke liye naye markets chahti thi. To globalisation sirf pichhle kuch dashakon mein hi kyun tez hua? Teen forces ne ise possible banaya: behtar technology, trade aur investment policies ka liberalisation, aur WTO jaisi international bodies ka dabaav.
Technology
Transport se shuru karo. 1956 mein ek badla hua oil tanker New Jersey se Texas tak gaya, jismein ek hi size ke 58 steel boxes the. Usi safar se shipping container ki shuruaat hui. Container factory mein pack aur seal hota hai, crane se truck se ship aur ship se train par uthaya jaata hai bina kabhi khole, aur sirf buyer ke warehouse mein khola jaata hai. Jin ports ko pehle ek ship load karne ke liye workers ki fauj aur ek hafta ya usse zyada lagta tha, woh ab ships ko kahin zyada tezi se nipta dete hain. Handling costs bahut gir gayi aur goods door ke markets tak jaldi pahunchne lage. Air freight bhi sasta hua, isliye taaze phool, machhli aur dawaiyan ab lagbhag ek din mein duniya ke doosre kone tak pahunch sakti hain.
4/4Ship par stack hokar yeh sirf buyer ke end par khulta hai.
Ek container ke safar ka side view, left se right banaya gaya. Pehle step mein ek factory goods ko container mein load karti hai, jise ek tag ke saath seal kiya jaata hai. Doosre step mein wahi container port ja rahe ek truck par hai. Teesre step mein ek ooncha port crane use truck se uthata hai. Chauthe step mein yeh doosre containers ke saath ek ship par stack hai, aur ek label batata hai ki yeh sirf buyer ke end par khulta hai.
Doosri revolution information and communication technology (ICT) mein aayi: telephones aur mobile networks, satellites, computers aur internet. Mumbai ki ek manager Shenzhen ke ek supplier ke saath video meeting kar sakti hai aur cloud folder mein ek drawing share kar sakti hai. Phir woh minutes mein, lagbhag bina kisi cost ke, online invoice pay kar sakti hai. Jo information pehle post se hafton mein pahunchti thi, woh ab turant pahunchti hai. Isse companies kai countries mein offices aur factories aise chala sakti hain jaise woh ek doosre ke bagal mein hon.
3/3Melbourne mein 9 a.m.: models taiyaar hain; payment online jaata hai.
Do office boxes, left mein Melbourne aur right mein Pune, har ek ke saath ek clock, aur upar unke beech ek cloud; koi map nahi bana hai. Pehle step mein Melbourne ki clock 6 p.m. aur Pune ki 1:30 p.m. dikhati hai, aur Melbourne se cloud tak ek arrow upar jaata hai jis par sketches go up likha hai. Doosre step mein clocks 8:30 p.m. aur 4 p.m. dikhati hain; ek arrow sketches ko Pune tak neeche laata hai, aur video call label wala ek dashed two-way arrow offices ko jodta hai jab 3D models ban rahe hote hain. Teesre step mein Melbourne ki clock 9 a.m. aur Pune ki 4:30 a.m. dikhati hai; ek arrow taiyaar models ko wapas Melbourne laata hai, jahan 3D models ready aur paid online likha hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 63): answers ke saath
Melbourne–Pune example mein use hui har technology ki list banao, aur batao ki har ek kya karti hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerCloud storage, computers aur 3D software, video calling, internet aur online banking.
Internet par cloud folder: sketches aur models ko turant share karta hai. Design software wale computers: 3D models banate hain. Video call: dono teams ko aamne-saamne baat karne deti hai. Online bank transfer: minutes mein countries ke aar-paar payment bhejta hai.
IT aur globalisation ke beech link samjhao. Agar IT kabhi phaila hi na hota, to aaj ke globalisation ke kaun se hisse gayab hote?
Solution dikhao
AnswerIT se firms countries ke aar-paar kaam ko saste mein aur turant baant aur coordinate kar sakti hain; iske bina aaj ka globalisation, khaaskar services ka global phailaav, possible nahi hota.
IT se information, designs, orders aur payments turant aur lagbhag free mein duniya bhar mein pahunch jaate hain. Isliye MNCs kai countries mein factories aur offices manage kar sakti hain aur software, design aur customer care jaisi services door se khareed sakti hain.
Iske bina goods ka trade phir bhi possible hota (yeh sadiyon se tha), lekin kas kar judi production chains aur Pune aur Bengaluru jaisi jagahon se services ka export nahi hota. To globalisation apne aaj ke roop mein IT par depend karta hai.
Foreign trade aur foreign investment policy ka liberalisation
Umbrella market par wapas chalo. Maan lo Indian government har imported umbrella par 25 per cent tax lagane ka faisla karti hai. Jo umbrella India ₹200 mein pahunchti thi, ab importer ko ₹250 ki padti hai. Imports kam attractive ho jaate hain, kam aate hain, aur Indian makers, jo ₹250 mein bech sakte hain, buyers ko wapas jeet lete hain.
Aisa import tax ek tarah ka trade barrier (व्यापार अवरोधक) hai: aisi rok jo government trade par lagati hai. Doosra hai quota, yaani ek fixed limit ki kisi good ki kitni units import ho sakti hain. Barriers nalon ke set ki tarah kaam karte hain: government unhe khol ya band karke zyada ya kam trade aane de sakti hai, aur chun sakti hai ki kaun se goods aur kitni quantity mein aayein.
Foreign trade par government dwara lagayi gayi rok, jaise imports par tax ya kitna import ho sakta hai uska quota.
Import tax kitna ooncha hona chahiye?
Imported umbrellas tax se pehle ₹200 each mein India pahunchti hain. Ek Indian maker waisi hi umbrella ₹250 mein bechta hai. (a) 20 per cent import tax par kaun si umbrella sasti hai? (b) 30 per cent tax par? (c) Kis tax rate par dono ka price same hota hai?
Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.
Neeche diye explorer mein khud try karo. Import tax badhao ya quota tight karo aur dekho ki buyers jo price dete hain, imports ki sankhya aur Indian makers ki sales ka kya hota hai.
Koi government aise nal kyun chahegi? Ek chhote paudhe ko tab tak baad ki zaroorat hoti hai jab tak uska tana charti bakriyon se bach na sake. Independence ke baad Indian planners ne nayi industries ko isi tarah dekha. 1950s aur 1960s mein kai steel plants, machine-tool makers aur chemical factories nayi thi, aur purane foreign rivals ke saste goods unhe kuchal sakte the. Isliye India ne trade aur foreign investment dono par oonche barriers rakhe, aur mainly wahi import kiya jo woh abhi bana nahi sakta tha, jaise machines, fertilisers aur crude oil. India aisa karne wala akela nahi tha: Britain, United States aur doosre ameer countries ne bhi industrialise karte samay apne producers ko bachaya tha.
1991 se baad hatni shuru hui. Us saal India ke paas foreign exchange ki bhaari kami ho gayi: uske reserves sirf kuch hafton ke imports ka payment kar sakte the. Government ne ek nayi economic policy se jawab diya. Uska tark tha ki Indian industry baad ke peeche badi ho chuki thi aur ab use quality badhane aur costs kam karne ke liye world competition ke dhakke ki zaroorat thi. International Monetary Fund aur World Bank, jinhone crisis ke dauraan India ko paisa udhaar diya, ne bhi kholne ke liye dabaav daala. Import taxes kam kiye gaye, agle dashak mein licences aur quotas khatam kiye gaye, aur foreign companies ko zyadatar industries mein factories aur offices ka malik banne ki ijaazat mili.
Is policy ka ek naam hai: liberalisation (उदारीकरण). Jo government apni rokein hatati hai, woh zyada liberal ho rahi hai, yaani kam control karne wali. Liberalised trade mein jo firm koi machine import karna ya shirts ki shipment export karna chahti hai, woh official permission ka intezaar karne ke bajaye zyadatar khud faisla karti hai.
Government dwara economic activity, jaise foreign trade aur foreign investment, par lagayi gayi rokon ko hatana ya dheela karna.
India khulta hai: khaas dates
- 1950s–80s
Protection
Oonche import taxes, quotas aur licences; mainly zaroori cheezon ka import; foreign investment par kadi limit.
- 1991
Nayi economic policy
Foreign-exchange crisis ke baad India import taxes kam karta hai aur kai industries ko foreign investment ke liye kholta hai.
- 1995
WTO bana
India World Trade Organization ka founding member hai.
- 2001
Quotas khatam
WTO rules ke mutaabik India imports par apni bachi hui quantity limits hata deta hai.
- 2005
SEZ Act
Special Economic Zones ke liye ek law, jismein export units ko tax mein chhoot milti hai.
- 2025
Labour Codes
Chaar Labour Codes 29 central labour laws ki jagah lete hain (21 November se laagu).
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 64): answers ke saath
Do ya teen sentences mein samjhao ki foreign trade ko liberalise karne ka kya matlab hai, aur isse aane wala ek change batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerImports aur exports par government ki rokein hatana, taaki businesses khud tay karein ki kya trade karna hai.
Foreign trade ke liberalisation ka matlab hai import taxes, quotas aur licences jaise barriers ko hatana ya kam karna. Jaise, 1991 ke baad ek Indian firm bina lambe licence process ke modern machine import kar sakti thi, aur ek foreign brand India mein aasaani se apne goods bech sakta tha.
Maan lo government tax ke bajaye saal mein sirf 40 lakh imported umbrellas aane deti hai. Samjhao ki yeh quota trade barrier ki tarah kaise kaam karta hai. Kya aise quotas use hone chahiye? Ek argument paksh mein aur ek khilaaf do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeh imports ki limit tay karta hai, isliye saste imports chahne wale saare buyers unhe nahi le paate; prices badhte hain aur Indian makers zyada bechte hain. Quotas jobs bachate hain lekin buyers ka paisa lagta hai.
Yeh kaise kaam karta hai: agar buyers saal mein 80 lakh imported umbrellas chahte hain lekin sirf 40 lakh aa sakti hain, to imports kam pad jaate hain. Prices badhte hain, aur baaki demand Indian makers ke paas jaati hai, jo zyada bechte hain. Tax ke ulat, government ko koi revenue nahi milta: price ka fark import licences rakhne walon ke paas jaata hai.
Paksh mein: quota kisi nayi ya mushkil mein padi industry aur usmein jobs ko tab tak bacha sakta hai jab tak woh modernise ho rahi hai.
Khilaaf: buyers zyada dete hain aur unke paas kam choice hoti hai, licence holders bina mehnat ke kamaate hain, aur protected firms shayad kabhi improve na karein. WTO rules ke tahat zyadatar aise quotas ab allowed nahi hain.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Unhone handling costs kam ki aur delivery tez ki
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Ek naya port jo imports ko tez karta hai
Answer dekho
Answer Sahi
Answer dekho
Answer 460 ₹
4.6 World Trade Organisation
India ke khulne ke peeche ek soch thi jo 1990s mein bahut mazboot thi: free trade sabko ameer banata hai, isliye har barrier hatna chahiye aur har country ko khulna chahiye. Powerful international organisations ne is baat ki wakalat ki.
World Trade Organisation (विश्व व्यापार संगठन), yaani WTO, is idea ko practice mein laata hai. Ise 1 January 1995 ko GATT naam ke ek purane agreement ki jagah set up kiya gaya, iska headquarters Geneva mein hai, aur yeh zyadatar developed countries ke zor dene par bana. Iske members international trade ke rules par sehmat hote hain, aur jab ek member doosre par unhe todne ka aarop lagata hai, to WTO dispute ko settle karta hai.
1995 mein bani ek international organisation jo countries ke beech trade ko free karne ka kaam karti hai; iske members trade rules par sehmat hote hain, aur yeh unse jude disputes settle karti hai.
Kya game barabari se khela jaata hai? Kai developing countries kehte hain nahi. Unke hisaab se rules ne unhe apne barriers jaldi kam karne par majboor kiya, jabki developed countries ne apne producers ko bachate rehne ke raaste dhoondh liye. Yeh jhagda farming mein sabse tez hai.
United States mein agriculture economy ka lagbhag 1 per cent hai aur 2 per cent se kam workers ko kaam deta hai. Phir bhi US government har saal apne farmers ko badi rakam se support karti hai, aur European Union aur Japan bhi apne farmers ko bahut support karte hain. Jaise, US ka zyadatar cotton bahut bade, highly mechanised farms se aata hai jo business ki tarah chalte hain. Is support ke saath ameer countries ke farmers apni bachi hui crops bahar bahut kam prices par bech sakte hain. Tab Vidarbha ya Mali ki ek chhoti cotton farmer, jise bahut kam madad milti hai, apni cotton ko itne price par bechne mein mushkil mehsoos kar sakti hai jo uski costs cover kare.
| Country | Agriculture, GDP ka % | Agriculture, jobs ka % |
|---|---|---|
| India | 17.6 (2024) | 42.4 (2024) |
| United States | 0.9 (2021) | 1.6 (2024) |
4/470 ke price ki barabari karne ka matlab hai har quintal par 10 ka nuksaan.
Ek quintal cotton ke liye kaalpanik numbers ke saath chaar steps ka bar chart. Pehle step mein ek bar dikhata hai ki ameer-country farm ki ugane ki cost 100 hai. Doosre step mein government support label wala 30 ka ek hatched block us bar se kaat diya jaata hai, aur export price 70 bachta hai. Teesre step mein ek doosra bar developing country ke ek chhote farmer ko dikhata hai jiski ugane ki cost 80 hai, bina kisi support ke. Chauthe step mein 70 par ek dashed line chhote farmer ke bar ko kaatti hai aur ek minus label 10 ka nuksaan dikhata hai agar use subsidised price ki barabari karni pade.
Trade practices par debate: farm support
Kai developing countries kehte hain
- Humne WTO ki sharton par apne markets khole, phir bhi ameer countries ab bhi apne farms mein paisa daal rahe hain.
- Bahar beche gaye saste, subsidised surplus crops hamare farmers ko nuksaan pahunchate hain, jo sankhya mein kahin zyada hain.
- Jo rules gareebon par laagu hon lekin ameeron par nahi, woh fair nahi hain.
Kai developed countries jawab dete hain
- Humne kuch tarah ka support kam kiya hai, aur 2015 mein WTO members farm goods par export subsidies khatam karne par sehmat hue.
- Developing countries bhi oonche import taxes aur guaranteed prices se farmers ko bachate hain.
- Rules sab par laagu hone chahiye.
WTO meetings mein bahas jaari hai. India samet developing countries ne gareeb families ko khilane ke liye fixed prices par food grains khareedne aur store karne ke apne haq ka bhi bachaav kiya hai. Kuch exporting countries ise chhupi hui subsidy kehte hain. Trade fair hai ya nahi, yeh kaafi had tak is par depend karta hai ki rules kaun likhta hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 66): answers ke saath
Blanks bharo. WTO countries ki pehal par set up hua. Iska aim international trade ko karna hai. Yeh apne members ke beech trade ke liye banata hai aur dekhta hai ki unka paalan ho. Practice mein developing countries ne apne trade kam kiye hain, jabki kai developed countries apne producers ko bachaate rehte hain, jaise farm ke zariye.
Answer dekho
Answer (1) developed, (2) liberalise, (3) rules, (4) barriers, (5) subsidies
Developed countries ne WTO banane mein aguwaai ki, jiska aim rules banakar trade ko liberalise karna hai. Developing countries ne barriers kam kiye, jabki ameer countries apne farmers ko support karte rahe.Countries ke beech trade ko fair banane ke teen tareeke suggest karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerAmeer countries ki farm subsidies kam karo, gareeb countries ko kuch samay tak kamzor sectors bachane do, aur developing countries ko rules banane mein barabar ki awaaz do.
(1) Developed countries woh subsidies kam kar sakte hain jinse woh bahar cost se kam mein bech paate hain. (2) Gareeb countries ko kuch samay ke liye sensitive sectors, jaise chhote farmers, ko bachane ki ijaazat mil sakti hai. (3) Developing countries WTO mein milkar kaam kar sakte hain taaki rules unki zarooraton ko dikhayein, aur disputes jaldi aur barabari se settle ho sakein.
Kuch governments solar panels ya electric buses banane wali firms ko subsidies deti hain. Kya aisa support doosre countries ke producers ke saath fair hai? Dono paksh par charcha karo.
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeh environment ki madad karta hai, lekin ek country ki firms ko unfair price advantage bhi de sakta hai; fair hai ya nahi, yeh is par depend karta hai ki ise kaise design kiya gaya hai.
Fair: clean energy pollution aur carbon emissions kam karke poori duniya ko fayda deti hai, isliye iske liye support sahi ho sakta hai, khaaskar shuru mein jab technology mehngi hoti hai.
Unfair: agar subsidised panels bahut kam prices par export kiye jaate hain, to doosre countries ke bina support wale producers bahar ho sakte hain. Support tab zyada fair hai jab woh khula, temporary aur sabke liye ho, jaise sirf home producers ke bajaye kisi bhi clean product ke buyers ko diya jaaye.
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Sehmati se bane rules ke zariye international trade ko liberalise karna
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Government support unki costs ka kuch hissa cover karta hai
4.7 India mein globalisation ka impact
1991 ke paintees saal baad globalisation ke effects har Indian town mein dikhte hain, lekin sabke liye ek jaise nahi hain. Chalo evidence ko group-by-group dekhte hain.
Shopper se shuru karo. Kisi dada-dadi ya nana-nani se poocho ki 1980s mein scooter khareedna ya telephone connection lena kaisa tha: saalon chalne wali waiting lists, gine-chune models aur oonche prices. Aaj shehar ka ek buyer online darjanon phones, televisions ya cars compare kar sakta hai, jahan Indian aur foreign brands price aur quality par compete karte hain. Sabse zyada fayda towns aur shehron ke achhe-khaase gharon ko hua hai, jo inmein se zyadatar goods khareedte hain; unka roz ka standard of living kaafi badha hai.
Producers aur workers ke liye kahani zyada mili-juli hai.
- Foreign companies aati ja rahi hain. Fig. 4.5 ke FDI bars khud is baat ka evidence hain ki India unke liye faydemand raha hai. Dekho woh kahan gayi: un cheezon mein jo achhe-khaase Indians khareedte hain, jaise smartphones, cars, consumer electronics, packaged drinks, burger aur pizza chains, banking aur online shopping. Jobs bhi peeche aayi, in companies ke andar aur unhe supply karne wali Indian firms mein; Chennai, Pune aur Gurugram ke aas-paas ke auto-parts clusters zyadatar aise orders par hi bade hue.
- Mazboot Indian firms aur mazboot hui. Ghar mein hi foreign rivals ka saamna karte hue sabse achhi Indian companies ne apni machines upgrade ki, global quality standards apnaye aur kuch cases mein jaldi seekhne ke liye foreign partners ke saath tie up kiya. Kai Indian two-wheeler makers ab darjanon countries ko export karte hain.
- Kuch Indian companies khud MNCs ban gayi hain. 2008 mein Tata Motors ne British car maker Jaguar Land Rover ko khareeda. Bharti Airtel kai African countries mein mobile networks chalati hai, aur TCS, Infosys aur Wipro jaisi Indian IT firms ke offices poori duniya mein hain.
- IT-based services mein boom aaya hai. Software, call centres, accounting, data processing, engineering design aur back-office ka kaam India mein hota hai aur ameer countries ke clients ko becha jaata hai, jaisa Melbourne–Pune example ne dikhaya.
World-class facilities aur tax concessions wala ek industrial zone, jo investment attract karne aur exports badhane ke liye banaya jaata hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 67): answers ke saath
Do tareeke batao jinse globalisation ke baad competition ne India ke logon ko fayda pahunchaya hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerBuyers ko zyada choice, behtar quality aur kam prices milte hain; compete karne wali firms behtar hoti hain aur kuch global ban jaati hain.
(1) Consumers kai brands mein se chun sakte hain; phones aur televisions jaise goods ke prices gire hain aur quality badhi hai. (2) Competition ne kai Indian firms ko modernise hone par majboor kiya, jisse behtar jobs bani aur unmein se kuch ko bahar bechne mein madad mili.
Kya zyada Indian companies ko MNCs banne ki koshish karni chahiye? India ke logon ko isse kaise fayda ho sakta hai, aur unhe kis baat ki chinta ho sakti hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerKul milakar haan: income, technology aur exports India wapas aate hain; lekin kuch investment aur jobs bahar chale jaate hain.
Fayde: bahar kamaye profits India wapas aate hain; Indian firms nayi technology aur management seekhti hain; global brands Indian exports ki madad karte hain; Indian engineers aur managers ko international careers milte hain.
Chintayein: ek Indian MNC desh ke bajaye bahar nayi factories bana sakti hai, isliye kuch jobs kahin aur banti hain, aur foreign firms khareedne se company par karz ka bojh aa sakta hai.
Reasons do ki central aur state governments India mein foreign investment laane ke liye compete kyun karti hain.
Solution dikhao
AnswerYeh paisa, technology aur jobs laati hai, production aur exports badhati hai, aur local suppliers ko support karti hai.
Foreign investment factories aur infrastructure ke liye woh paisa jodta hai jo shayad country ke paas na ho. MNCs nayi technology aur management methods laati hain, jobs banati hain, local suppliers se khareedti hain, aur aksar export karti hain, jisse foreign exchange kamaya jaata hai. Unke profits par lage taxes government revenue badhate hain.
India mein kuch logon ne SEZs ke set up hone ka virodh kiya hai. Woh kaun ho sakte hain, aur kyun? Supporters kya kehte hain?
Solution dikhao
AnswerLand khone wale farmers aur labourers, environmental groups aur kuch economists virodh karte hain; supporters jobs aur exports ka hawala dete hain.
Virodh karne walon mein yeh shaamil rahe hain:
- farmers jinki land li jaati hai, aksar kam compensation par;
- bina land wale labourers jo us land par kaam karte the aur jinhe kuch nahi milta;
- environmental groups jo pollution aur khoti farmland se chintit hain;
- kuch economists, jinka kehna hai ki tax holidays se government ka revenue ghatta hai aur maujooda units bas SEZs mein shift ho jaati hain.
Supporters: industry aur kai state governments kehte hain ki SEZs investment, exports aur jobs laate hain, aur ek hi jagah achha infrastructure dete hain.
Chapter 1 ke projects ki tarah, ek SEZ kuch logon ke liye development aur doosron ke liye nuksaan ho sakta hai; fair compensation aur land ka dhyaan se chunaav conflict ko kam kar sakte hain.
Small producers: compete karo ya khatam ho jao
Channapatna ke kisi wooden-toy maker se baat karo, ya tyres, plastic goods, batteries ya electronic parts banane wale kisi chhote maker se. Tumhe shayad ek hi shikayat sunne ko mile: saste imports aur bade brands ne market chheen liya. Chhoti dairies aur edible-oil mills ne bhi aisa hi dabaav jhela hai. Kai chhoti units band ho gayi hain, aur unke workers ko doosri jobs dhoondhni padi hain.
Yeh itna important kyun hai? National Sample Survey (73rd round) ke mutaabik 2015–16 mein lagbhag 11 crore log India ke micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) mein kaam karte the. Yeh aisa latest figure hai jo Ministry of MSME quote karti hai. Sirf agriculture isse zyada logon ko kaam deta hai.
3/32024: 9 workers; output 2010 ke aadhe se bhi kam.
Ek kaalpanik chain banane wali unit ke liye do chhote charts. Pehle step mein ek bar 2010 mein 22 workers dikhata hai aur ek price tag uski chain ko 100 rupees par dikhata hai. Doosre step mein imported chain ka tag 60 rupees par dikhta hai, aur 2018 ka ek bar 15 workers dikhata hai. Teesre step mein 2024 ka ek bar 9 workers dikhata hai, aur ek note kehta hai ki output 2010 ke aadhe se bhi kam hai.
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 68): answers ke saath
Badhte competition ne Gurpreet ki unit par kin tareekon se asar daala?
Solution dikhao
AnswerUsne bade buyers imports ke haath kho diye, output aadhe se zyada gir gaya, workers 22 se 9 ho gaye, aur padosi units band ho gayi.
Uske do bade buyers aisi imported chains par chale gaye jinka price uske price ka lagbhag 60 per cent tha. Uska output aadhe se bhi kam ho gaya, usne apne workers 22 se ghatakar 9 kar diye, aur ab use sirf rush orders milte hain. Paas ki doosri units band ho gayi ya trading karne lagi.
Gurpreet ki costs foreign makers se zyada hain. Kya use bas production band kar dena chahiye? Reasons ke saath apni raay do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerZaroori nahi: behtar technology, credit aur infrastructure ke saath woh compete kar sakti hai; band karne se kai jobs jaayengi.
Band karne se uske workers ki jobs khatam ho jaayengi aur uski skills aur machines bekaar ho jaayengi. Zyada costs aisi cheezon se ho sakti hain jo uske bas mein nahi, jaise power cuts, mehnge loans ya purani machines. Support milne par woh modernise kar sakti hai, quality ya rush orders mein specialise kar sakti hai, ya doosri units ke saath milkar materials sasta khareed sakti hai. Kuch units phir bhi shayad na bachein, isliye workers ko nayi jobs mein le jaane ki madad bhi zaroori hai.
Chhoti firms ko study karne wale researchers teen zarooraton ki taraf ishara karte hain: (i) infrastructure, jaise roads, bijli, paani, inputs aur buyers aur market news tak pahunch; (ii) up-to-date machines aur methods; (iii) bank loans jo time par aur reasonable interest par milein.
Yeh teen cheezein Gurpreet jaise small producers ki madad kaise karengi?
Solution dikhao
Bharosemand power aur roads costs aur deri kam karte hain; market information buyers dhoondhne mein madad karti hai. Modern machines output aur quality badhati hain. Sasta, time par mila credit use high-interest moneylenders ke bina woh machines aur materials khareedne deta hai.
Kya MNCs inhe dene mein interested hongi? Kyun?
Solution dikhao
Zyadatar nahi. Chhoti rival units ke liye public roads aur power se MNC ko bahut kam profit milta hai, aur competitors ki madad karna uske interest ke khilaaf hai. MNC apne suppliers ko train kar sakti hai, lekin sirf wahan jahan isse uske business ka fayda ho.
Kya yahan government ka koi role hai? Ek aur step suggest karo jo woh le sakti hai.
Solution dikhao
Haan. Kai chhoti firms ke liye infrastructure aur sasta credit public zarooratein hain jinhe markets kam provide karte hain. Government Ludhiana jaise clusters mein common testing aur design centres bhi set up kar sakti hai, chhoti units ko online aur bahar bechne mein madad kar sakti hai, aur workers ko nayi skills mein train kar sakti hai.
Competition aur uncertain employment
Competition factory floor tak bhi pahunchta hai. Jis employer ko Dhaka ya Hanoi mein tay prices ki barabari karni padti hai, woh labour ke liye tabhi paisa dena chahta hai jab kaam ho. Isliye zyada se zyada workers ko flexibly rakha jaata hai: ek season ke liye, contractor ke zariye ya fixed term ke liye, aur orders khatam hote hi hata diya jaata hai. Jo employer ke liye flexibility hai, woh worker ke liye insecurity hai.
Fig. 4.11 T-shirts ke ek order ko India ki garment export chain mein neeche tak follow karta hai.
- Brand. Europe ya America ki ek clothing company kai countries ke suppliers se quotes maangti hai aur order sabse saste ko deti hai.
- Exporter. Order jeetne ke liye ek Indian exporter kam price quote karta hai. Kapde, dhaage aur buttons ki cost to utni hi hai, isliye bachat wages mein se hi nikaalni padti hai.
- Contractor. Tailors ko saal bhar payroll par rakhne ke bajaye exporter unhe sirf busy mahinon ke liye ek labour contractor ke zariye leta hai.
- Worker. Peak season mein woh bahut lambe din aur kai raatein kaam karti hai; slack mahinon mein shayad uske paas kuch bhi na ho. Uski basic wage itni kam hai ki family ki zarooratein poori karne ka ek hi tareeka overtime hai.
4/4Cost worker uthata hai: kam pay, lambe hours, koi security nahi.
Ek column mein chaar boxes jo neeche jaate arrows se jude hain; koi map nahi bana hai. Pehle step mein sirf upar wala box, global brand, dikhta hai jis par wants the lowest price note hai. Doosre step mein uske neeche exporter box aata hai, aur arrow par cut your price likha hai. Teesre step mein contractor box aata hai, aur arrow par hire short-term likha hai. Chauthe step mein sabse neeche ek shaded worker box aata hai, jiske arrow par cost passed down likha hai aur low wage, long hours aur no security ke minus labels hain, jabki brand ke paas ek plus label par profit likha hai.
Lakshmi jaisi kahaniyan kai industries aur services mein sunne ko milti hain. Tumne Chapter 2 mein dekha ki unorganised sector pehle se India ke zyadatar workers ko kaam deta hai. Ab dono sectors ke beech ki line bhi dhundhli ho rahi hai: ek registered export factory ke worker ke paas ek daily-wage labourer se thodi hi zyada security ho sakti hai. Is chain mein brand ke profits surakshit hain aur exporter tik jaata hai, lekin sabse neeche wala worker sabse zyada risk uthata hai aur sabse chhota hissa ghar le jaata hai.
India mein globalisation: ek uneven balance sheet
Sabse zyada fayda
- achhe-khaase urban consumers
- MNCs aur badi Indian firms
- skilled IT aur service workers
Mile-jule results
- MNCs ke local suppliers
- export workers: nayi jobs, kamzor security
- modernise hone wali Indian firms
Sabse zyada nuksaan
- imports ka saamna karne wale small producers
- permanent jobs khone wale workers
- modernise na kar paane wali units
Let's work these out: chalo hal karein (NCERT p. 70): answers ke saath
Garment export chain ko link-by-link dekho. Tez competition ka upar ke brands, beech ke Indian exporters aur neeche ke workers ke liye kya matlab raha hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerBrands ko bada profit milta hai; exporters order jeette hain lekin patle margins par; workers security aur fair pay kho dete hain.
Foreign brands sasta khareedte hain aur bada profit kamaate hain. Indian exporters sirf prices kam karke order jeet-te hain, isliye woh patle margins par kaam karte hain aur labour costs ko neeche dhakelte hain. Workers permanent jobs aur benefits kho dete hain, peak season mein lambe hours kaam karte hain aur kam wages kamaate hain.
Inmein se har ek kya kar sakta hai taaki garment workers ko globalisation ke faydon mein fair hissa mile?
government
Solution dikhao
Wages, hours, overtime aur safety par labour laws laagu karwao; factories ka inspection karo; pakka karo ki contract workers ko social security mile.
export karne wali factories ke employers
Solution dikhao
Kam se kam legal minimum wage aur overtime rates do, core workers ko regular contracts par rakho, aur safe workplaces do.
foreign brands
Solution dikhao
Suppliers ko aise prices do jinmein fair wages cover hon, orders aise plan karo ki achanak rush na ho, aur working conditions ko imaandaari se check karo.
workers
Solution dikhao
Milkar bargain karne ke liye unions ya workers ke groups se judo, apne legal rights jaano, aur nayi skills seekho.
Kya companies ko workers ko flexibly rakhne ki aazaadi honi chahiye? Employers aur workers dono ka view short mein batao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerEmployers badalte orders ke hisaab se chalne aur competitive rehne ke liye flexibility chahte hain; workers jobs, income aur benefits ki security chahte hain.
Employers kehte hain: global buyers ke orders badhte-ghatte rehte hain, isliye unhe workers ko jaldi rakhna aur hatana padta hai. Fixed costs unhe bahar ke rivals ke mukable kam competitive banati hain, aur aasaan rules unhe invest karne aur zyada jobs banane ke liye prerit karte hain.
Workers kehte hain: flexible hiring ka matlab hai insecurity, kam pay, koi benefits nahi aur lambe hours; badalte orders ka risk un par daala jaata hai jo use sabse kam utha sakte hain. Kai log beech ka raasta suggest karte hain: guaranteed minimum wages, social security aur fair notice ke saath flexibility.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Shehron ke achhe-khaase consumers
Answer dekho
Answer Sahi
Answer dekho
Answer (C) Raw material costs kam karna mushkil hai, isliye labour ko dabaya jaata hai
Answer dekho
Answer (D) Unhone 29 laws ki jagah li; employers ne welcome kiya, trade unions ne virodh kiya
4.8 Fair globalisation ke liye sangharsh
Upar wali comparison mein balance sheet ko phir se dekho. Jo log pehle se advantage ke saath shuru hue, jaise degree, demand wali skill ya invest karne ke liye paisa, woh naye mauke pakadne ki sabse achhi sthiti mein the. Gyarah mahine ke contract wali tailor ya apne orders kho rahi chain-maker ke paas kaam karne ke liye bahut kam tha.
Ghadi ki suiyan peeche ghumana na to sambhav hai aur na hi zyadatar countries yeh chahte hain. Aaj bahas sharton ke baare mein hai: globalisation ko fair kaise banaya jaaye? Fair globalisation (न्यायसंगत वैश्वीकरण) har group ko fayda uthane ka asli mauka dega, aur faydon ko logon aur countries ke beech zyada barabari se baantega.
Aisa globalisation jo har group ko fayda uthane ka fair mauka de aur iske faydon ko logon aur countries ke beech zyada barabari se baante.
Kai levers governments ke haath mein hain, lekin tabhi jab unki policies sirf sabse powerful logon ke nahi, balki saare citizens ke interests ka dhyaan rakhein. Is chapter ke logon ko yaad karo:
- Lakshmi jaise workers ke liye: inspectors aur courts jo employers se sach mein woh wages, overtime aur social security dilwayein jiska law pehle se waada karta hai.
- Gurpreet jaise producers ke liye: sasta credit, lagaataar power, achhi roads, aur technology aur training mein madad jab tak woh apne pairon par khade na ho jaayein; aur, jahan sach mein zaroorat ho, temporary trade ya investment barriers.
- Subsidised imports se dabe farmers ke liye: doosre developing countries ke saath milkar WTO mein fair rules ke liye kadi bargaining. Jaise, India farm trade par G-33, yaani developing countries ke ek group, ke hisse ke roop mein negotiate karta hai.
4/4Unions, campaigns aur jaagruk buyers balance barabar karte hain.
Ek beech ke khambhe par taraazu. Left palde mein ek bhaari block hai, jis par gains to a few label hai; right palde par benefits shared likha hai. Pehle step mein dandi tezi se left ki taraf jhuki hai. Agle teen steps mein har baar ek numbered weight right palde par girta hai, aur neeche ek key hai: 1 government, 2 employers and brands, 3 workers and citizens. Har weight ke saath dandi barabar ke kareeb aati hai, aur aakhri step mein barabar ho jaati hai.
Aam logon ki bhi awaaz hai. Duniya bhar mein farmers ke groups, trade unions, health activists aur doosre logon ke organisations ke campaigns ne WTO ke decisions badle hain. December 2005 mein kai countries ke hazaaron farmers aur activists ne Hong Kong mein WTO meeting ke bahar march kiya. Usse pehle, 2001 mein, health groups ke saalon ke campaign ke baad WTO members Doha Declaration mein sehmat hue ki patent rules countries ko public health ki raksha karne se nahi rokne chahiye. Isse kam cost wali generic medicines, jinmein se kai India mein banti hain, ke gareeb countries ke patients tak pahunchne ka raasta khula. Matlab, globalisation ke rules log likhte hain, aur government ke bahar ke log bhi unhe dobara likhne mein madad kar sakte hain.
Answer dekho
- (A) Pakka karna ki labour laws ka paalan ho
- (B) Small producers ko sasta credit aur technology dena
- (D) Doosre developing countries ke saath WTO mein fair rules ke liye bargain karna
Answer dekho
Answer Galat
Answer dekho
Answer (A) Education, skills aur daulat wale log
Quick revision: key terms
Summary aur key points
- MNC do ya zyada countries mein production ki malik hoti hai ya use control karti hai, aur kaam ke har stage ko wahan rakhti hai jahan woh sabse sasta ya sabse useful ho (Section 4.1).
- MNCs aisi jagahein chunti hain jo markets ke paas hon, jahan kam cost wala skilled aur unskilled labour, pakke resources aur friendly policies hon; foreign firm dwara aise assets par kharch kiya gaya paisa foreign investment hai (Section 4.2).
- MNCs apne plants banati hain, local firms ke saath milkar production karti hain, local firms khareedti hain (sabse common raasta) ya small producers ko orders deti hain, jisse door ki jagahon ka production interlink ho jaata hai (Fig. 4.2).
- Foreign trade se producers bahar bech sakte hain aur buyers zyada chun sakte hain; yeh markets ko integrate karta hai, prices ko paas laata hai aur producers ko competition mein laata hai (Section 4.3).
- Globalisation zyada trade aur foreign investment ke zariye countries ka tez integration hai; goods, services, investment aur technology aazaadi se move karte hain, people bahut kam (Section 4.4).
- India ka trade 1990 mein GDP ke lagbhag 15 % se badhkar 2025 mein lagbhag 46 % ho gaya (World Bank) (Fig. 4.5).
- Containers, saste air freight aur khaaskar information and communication technology ne global production ko possible banaya (Technology).
- Independence ke baad import taxes aur quotas jaise trade barriers ne India ki nayi industries ko bachaya; 1991 se India ne trade aur investment ko liberalise kiya (Liberalisation).
- WTO (1995, 166 members) trade rules banata hai; developing countries kehte hain ki ameer countries ab bhi apne farmers ko bachate hain (Section 4.6).
- Achhe-khaase consumers, MNCs, badi Indian firms aur skilled service workers ko fayda hua; bahut saare small producers aur workers peeche reh gaye ya ab unki jobs insecure hain (Section 4.7).
- Fair globalisation ke liye governments, employers, workers aur citizens ko mauke aur fayde zyada barabari se phailane honge (Section 4.8).
Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)
Class 6 mein padhne wale apne cousin ko apne shabdon mein globalisation samjhao, apne ghar ki ek cheez ko example bana kar.
Solution dikhao
AnswerGlobalisation countries ka trade aur foreign companies ke investment ke zariye kareeb se judna hai, jisse ek cheez kai countries mein design hokar, bankar aur bik sakti hai.
Sample answer: "Yeh phone dekho. Ise kisi doosre country ki company ne design kiya, iske chips ek teesre country mein bane, aur ise Noida ki ek factory mein assemble kiya gaya jismein foreign company ne invest kiya tha. Phir yeh humein becha gaya. Jab countries is tarah judti hain, khareedne-bechne se aur companies ke ek doosre ke desh mein factories banane se, to hum ise globalisation kehte hain."
Independence ke baad India ne foreign trade aur foreign investment par rok kyun lagayi? 1991 se usne inmein se zyadatar rokein hatane ka faisla kyun kiya?
Solution dikhao
AnswerNayi industries ko foreign competition se bachane ke liye; baad mein, foreign-exchange crisis ke dauraan international support ke saath, Indian producers ko compete karwa kar behtar banane ke liye.
Rokein: 1950s aur 1960s mein Indian industries nayi thi. Jame-jamaye foreign producers ke saste imports unhe barbaad kar sakte the, isliye government ne import taxes, quotas aur licences se unhe bachaya aur mainly machinery, fertilisers aur crude oil jaisi zaroori cheezein import ki. Ameer countries ne bhi apne shuruaati daur mein yahi kiya tha.
1991 se hatana: foreign-exchange crisis ke baad government ne maana ki Indian producers duniya bhar mein compete karne ke liye taiyaar hain aur competition unhe quality aur efficiency badhane ke liye dhakelega. IMF aur World Bank jaisi international organisations ne is change ko support kiya, aur agle dashak mein zyadatar barriers hata diye gaye.
Ek garment exporter kehti hai, "Agar hum workers ko sirf busy season ke liye rakh sakein, to hum kam price quote karke order jeet sakte hain." Woh dheele hiring rules kyun chahti hai, aur aisi flexibility ka uske workers ke liye kya matlab hoga?
Solution dikhao
AnswerCompanies labour costs kam karti hain aur badalte orders ke hisaab se chalti hain; workers job security aur benefits kho dete hain.
Flexible rules se companies workers ko sirf tab rakh sakti hain jab orders zyada hon aur baad mein hata sakti hain, isliye unhe slack mahinon mein wages aur benefits nahi dene padte. Unki costs girti hain, woh foreign buyers ko kam prices quote kar sakti hain aur orders badalne par jaldi adjust kar sakti hain. Workers ke liye iska matlab hai short contracts, seasons ke beech koi pay nahi, kam benefits aur kam bargaining power.
Ek MNC chahti hai ki goods kisi doosre country mein banein. Chaar alag raaste describe karo jo woh le sakti hai, har ek ka example do (real ya imaginary).
Solution dikhao
AnswerApna plant, local firm ke saath joint production, local firm khareedna, small producers ko orders.
(1) Apni factory set up karna, jaise ek foreign car maker ka Tamil Nadu mein plant banana. (2) Local company ke saath joint production, jise paisa aur technology milti hai, jaise Kaito aur uska Indian partner. (3) Local company ko khareed kar badhana, jaise 2018 mein Walmart ka Flipkart ko take over karna. (4) Small producers ko orders dekar unke goods apne brand ke naam se bechna, jaise ek sports brand ka Jalandhar ki workshops se footballs khareedna.
Developed countries developing countries par trade aur investment kholne ka dabaav kyun daalte hain? Badle mein developing countries ko kya maangna chahiye?
Solution dikhao
AnswerUnki MNCs ko markets, saste production sites aur inputs milte hain; developing countries ko ameer countries ki farm subsidies aur barriers khatam karne, fair rules aur kamzor sectors bachane ki chhoot maangni chahiye.
Dabaav kyun daalte hain: developed countries ki MNCs apne goods aur services ke liye bade naye markets, production ke liye sasti jagahein, aur local firms aur raw materials khareedne ki aazaadi chahti hain. Developing countries ke khule markets in companies ka profit badhate hain.
Badle mein kya maangein:
- developed countries bhi apne barriers hatayein aur woh farm subsidies kam karein jinse woh cost se kam mein bech paate hain;
- developing countries ko kuch samay tak sensitive sectors, jaise chhote farmers, ko bachane ki ijaazat mile;
- unke apne exports aur services ke liye fair access, jismein skilled workers ka movement bhi shaamil ho;
- WTO rules banane mein barabar ki awaaz.
"Globalisation ne India mein winners aur losers dono paida kiye hain." Examples ke saath samjhao.
Solution dikhao
AnswerWinners: achhe-khaase consumers, MNCs, badi Indian firms, skilled IT workers. Losers: bahut saari chhoti units, aur insecure jobs wale workers.
Fayda hua: achhe-khaase urban consumers ke paas zyada choice, behtar quality aur kam prices hain; MNCs ne yahan invest karke profit kamaya hai; mazboot Indian companies modernise hui aur kuch, jaise Tata Motors, MNCs ban gayi; skilled workers ko IT-based services mein jobs mili.
Nuksaan hua ya kam fayda hua: toys, tyres, batteries aur parts ke kai small producers ne imports aur MNC brands ke haath markets kho diye, aur kuch units band ho gayi; garments jaisi export industries ke workers ke paas ab aksar temporary jobs, lambe hours aur kam pay hai.
To impact uneven raha hai: education, skills aur daulat wale logon ko sabse zyada fayda hua.
Trade aur investment policies ke liberalisation ne globalisation mein kaise madad ki hai?
Solution dikhao
AnswerBarriers hatakar isne goods ko aazaadi se andar-bahar aane diya aur foreign companies ko invest aur production karne diya, jisse India doosre countries ke saath integrate hua.
Kam import taxes aur zyadatar quotas aur licences khatam hone se goods aazaadi se andar-bahar jaane lage, isliye Indian markets world markets se jud gaye. Industries ko foreign investment ke liye kholne se MNCs plants bana saki, offices khol saki, Indian firms khareed saki aur India ko exports ke base ki tarah use kar saki. Zyada trade aur zyada investment hi globalisation ka matlab hai, isliye liberalisation ne ise tez kiya.
Aisa example use karke jo is chapter mein nahi diya gaya, samjhao ki foreign trade countries ke markets ko kaise integrate karta hai.
Solution dikhao
AnswerJaise, UAE ko Indian mango exports: ek hi mangoes dono markets mein bikte hain, prices paas aate hain aur growers compete karte hain.
Example: UAE ko export hone wale Ratnagiri Alphonso mangoes. Dubai ke shoppers ab Indian, Pakistani aur Egyptian mangoes mein se chunte hain, isliye teen countries ke growers same buyers ke liye compete karte hain. Bahar ki tez demand Indian markets mein price ko thoda badhati hai, jabki extra supply Dubai mein use ghatati hai, isliye dono markets ke prices paas aate hain, aur unmein lagbhag transport ki cost jitna fark rehta hai. Markets integrate ho jaate hain. (In features ko dikhane wala koi bhi example sahi hai.)
Globalisation jaari rahega. Batao ki aaj se bees saal baad, 2046 mein duniya kaisi ho sakti hai, har prediction ka reason dete hue.
Solution dikhao
AnswerOpen-ended: predictions technology, trade, investment aur policy ke trends se nikalne chahiye.
Sample predictions, har ek reason ke saath:
- Medical advice, teaching aur design jaisi zyada services doosre countries se online khareedi jaayengi, kyunki communication sasta hota ja raha hai.
- Automation aur AI yeh badal sakte hain ki kaun si jobs bahar jaati hain, isliye skills zyada important hongi.
- Zyada Indian companies MNCs banengi, kyunki Indian firms bahar invest karti ja rahi hain.
- Climate rules bhaari pollution se bane goods par tax laga sakte hain, jisse yeh badlega ki kya trade hota hai.
- Trade rules aur subsidies par jhagde jaari rahenge, isliye developing countries ki bargaining important bani rahegi.
Achhe reasons wale predictions ka koi bhi set sahi hai.
Class debate mein Anil kehta hai ki globalisation ne India ke development ko nuksaan pahunchaya hai; Fatima kehti hai ki isne madad ki hai. Aisa response likho jo dono sides ke evidence use kare aur tumhare apne conclusion tak pahunche.
Solution dikhao
AnswerDono kuch had tak sahi hain: isne growth, investment, jobs aur choice laayi, lekin iske fayde uneven rahe hain; goal fair globalisation hona chahiye.
Fatima ka evidence: zyada foreign investment aur trade, IT services, cars aur electronics mein nayi jobs, consumers ke liye behtar aur saste goods, aur Indian companies ka globally compete karna.
Anil ka evidence: imports ki wajah se bahar hue small producers, export industries mein kam pay wali insecure jobs, aur WTO ke aise rules jo ameer countries ka paksh lete hain.
Conclusion: globalisation ne India ko grow karne mein madad ki hai, lekin sabko iske fayde nahi milte. Ise reject karne ke bajaye India ko ise fair banana chahiye: labour laws laagu karna, small producers ko support karna, skills mein invest karna aur fair trade rules ke liye bargain karna.
Blanks bharo. India ki dukaanein ab kai countries ke goods bechti hain, jo dikhata hai ki India pehle se zyada kareeb se doosre countries ke saath hai. Is process ko kehte hain. Kai naye brands India mein banati hain, jo yahan isliye invest karti hain kyunki labour sasta hai aur market bada hai. Badhte imports aur foreign investment ka matlab hua hai producers ke beech zyada .
Answer dekho
Answer (1) integrated, (2) globalisation, (3) MNCs, (4) competition
Trade aur investment India ko doosre countries ke saath integrate karte hain (globalisation); MNCs saste labour aur bade markets ke liye invest karti hain; natija hai zyada competition.Har item ko us idea se match karo jise woh sabse achhe se dikhata hai.
Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.
Answer dekho
Answer- Ek brand Meerut ki chhoti workshops se bats khareedta hai : small producers ko orders
- Import taxes aur quotas : trade barriers
- Tata Motors ka Jaguar Land Rover ka malik hona : ek Indian MNC
- Pune se diya gaya customer support : IT se services ka phailna
- Pune ke paas ek Japanese firm ka two-wheeler plant : foreign investment
Workshops se order karna, barriers, ek Indian company ka foreign company ka malik hona, IT-based services aur foreign-owned plant, har ek globalisation ka alag chehra hai.Har part mein sabse sahi answer chuno.
Globalisation ke pichhle teen dashakon mein countries ke beech sabse tez badhne wale movements rahe hain
Answer dekho
Answer (B) goods, services aur investment
Goods, services aur investment tezi se badhe hain; people ke movement par rok hai.Ek MNC ke liye doosre country mein invest karne ka sabse common tareeka hai
Answer dekho
Answer (C) maujooda local companies khareedna
Maujooda firm khareedne se MNC ko uske customers aur network turant mil jaate hain.Globalisation ne living conditions ko behtar kiya hai
Answer dekho
Answer (D) uneven tareeke se: kuch groups ki doosron se zyada
Fayde uneven rahe hain, zyadatar education, skills aur daulat wale logon ko mile hain.
Assertion (A): 1991 ke baad toys aur batteries ke kai chhote Indian producers band ho gaye. Reason (R): Liberalisation ne unhe saste imports aur MNC brands ke competition ke saamne la diya.
Answer dekho
Answer (A) A aur R dono sahi hain, aur R, A ki sahi explanation hai
Barriers hatne se saste imports aur MNC brands andar aaye, isi wajah se kai chhoti units tik nahi paayi.Passage padho aur questions ke answers do. "2015 mein Tamil Nadu ke ek district ko apna pehla bada electronics plant mila, jise ek foreign company chalati hai jo ek global brand ke liye phones assemble karti hai. Paanch saal ke andar ismein 12,000 log kaam karne lage, jinmein zyadatar paas ke gaon ki young women thi, fixed-term contracts par. Local transport aur food businesses badhe. Kuch workers ne lambi shifts aur bheed bhare hostels ki shikayat ki; company ne kaha ki wages legal minimum se zyada hain." (Ek banaya hua passage.)
Plant globalisation ka kaun sa feature dikhata hai?
Solution dikhao
Ek MNC ka foreign investment jo production ko interlink karta hai: kahin aur design hue phones ek global brand ke liye India mein assemble hote hain.
Do groups ke naam batao jinhe fayda hua.
Solution dikhao
Young women jinhe paid kaam mila, aur local transport aur food businesses jinki sales badhi.
Passage kaun si chinta uthata hai, aur use kaise door kiya ja sakta hai?
Solution dikhao
Working conditions: lambi shifts, bheed bhare hostels aur kam security wale fixed-term contracts. State hours aur housing par labour laws laagu kar sakti hai, workers organise ho sakte hain, aur brand apne supplier se decent standards maanne ko keh sakta hai.
World Trade Organisation ne kaam kab shuru kiya?
Answer dekho
Answer (C) 1995
WTO 1 January 1995 ko GATT (1947) ki jagah shuru hua. 1991 India ka reform year hai; 2001 mein India ne apne aakhri import quotas hataye.Ek country ka GDP ₹250 lakh crore hai. Uske exports ₹55 lakh crore aur imports ₹65 lakh crore hain. Uska trade share kitna hai, per cent mein?
%Answer dekho
Answer 48 %
(55 + 65) ÷ 250 × 100 = 120 ÷ 250 × 100 = 48 per cent.Goods aur investment ab aasaani se borders paar karte hain, lekin bahar kaam karna chahne wale log nahi. Do reasons do.
Solution dikhao
AnswerCountries visas aur permits ke zariye entry aur kaam ko limit karti hain; family ke saath shift hona mehnga aur mushkil hai.
(1) Governments visas, work permits aur foreign workers ke quotas ke zariye control karti hain ki kaun aa sakta hai aur kaam kar sakta hai. (2) Bahar jaane mein bahut kharch hota hai aur family, bhasha aur culture ko peeche chhodna padta hai, jabki paisa aur machines kuch clicks mein move ho sakte hain.
Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo
Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.
Quick check: MCQs
- 4.1 Countries ke aar-paar production3 questions
- 4.2 Countries ke aar-paar production ka interlinking4 questions
- 4.3 Foreign trade aur markets ka integration3 questions
- 4.4 Globalisation kya hai?3 questions
- Foreign trade aur foreign investment policy ka liberalisation4 questions
- 4.6 World Trade Organisation3 questions
- Competition aur uncertain employment4 questions
- 4.8 Fair globalisation ke liye sangharsh3 questions
Key terms (English + Hindi)
- fair globalisationन्यायसंगत वैश्वीकरणnyayasangat vaishvikaran
- Aisa globalisation jo har group ko fayda uthane ka fair mauka de aur iske faydon ko zyada barabari se baante.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- foreign investmentविदेशी निवेशvideshi nivesh
- Kisi doosre country ki company, jaise MNC, dwara kiya gaya investment.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- foreign tradeविदेश व्यापारvidesh vyapar
- Countries ke beech goods aur services ka khareedna aur bechna: exports aur imports.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- globalisationवैश्वीकरणvaishvikaran
- Zyada foreign trade aur foreign investment ke zariye countries ka tezi se badhta integration.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- import taxआयात करaayat kar
- Kisi country mein laaye gaye goods par tax; ise tariff ya customs duty bhi kehte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- integration of marketsबाज़ारों का एकीकरणbazaron ka ekikaran
- Trade ke zariye alag-alag countries ke markets ka judna, jisse prices paas aate hain aur producers borders ke aar-paar compete karte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- investmentनिवेशnivesh
- Production mein use hone wale assets, jaise land, buildings aur machines, par profit kamane ki ummeed mein kiya gaya kharch.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- liberalisationउदारीकरणudarikaran
- Government ki rokein hatana ya dheeli karna, jaise foreign trade aur investment par.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- multinational corporationबहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनीbahurashtriya company
- Aisi company jo do ya zyada countries mein production facilities ki malik ho ya unhe control kare.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- quotaकोटाkota
- Ek period mein kisi good ki kitni quantity import ho sakti hai, uski limit.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- Special Economic Zoneविशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्रvishesh aarthik kshetra
- World-class facilities aur tax concessions wala industrial zone, jo investment aur exports attract karne ke liye banaya jaata hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- trade barrierव्यापार अवरोधकvyapar avrodhak
- Foreign trade par government ki rok, jaise import tax ya quota.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
- World Trade Organisationविश्व व्यापार संगठनvishva vyapar sangathan
- 1995 mein bani international body jo apne members ke beech trade free karne ke rules banati hai aur unke disputes settle karti hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →