Class 10 · Social Science · English medium
Understanding Economic Development: Class 10 Economics companion
An original companion to Understanding Economic Development, NCERT Class 10 Social Science (2026–27 edition). Official textbook ↗ ncert.nic.in
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Chapters
- ENHinglish
Chapter 1: Development
Development means improving people's lives: income, but also equality, freedom, security and respect. - ENHinglish
Chapter 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy (Sectors of the Economy)
Economic activities are grouped into sectors by a criterion. - ENHinglish
Chapter 3: Money and Credit
Money is a medium of exchange: it removes barter's need for a double coincidence of wants. - ENHinglish
Chapter 4: Globalisation and the Indian Economy
Globalisation here means the rapid integration of countries through foreign trade and foreign investment by MNCs. - ENHinglish
Chapter 5: Consumer Rights
Consumers buy goods and services for their own use.
Also in Hinglish
- Chapter 1: Development (Hinglish)
- Chapter 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy (Hinglish)
- Chapter 3: Money and Credit (Hinglish)
- Chapter 4: Globalisation aur Indian Economy (Hinglish)
- Chapter 5: Consumer Rights (Hinglish)
A
adulterationमिलावटMixing a cheaper or harmful substance into a product, especially food.Ch 5 · Consumer RightsB
barter systemवस्तु विनिमय प्रणालीSwapping goods or services directly for other goods or services, without money.Ch 3 · Money and Creditbody mass indexशरीर द्रव्यमान सूचकांकWeight in kilograms divided by the square of height in metres; a rough check on nutrition.Ch 1 · DevelopmentC
CCPAकेंद्रीय उपभोक्ता संरक्षण प्राधिकरणCentral Consumer Protection Authority (2020): a regulator that acts for consumers as a class.Ch 5 · Consumer RightschequeचेकA signed written order from an account holder telling the bank to pay a stated sum from that account to a named person.Ch 3 · Money and Creditcollateralसमर्थक ऋणाधारSomething valuable, such as land papers, gold, a vehicle or a deposit, that a borrower pledges as a guarantee; the lender may sell it if the loan is not repaid.Ch 3 · Money and Creditconsumerउपभोक्ताA person who buys goods or pays for services for personal use, not for resale or business.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightsconsumer commissionउपभोक्ता विवाद निवारण आयोगA quasi-judicial body at district, state or national level that decides consumer complaints.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightsconsumer movementउपभोक्ता आंदोलनThe organised effort of consumers to protect buyers and make sellers accountable.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightsconsumer protection councilउपभोक्ता संरक्षण परिषदA voluntary organisation that guides consumers, spreads awareness and may represent them.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightscooperative societyसहकारी समितिA body whose members pool their resources; a credit cooperative takes members' deposits and lends to members.Ch 3 · Money and CreditCOPRAउपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियमThe Consumer Protection Act, 1986, replaced by the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightscredit (loan)साख (ऋण)An arrangement in which a lender hands over money, goods or services now against a promise to be paid later.Ch 3 · Money and CreditcurrencyकरेंसीPaper notes and coins. In India the RBI issues notes on behalf of the central government, and the law makes them acceptable in payment.Ch 3 · Money and CreditD
debt trapकर्ज़-जालA situation in which a borrower cannot repay, the debt keeps growing, and clearing it leaves them worse off than before.Ch 3 · Money and Creditdemand depositमाँग जमाMoney in a bank account that the holder can take out at any time; it can be paid to others by cheque, card or UPI.Ch 3 · Money and CreditdevelopmentविकासImprovement in people's lives over time: more income, and also better health, education, freedom, security and dignity.Ch 1 · Developmentdisguised unemploymentप्रच्छन्न बेरोज़गारीMore people working at a task than it needs, so each works below capacity; some could leave without output falling.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economydouble coincidence of wantsआवश्यकताओं का दोहरा संयोगWhen each of two people has what the other wants and wants what the other has. Barter cannot work without it.Ch 3 · Money and CreditF
fair globalisationन्यायसंगत वैश्वीकरणGlobalisation that gives every group a fair chance to gain and spreads its benefits more evenly.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian Economyfinal goodsअंतिम वस्तुएँGoods and services bought by their last user, not used up in making something else.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economyforeign investmentविदेशी निवेशInvestment by a company based in another country, such as an MNC.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian Economyforeign tradeविदेश व्यापारBuying and selling of goods and services between countries: exports and imports.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian Economyformal sector creditऔपचारिक क्षेत्रक ऋणLoans from banks and cooperatives, which are registered and supervised by the RBI.Ch 3 · Money and CreditG
globalisationवैश्वीकरणThe fast-growing integration of countries through more foreign trade and foreign investment.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian Economygross domestic product (GDP)सकल घरेलू उत्पादThe total money value of the final goods and services made inside a country's borders in one year.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economygross enrolment ratioसकल नामांकन अनुपातEnrolment in a stage of schooling, at any age, as a percentage of children of the official age for that stage; it can exceed 100.Ch 1 · Developmentgross value added (GVA)सकल मूल्य वर्धितThe total value added by all producers in an economy or a sector; GDP equals GVA plus taxes on products minus subsidies on products.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian EconomyH
Human Development Indexमानव विकास सूचकांकA UNDP index from 0 to 1 combining life expectancy, years of schooling and income per person.Ch 1 · DevelopmentI
import taxआयात करA tax on goods brought into a country; also called a tariff or customs duty.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian Economyinfant mortality rateशिशु मृत्यु दरNumber of babies who die before their first birthday for every 1,000 live births in a year.Ch 1 · Developmentinformal sector creditअनौपचारिक क्षेत्रक ऋणLoans from moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends; no authority checks their terms.Ch 3 · Money and Creditintegration of marketsबाज़ारों का एकीकरणThe joining up of markets in different countries through trade, so that prices move closer and producers compete across borders.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian Economyinterest rateब्याज दरThe price of borrowing: what the borrower pays on top of the loan, as a percentage of it, for each month or year.Ch 3 · Money and Creditintermediate goodsमध्यवर्ती वस्तुएँGoods used up by producers in making other goods or services, such as flour bought by a bakery.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian EconomyinvestmentनिवेशSpending on assets used for production, such as land, buildings and machines, in the hope of earning profits.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian EconomyL
liberalisationउदारीकरणRemoving or easing government restrictions, for example on foreign trade and investment.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian Economylife expectancyजीवन प्रत्याशाAverage number of years a newborn baby is expected to live if present death rates continue.Ch 1 · Developmentliteracy rateसाक्षरता दरPercentage of people aged 7 and above who can read and write with understanding.Ch 1 · DevelopmentM
mean years of schoolingस्कूली शिक्षा के औसत वर्षAverage number of years of education completed by people aged 25 and above.Ch 1 · Developmentmediationमध्यस्थताSettling a dispute by agreement, guided by a neutral person called a mediator.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightsmedium of exchangeविनिमय का माध्यमSomething everyone accepts in payment, used as the go-between whenever goods and services are bought and sold.Ch 3 · Money and CreditMRPअधिकतम खुदरा मूल्यMaximum retail price: the highest price, including all taxes, at which a packed item may be sold.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightsmultinational corporationबहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनीA company that owns or controls production facilities in two or more countries.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian EconomyN
net attendance ratioनिवल उपस्थिति अनुपातThe share of children in an age group who actually attend school, as a percentage.Ch 1 · Developmentnon-renewable resourceअनवीकरणीय संसाधनA resource that exists in a limited amount, such as crude oil or coal, and runs out with use.Ch 1 · DevelopmentO
open unemploymentखुली बेरोज़गारीA person able and willing to work cannot find any work at all, so the unemployment is plain to see.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economyorganised sectorसंगठित क्षेत्रकEnterprises registered with the government that follow labour laws and offer regular work on fixed terms with benefits.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian EconomyP
per capita incomeप्रति व्यक्ति आयTotal income of a country or state divided by its population; the income of an average person.Ch 1 · Developmentprimary sectorप्राथमिक क्षेत्रकActivities that produce goods by using natural resources directly, such as farming, fishing, forestry and mining.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economyprivate sectorनिजी क्षेत्रकEnterprises owned and run by individuals or companies, mainly to earn a profit.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economyproduct liabilityउत्पाद दायित्वThe duty of a maker, seller or service provider to compensate for harm from a defect.Ch 5 · Consumer RightsPublic Distribution Systemसार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणालीGovernment network of ration shops that supplies grain and other essentials at low or no cost.Ch 1 · Developmentpublic sectorसार्वजनिक क्षेत्रकEnterprises and services whose assets belong mostly to the government, which also runs them.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economypurchasing power parityक्रय शक्ति समताA way of converting incomes so that one unit buys the same basket of goods and services in every country.Ch 1 · DevelopmentQ
quotaकोटाA limit on the quantity of a good that may be imported in a period.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian EconomyR
redressalनिवारणA remedy for a wrong done to a consumer, such as repair, replacement, refund or compensation.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightsrenewable resourceनवीकरणीय संसाधनA resource that nature replenishes, such as groundwater or forests; it can still be overused.Ch 1 · Developmentright to workकाम का अधिकारA legal promise of a set number of days of paid work to people who ask for it, as under MGNREGA and the VB-G RAM G Act.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian EconomyS
secondary sectorद्वितीयक क्षेत्रकActivities that turn natural products into other goods by manufacturing, together with construction and the supply of electricity, gas and water.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economyself-help group (SHG)स्वयं सहायता समूहA small group, usually 10–20 women from one neighbourhood, who save together, lend to one another and borrow from a bank as a group.Ch 3 · Money and CreditSpecial Economic Zoneविशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्रAn industrial zone with world-class facilities and tax concessions, set up to attract investment and exports.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian EconomystandardisationमानकीकरणSetting quality standards, testing products against them and certifying them with a mark.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightssustainable developmentसतत विकासDevelopment that meets today's needs without reducing the ability of future generations to meet theirs.Ch 1 · DevelopmentT
terms of creditऋण की शर्तेंThe conditions of a loan taken together: interest rate, collateral, documents and the way it must be repaid.Ch 3 · Money and Credittertiary sectorतृतीयक क्षेत्रकActivities that produce services rather than goods, such as transport, trade, banking, health care, teaching and IT.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian Economytrade barrierव्यापार अवरोधकA government restriction on foreign trade, such as an import tax or a quota.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian EconomyU
unfair trade practiceअनुचित व्यापार व्यवहारA dishonest way of selling, such as short weight, hidden charges, false ads or faulty goods.Ch 5 · Consumer Rightsunorganised sectorअसंगठित क्षेत्रकSmall, widely spread units that the government seldom regulates, where work is irregular, low-paid and without security or benefits.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian EconomyV
value addedमूल्य वर्धनWhat a producer adds: the value of its output minus the value of the intermediate goods it used.Ch 2 · Sectors of the Indian EconomyW
World Trade Organisationविश्व व्यापार संगठनThe international body, set up in 1995, that makes rules to free up trade between its members and settles their disputes.Ch 4 · Globalisation and the Indian Economyncert.ai is an independent learning companion aligned to the NCERT curriculum. It is not affiliated with or endorsed by NCERT.