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BiologyCh 6 Flowering Plants ki Anatomy

Anatomy of Flowering Plants: Class 11 Biology Chapter 6 Hinglish mein

Biology · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗

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  • 47 min
  • 17 practice questions
  • 20 MCQs

Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge

  • Flowering plant ke teen tissue systems ke naam batao, har ek kahan hota hai yeh batao aur use banane wale tissues ki list banao
  • Epidermis, uski cuticle aur hairs ko describe karo, aur stoma aur stomatal apparatus ki structure samjhao
  • Vascular bundle ko radial ya conjoint, aur open ya closed mein classify karo, aur batao ki har type kahan milta hai
  • Dicot aur monocot roots ke tissues ko surface se centre tak trace karo, endodermis aur stele samet
  • Dicot aur monocot stems ke transverse sections compare karo aur kisi unknown section ko uske features se pehchano
  • Dorsiventral leaf ka vertical section layer by layer padho, aur samjhao ki isobilateral leaf aur uske bulliform cells kaise alag hain
  • Cuticle, Casparian strips aur bulliform cells jaisi internal structures ko unke functions se jodo

NCERT Biology Class 11, Chapter 6, pp. 71–78 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.

Ganne ka ek tukda chabao, aur tum apne daanton se plant anatomy kar rahe ho. Meetha juice soft, thin-walled cells se aata hai jo stem ka zyaadatar hissa banate hain; jo sakht strands tum thookte ho, woh thick-walled fibres mein lipte conducting bundles hain. Ganne ko seedha aar-paar kaato, to yeh strands kati hui surface par bikhre dots ki tarah dikhte hain. Inki sankhya, size aur position random nahi hai: yeh ek aisa plan follow karte hain jo maize, bamboo aur zyaadatar doosre monocot stems mein bhi milta hai.

Anatomy yeh study hai ki organisms andar se kaise hote hain. Flowering plant ke liye iska matlab hai root, stem ya leaf ki patli slices kaatna aur unhe microscope ke neeche padhna. Is chapter mein teen ideas chalte hain. Pehla, plant body levels mein bani hai: cells se tissues bante hain, aur tissues se organs. Doosra, root, stem aur leaf har ek ka apna internal plan hota hai, aur monocots aur dicots har plan ke alag versions follow karte hain. Teesra, internal structure organ ke kaam aur plant ke aas-paas ke maahaul ke hisaab se hoti hai, jaisa tum paani bachane wali leaves mein dekhoge.

Chapter 5 ne tumhe in organs ka bahari roop dikhaya tha. Yahan tum chhe sections pehchanna seekhoge jo practicals aur exams mein standard hain: dicot aur monocot ki root, stem aur leaf.

6.1 Tissue System

Tissue (ऊतक) cells ka ek group hai jinka origin aur kaam same hota hai. Botanists tissues ko ek level upar bhi group karte hain: plant body mein woh kahan hain aur wahan kya kaam karte hain, iske hisaab se. Is tarah dekhein to har root, stem aur leaf mein wahi teen tissue systems hote hain: bahar ek covering, ek conducting network, aur beech ki filling (Fig. 6.1).

Definition
Tissue system

Tissues ka ek set jise plant body mein unki position aur unke saanjhe kaam ke hisaab se group kiya jaata hai. Flowering plant mein teen hote hain: epidermal, ground (fundamental) aur vascular (conducting) tissue systems.

1/4Ek young dicot stem, jise seedha aar-paar kaata gaya hai.

Fig. 6.1Ek young stem, teen tissue systems.

Young dicot stem ka ek gol cross-section, labels right side par. Pehle step mein poori slice dikhti hai: hara bahari ring, halki hari filling, dashed central pith aur aath chhote bundles, har ek mein laal xylem patch aur uske bahar neela phloem patch. Doosre step mein sirf bahari ring chamakti rehti hai aur uska label hai epidermal: skin, stomata aur hairs. Teesre step mein sirf filling aur pith chamakte rehte hain, label ground: cortex, pith aur rays. Chauthe step mein sirf aath bundles chamakte rehte hain, label vascular: xylem aur phloem.

6.1.1 Epidermal Tissue System

Epidermal tissue system ko plant ki skin samjho, saath mein woh sab kuch jo usmein laga hai ya usse bahar ugta hai: epidermal cells, stomata aur hairs. Yeh poori primary body ko dhakta hai, yaani woh parts jo seedhe growing tips se bante hain.

Kisi leaf par ungli pherao, to jo tum chhoo rahe ho woh wax hai. Zameen ke upar, plant ki skin ki bahari walls par ek waxy cuticle hoti hai jo water loss kam karti hai. Roots par cuticle nahi hoti, aur yeh samajh mein aata hai: root surface paani ko andar aane dene ke liye hai, bahar rokne ke liye nahi. Cuticle ke neeche, epidermis khud aksar sirf ek cell moti hoti hai. Iske lambe cells kinare se kinara milakar fit hote hain, stomatal pores ke alawa koi gap nahi hota, aur har cell ek parenchyma cell hai jo zyaadatar vacuole hai, jismein wall se sati cytoplasm ki sirf ek patli layer hoti hai (Fig. 6.2).

Definition
Epidermis

Primary plant body ke cells ki sabse bahari layer, aksar ek cell moti, jo bade vacuoles wale ghane packed parenchyma cells se bani hoti hai.

4/4Shoot ke trichomes aksar multicellular hote hain: unbranched, branched ya glandular.

Fig. 6.2Stem aur root ki epidermis.NCERT p. 72

Dashed line se alag do panels: left mein stem surface, right mein root surface, dono mein teen box jaise epidermal cells ki ek row. Pehle step mein labels ek bade vacuole aur wall se sati patli cytoplasm ki taraf ishaara karte hain, aur note hai ki yeh ghane packed cells ki ek layer hai. Doosre step mein stem cells ke upar ek orange waxy cuticle aa jaati hai, jabki root par label hai no cuticle. Teesre step mein ek root cell se upar ki taraf ek lambi tube ugti hai, label root hair, ek cell. Chauthe step mein stem cells par teen hairs khade dikhte hain: kai cells ka ek unbranched hair, ek branched hair aur gol peele head wala ek glandular hair.

Leaf epidermis ka peel microscope ke neeche dekho, to flat, jigsaw jaise cells ke beech tumhe mude hue cells ke jode milenge jinke beech ek slit hoti hai. Har joda guard cells ka set hai, aur yeh do tarah se anokhe hain. Inmein chloroplasts hote hain, jo aam epidermal cells mein nahi hote, aur inki walls barabar moti nahi hoti: slit ki taraf wali side bahut moti, aur usse door wali side patli. Isse yeh joda apna shape badal paata hai, aur beech ke gap ko chauda ya band karta hai.

Yeh gap ek stoma (रंध्र; plural stomata) hai, aur yeh leaf ka main gateway hai: carbon dioxide aur oxygen isi se guzarti hain, aur transpiration mein nikalne wali water vapour bhi. Ise khol kar aur band karke guard cells dono ko regulate karte hain. Inka shape groups ke hisaab se alag hota hai: zyaadatar plants mein kidney ya bean jaisa, lekin grasses mein dumb-bell jaisa, beech mein patla aur dono siron par phoola hua.

Aksar guard cells ke theek bagal wale epidermal cells shape aur size mein baaki cells se alag hote hain; yeh subsidiary cells hain. Pore, uske do guard cells aur subsidiary cells milkar ek stomatal apparatus banate hain (Fig. 6.3).

Definition
Stomatal apparatus

Ek stomatal pore, uske do guard cells aur unhe gherne wale subsidiary cells, sab milakar.

ExampleHibiscus leaf ki lower epidermis ko peel karo, to aise darjanon stomata dikhenge.

4/5Pore + guard cells + subsidiary cells = stomatal apparatus.

Fig. 6.3Upar se dekha gaya ek stoma.NCERT Fig. 6.1 · p. 72

Upar se dekha gaya leaf epidermis ka ek hissa, labels right side par. Pehle step mein hare chloroplasts wale do bean jaise guard cells irregular epidermal cells ke beech ek khule oval pore ko gherte hain. Doosre step mein pore ki taraf wali moti walls highlight hoti hain aur unpar label lagta hai, aur patli bahari walls par bhi label lagta hai. Teesre step mein dono guard cells paas aa jaate hain aur pore sikud kar slit ban jaata hai, label: pore band, guard cells ne paani kho diya. Chauthe step mein guard cells ke dono taraf ke do crescent jaise cells rang diye jaate hain aur unka label subsidiary cells hai, aur ek dashed outline poore stomatal apparatus ko mark karti hai. Paanchve step mein guard cells ki jagah patle dumb-bell jaise cells aa jaate hain jo slit jaise pore ko gherte hain, label grass stoma.

Epidermal cells hairs bhi ugate hain, aur shoot aur root ke hairs ulte kaam karte hain. Shoot ke hairs, yaani trichomes, aksar kai cells se bane hote hain; yeh branched ya unbranched, soft ya stiff ho sakte hain, aur kuch substances secrete karte hain. Inki ek parat surface ke paas thami hui, nam hawa ko roke rakhti hai aur isse transpiration se paani ka loss dheema hota hai. Iske ulat, root hair ek single epidermal cell hai jo khinch kar lambi patli tube ban gaya hai. Hazaaron root hairs us surface ko badha dete hain jisse root mitti ka paani aur ghule hue minerals leti hai.

Example 6.1

Count se stomata per square millimetre tak

High power par, school microscope ka field of view 0.40 mm chauda ek circle hota hai. Ek leaf ke peels mein lower surface par teen fields mein 22, 26 aur 24 stomata dikhte hain, aur upper surface par 4, 6 aur 5. Har surface par per square millimetre stomata ki sankhya nikalo, aur batao ki lower surface par kitne guna zyaada hain.

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Stoma ke guard cells ke features ka kaun sa pair hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (A) Chloroplasts hote hain; pore ki taraf wali wall moti

Guard cells mein, baaki epidermal cells ke ulat, chloroplasts hote hain, aur inki moti wall woh hai jo pore ki taraf hai. Pore se door wali bahari wall patli hoti hai.

6.1.2 Ground Tissue System

Young stem ka zyaadatar hissa na skin hai na plumbing. Yeh filling ground tissue hai, aur ise exclusion se define kiya jaata hai: har woh tissue jo na epidermis hai aur na kisi vascular bundle ka hissa, isi mein aata hai. Iske building materials teen simple tissues hain: parenchyma, collenchyma aur sclerenchyma (Fig. 6.4).

Leaf mein ground tissue mesophyll hai: thin-walled, chloroplasts se bhara parenchyma jahan plant ka zyaadatar photosynthesis hota hai. Primary stems aur roots mein bhi parenchyma hi chhaaya rehta hai, jo cortex, pericycle, pith aur medullary rays (bundles ke beech tissue ki pattiyan) banata hai; yeh sab tum Section 6.2 mein dekhoge. Jahan bhi support chahiye, wahan collenchyma aur sclerenchyma bhi shaamil ho jaate hain.

Definition
Ground tissue system

Kisi organ ke epidermis aur vascular bundles ke alawa saare tissues: stems aur roots ke cortex, pericycle, pith aur medullary rays, aur leaves ka mesophyll.

3/3Sclerenchyma: moti lignified walls, mature hone par aksar dead.

Fig. 6.4Background: ground tissue banane wale teen simple tissues.

Saath-saath rakhe saat-saat cells ke teen clusters, har ek ka naam neeche likha hai. Pehle step mein sirf left cluster dikhta hai: patli walls wale gol hare parenchyma cells jinke beech chhote gaps hain, label thin walls. Doosre step mein beech ka cluster aata hai: bina gaps ke packed chhe sides wale collenchyma cells, har corner par gehre thickenings ke saath, label thick corners. Teesre step mein right cluster aata hai: bahut moti orange walls aur beech mein sirf chhoti si jagah wale sclerenchyma cells, label thick, lignified.

6.1.3 Vascular Tissue System

Vascular system plant ki plumbing hai. Yeh do complex tissues, xylem aur phloem, se bana hai jo vascular bundles naam ke strands mein saath-saath chalte hain. Bundles ko sort karne ke liye unke baare mein do sawaal poochhe jaate hain (Fig. 6.5).

Xylem aur phloem kahan hain? Socho ki organ ke centre se spokes bahar ki taraf ja rahe hain. Root mein xylem aur phloem alag patches banate hain jo centre ke chaaron taraf baari-baari se aate hain, har ek apne alag spoke par: yeh radial arrangement hai. Stems aur leaves mein xylem ka ek patch aur phloem ka ek patch ek hi spoke share karte hain aur ek single bundle banate hain: yeh conjoint arrangement hai, jismein phloem aksar sirf xylem ki bahari side par hota hai.Jis conjoint bundle mein phloem sirf xylem ke bahar ho, use collateral kehte hain. Pumpkin family ke stems mein phloem dono taraf hota hai (bicollateral). Yeh dono terms current NCERT text se aage ke hain.

Kya cambium hai? Open aur closed bundle ke future ko describe karte hain. Open bundle apne phloem aur xylem ke beech cambium ki ek patli strip rakhta hai, isliye woh secondary xylem aur phloem jodta reh sakta hai; dicot stems ke bundles open hote hain. Closed bundle mein cambium nahi hota aur woh kabhi secondary tissues nahi banayega; monocot bundles closed hote hain.

Definition
Vascular bundle

Xylem aur phloem ka ek strand. Arrangement ke hisaab se yeh radial (alag radii par alag patches) ya conjoint (same radius par) hota hai; cambium ke hisaab se open (cambium hai) ya closed (cambium nahi) hota hai.

3/3Inke beech cambium ki ek strip jodo to bundle open ho jaata hai, jaise dicot stems mein.

Fig. 6.5Xylem aur phloem kahan hain, isi se bundle type tay hota hai.NCERT Fig. 6.2 · p. 73

Ek circle aar-paar kate organ ko dikhata hai, jiske centre se spokes jaisi dashed lines nikalti hain, aur xylem, phloem aur cambium ka legend hai. Pehle step mein chaar laal xylem arms aur chaar neele phloem patches baari-baari ke spokes par hain, label radial: xylem aur phloem alag radii par, roots mein milta hai. Doosre step mein chhe bundles aate hain, har ek mein ek laal xylem patch aur ek neela phloem patch same spoke par, phloem kinare ke zyaada paas, label conjoint, closed: cambium nahi, monocots. Teesre step mein har bundle mein phloem aur xylem ke beech cambium ki patli peeli strip aati hai, label conjoint, open: dicot stems mein milta hai.

Table 6.1Vascular bundle ke types
TypeXylem aur phloemCambiumAksar kahan milta hai
Radialbaari-baari ke radii par alag patchesnahi hota (dicot roots baad mein ek banate hain)roots
Conjoint, closedek radius par saath, phloem baharnahi hotamonocot stems; zyaadatar leaves
Conjoint, openek radius par saath, phloem baharphloem aur xylem ke beech ek stripdicot stems
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Ek bundle mein xylem aur phloem same radius par hain aur unke beech cambium ki ek strip hai. Yeh bundle hai:
Answer dekho

Answer (C) conjoint aur open

Same radius ka matlab conjoint; cambium ka matlab open. Radial bundles mein xylem aur phloem alag radii par hote hain.

6.2 Dicotyledonous aur Monocotyledonous Plants ki Anatomy

Organs ko theek se compare karne ke liye botanists transverse sections (T.S.) kaatte hain, yaani long axis ke right angle par patli slices, har organ ke mature region se, jahan tissues ban chuke hote hain. Leaf blade ko uski chaudai ke aar-paar kaata jaata hai, jisse ek vertical section milta hai jo dono surfaces dikhata hai. Phir har section ko bahar se andar ki taraf padha jaata hai. Neeche ke chhe sections dekhte hue notice karo ki dicots aur monocots mein kaun si layers same rehti hain aur kaun si badalti hain: yahi badlaav section ki pehchaan karate hain.

6.2.1 Dicotyledonous Root

Gram (chana) seedling ki root ka, tip se thoda peeche, ek patla transverse section lo (Fig. 6.7). Andar ki taraf padhte hue tum ek skin, ek chauda cortex aur phir ek compact central core paar karte ho. Skin epiblema hai, jo root ka epidermis wala version hai, aur iske kai cells khinch kar root hairs ban jaate hain, har ek single cell. Chauda cortex loose, thin-walled parenchyma hai jiske cells ke beech air spaces hote hain.

Cortex ek aisi layer par khatam hota hai jo baaki cortex se bilkul alag hai: endodermis (अंतस्त्वचा). Yahan barrel jaise cells ek unbroken ring mein jude hote hain, ek bhi air space ke bina. Inki walls se hokar Casparian strip guzarti hai, jo suberin ki ek band hai; suberin ek waxy substance hai jise paani paar nahi kar sakta (Fig. 6.6).NCERT in strips ko tangential aur radial walls par batata hai. Plant anatomists is band ko aur sateek roop se radial aur transverse walls par locate karte hain, yaani woh walls jo root surface ke right angle par hain; T.S. mein yeh radial walls par dikhti hai. NCERT-based exams mein NCERT ki wording ki hi ummeed rakho.

2/3Padosi cells ke beech ki walls se hokar suberin ki ek band guzarti hai.

Fig. 6.6Root ki endodermis.

Cells ki teen rows par label hain: upar cortex, beech mein endodermis aur neeche pericycle. Pehle step mein endodermis chaar barrel jaise cells ki ek row hai jo bina air spaces ke jude hain, jabki upar cortex mein gaps wale gol cells hain. Doosre step mein padosi endodermal cells ke beech har side wall mein ek gehri band aati hai, label Casparian strip, walls mein suberin ki ek band. Teesre step mein cortex se neeche do arrows chalte hain: cell walls ke saath chalta ek dashed arrow strip par ek cross se ruk jaata hai, label wall route: blocked, jabki ek solid arrow ek endodermal cell ke andar se seedha pericycle tak jaata hai, label cell route: allowed.

Endodermis ke andar sab kuch milkar stele banata hai, jo root ka central cylinder hai. Iski sabse bahari layer pericycle (परिरंभ) hai, jise NCERT thick-walled parenchyma ki kuch layers batata hai. Pericycle cells ab bhi divide ho sakte hain, isliye isi layer se lateral roots nikalte hain aur, jab root moti hone lagti hai, to vascular cambium ka kuch hissa bhi yahin se banta hai.

Ab xylem patches gino. Dicot root mein aksar sirf do se chaar hote hain, jo utne hi phloem patches ke saath baari-baari se aate hain: yeh Section 6.1.3 wala radial arrangement hai. Har xylem patch mein patla protoxylem bahari tip par hota hai aur chauda metaxylem centre ki taraf, yeh exarch condition hai. Conjunctive tissue naam ka parenchyma patches ke beech ke gaps bharta hai, aur centre mein pith bahut kam ya bilkul nahi hota. Puraani roots mein xylem aur phloem ke beech cambium ban jaata hai, aur root secondary growth shuru karti hai.

Definition
Stele

Root ya stem ka central cylinder: endodermis ke andar ke saare tissues, yaani pericycle, vascular tissues, conjunctive tissue (roots mein) aur pith.

4/5Dicot: 2–4 xylem patches phloem ke saath baari-baari se; protoxylem bahar ki taraf; pith chhota.

Fig. 6.7Bahar se andar padhi gayi ek root.NCERT Fig. 6.3 · p. 74

Left mein ek gol root section aur right mein labels, aur neeche right mein dicot root ya monocot root likha hai. Pehle step mein sirf bahari hari ring, yaani epiblema, dikhti hai, jisse root hairs bahar nikle hain. Doosre step mein gol cells ka chauda cortex circle ko bhar deta hai. Teesre step mein do andar ki rings aati hain: orange endodermis aur uske theek andar purple pericycle, jo ek halke central stele ko gherte hain. Chauthe step mein stele bhar jaata hai: cross ki shape mein chaar laal xylem arms, jinki bahari tips par chhote protoxylem dots hain, arms ke beech chaar neele phloem patches aur ek chhota sa pith; label hai xylem: 2 se 4 patches. Paanchve step mein, jiska label monocot root hai, stele mein ek bade pith ke chaaron taraf lagbhag das chhote xylem patches das phloem patches ke saath baari-baari se dikhte hain.

6.2.2 Monocotyledonous Root

Maize ki root ko isi tarah kaato to tissues ka wahi sequence dikhta hai: root hairs wala epiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, radial vascular bundles aur pith (Fig. 6.7 ka last step). Do farq saaf dikhte hain. Xylem patches kaafi zyaada hote hain, aksar chhe se zyaada (polyarch condition), aur central pith chauda aur saaf dikhne wala hota hai. Teesra farq young section mein nahi dikhta: monocot roots mein kabhi secondary growth nahi hoti.

Table 6.2Dicot aur monocot roots ki tulna
FeatureDicot root (gram)Monocot root (maize)
Xylem patches2 se 4aksar 6 se zyaada (polyarch)
Pithchhota ya mushkil se dikhta haibada aur achhi tarah developed
Cambiumbaad mein banta hai, xylem aur phloem ke beechkabhi nahi banta
Secondary growthhoti hainahi hoti
Common layersepiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, radial bundleswahi
Example 6.2

Kya yeh root hai, aur kis tarah ki?

Ek slide par sirf T.S. likha hai. Usmein dikhta hai: koi cuticle nahi; kuch bahari cells par single-celled hairs; ghane packed cells ki ek andar wali ring jinki side walls mein gehre dots hain; nau xylem patches jo nau phloem patches ke saath baari-baari se hain; aur thin-walled cells ka chauda centre. Section ko identify karo aur batao ki tumhari reasoning ka har step kaun sa feature tay karta hai.

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Dicot root ke tissues ko surface se centre tak order mein lagao.
  1. Xylem aur phloem
  2. Pericycle
  3. Cortex
  4. Epiblema
  5. Endodermis
  6. Pith
Answer dekho
Answer
  1. Epiblema
  2. Cortex
  3. Endodermis
  4. Pericycle
  5. Xylem aur phloem
  6. Pith
Epiblema, cortex, endodermis (cortex ki last layer), pericycle, radial xylem aur phloem patches, aur aakhir mein ek chhota pith.

6.2.3 Dicotyledonous Stem

Ab ek young sunflower stem ko aar-paar kaato (Fig. 6.8). Skin jaani-pehchaani hai: patli cuticle wali epidermis, kuch bikhre trichomes aur thode stomata. Root se farq iske theek neeche shuru hota hai, jahan epidermis se pericycle tak faila cortex teen zones mein bata hota hai.

  • Hypodermis, bahari zone: kuch cells gehri collenchyma ki band, jiske corner thickenings young stem ko bina bhurbhura banaye strength dete hain.
  • Cortical parenchyma, beech ka zone: loosely packed, patli walls wale gol cells jinke beech khoob hawa hoti hai.
  • Endodermis, andar ki boundary: ek single layer jiske cells starch grains se bhare hote hain, isiliye stem ki endodermis ko starch sheath bhi kehte hain.

Iske baad vascular bundles aate hain, kaafi saare, jo ek single ring mein lage hote hain: yahi woh ek feature hai jisse dicot stem ek nazar mein pehchana jaata hai. Har bundle ke phloem ke upar sclerenchyma ki ek half-moon (semi-lunar) cap hoti hai; is stem mein pericycle isi roop mein dikhta hai. Andar har bundle conjoint aur open hai: phloem bahar, cambium beech mein, xylem andar, aur protoxylem centre ki taraf (endarch). Padosi bundles ke beech ke gaps ko medullary rays jodti hain, jo radius ke saath line mein lage parenchyma cells ki kuch layers hain. Stem ka poora beech ka hissa gol parenchyma cells ka ek bada pith (मज्जा) hai, jinke beech chaude spaces hote hain.

5/5Poora dekhne par bundles ek single ring banate hain.

Fig. 6.8Surface se centre tak ek dicot stem.NCERT Fig. 6.4 · p. 75

Tissue ki ek lambi strip upar stem surface se neeche centre tak jaati hai, dono taraf labels ke saath; neeche left mein poore stem ka ek chhota circle dikhata hai ki strip kahan se kaati gayi. Pehle step mein labels trichome, orange cuticle aur epidermis ke naam batate hain. Doosre step mein moti corners wale collenchyma ki hypodermis, gol cells ka cortex, aur gehre starch grains wale cells ki endodermis yaani starch sheath par label lagte hain. Teesre step mein ek bundle par bahar se andar label lagte hain: thick-walled sclerenchyma ki pericycle cap, neela phloem, patla peela cambium aur laal xylem jiske sabse chhote vessels centre ke sabse paas hain, note: protoxylem inward. Chauthe step mein bundle ke bagal ke medullary ray cells aur neeche ke bade pith cells par label lagte hain. Paanchve step mein poore stem wale circle ke bundles ubhar kar dikhte hain aur unka label ring of bundles hai.

6.2.4 Monocotyledonous Stem

Maize stem bilkul alag dikhta hai (Fig. 6.9). Epidermis ke neeche collenchyma nahi, sclerenchyma ki hypodermis hoti hai. Koi ring nahi hoti: kai vascular bundles parenchymatous ground tissue ke ek bade hisse mein bikhre hote hain, isliye cortex aur pith ke beech koi saaf boundary nahi hoti aur medullary rays bhi nahi hoti. Kinare ke paas ke bundles chhote aur ghane hote hain; centre ki taraf wale bade aur door-door hote hain.

2/3Kai bikhre bundles: kinare ke paas chhote, centre ke paas bade.

Fig. 6.9Monocot stem: koi ring nahi, alag cortex aur pith nahi.NCERT Fig. 6.4 · p. 75

Ek gol stem section, labels right side par. Pehle step mein sirf bahari layers dikhti hain: hari epidermis aur uske theek andar sclerenchyma ki orange ring jiska label hypodermis hai, jo ek saadi halki filling ko gherti hai. Doosre step mein filling mein darjanon chhote bundles bikhre dikhte hain, har ek orange kinare wala laal circle jiski bahari side par chhota neela phloem patch hai; kinare ke paas wale chhote aur ghane hain, centre ke paas wale bade aur door-door, label scattered bundles. Teesre step mein bundles thode halke ho jaate hain aur filling ko rang kar label diya jaata hai ground tissue: no cortex or pith.

Har bundle sclerenchyma ki ek bundle sheath mein lipta hota hai aur conjoint aur closed hota hai: cambium nahi hota, isliye stem secondary growth se mota nahi ho sakta. Pehchaan mein do baarik details madad karti hain: bundle mein phloem parenchyma nahi hota, aur protoxylem ke paas ek paani wali cavity hoti hai (Fig. 6.10).Yeh cavity tab banti hai jab sabse pehle bane protoxylem elements khinch kar toot jaate hain; ise aksar lysigenous cavity kehte hain.

4/4Protoxylem ke paas ek water cavity, aur cambium nahi: closed.

Fig. 6.10Har tarah ke stem se ek bundle.

Left mein ek bada kiya hua bundle aur right mein labels; pehle bundle ke neeche ek arrow stem ke centre ki taraf ishaara karta hai. Pehle step mein dicot stem bundle par upar se neeche label lagte hain: pericycle ki orange sclerenchyma cap, neela phloem, cambium cells ki peeli row aur laal xylem jiske vessels centre ki taraf chhote hote jaate hain. Doosre step mein andar wale sire ke sabse chhote vessels ka label protoxylem inside: endarch hai, aur bundle ka label has cambium: open. Teesre step mein picture monocot stem bundle mein badal jaati hai: moti orange sclerenchyma bundle sheath upar phloem ko gherti hai, label without phloem parenchyma, saath-saath do bade metaxylem vessels aur unke neeche chhota protoxylem. Chauthe step mein protoxylem ke neeche ek dashed cavity ka label water cavity hai, aur bundle ka label no cambium: closed.

Table 6.3Dicot aur monocot stems ki tulna
FeatureDicot stem (sunflower)Monocot stem (maize)
Hypodermiscollenchymasclerenchyma
Ground tissuecortex, endodermis, pericycle, medullary rays aur pith alag-alag hote hainek bina bata hua ground tissue
Bundles ka arrangementek single ringbikhre hue
Bundle typeconjoint, openconjoint, closed
Har bundle ke chaaron tarafphloem ke upar sclerenchyma cap (pericycle)sclerenchymatous bundle sheath
Phloem parenchymahota hainahi hota
Bundle mein water cavitynahi hotihoti hai
Bundle sizelagbhag barabarkinare ki taraf chhote
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Ek section mein collenchymatous hypodermis, starch sheath aur bundles ki single ring dikhti hai. Yeh hai:
Answer dekho

Answer (B) dicot stem

Epidermis ke neeche collenchyma, starch sheath aur conjoint bundles ki ring milkar dicot stem ki pehchaan hain. Monocot stem mein sclerenchymatous hypodermis aur bikhre bundles hote hain.

6.2.5 Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf

Aam ki leaf ke do alag chehre hote hain: gehri, chamakdaar upper side aur halki lower side. Aisi leaf dorsiventral kehlati hai. Dono sides alag kyun hain, yeh dekhne ke liye blade ke aar-paar ek patla vertical section kaato (Fig. 6.11). Teen regions dikhte hain: epidermis, mesophyll aur vascular system.

Upar se shuru karo. Ek saaf dikhne wali cuticle adaxial epidermis ko dhakti hai, jo upper layer hai; iska yeh naam isliye hai kyunki yeh stem ki taraf wali side par hoti hai. Is layer mein stomata kam hote hain, aur kai leaves mein bilkul nahi hote.

Iske neeche mesophyll hota hai, chloroplasts se bhara parenchyma jo leaf ka photosynthesis karta hai, aur yeh do zones mein hota hai. Pehle aata hai palisade parenchyma: lambe, patle cells jo baad (fence) ke khambon ki tarah saath-saath seedhe khade hote hain. Phir, neeche lower epidermis tak, spongy parenchyma: gol ya oval cells jo bade air spaces aur cavities ke aas-paas loosely packed hote hain.

Sabse neeche abaxial epidermis hai, jis par bhi cuticle hoti hai. Leaf ke zyaadatar stomata aksar isi mein hote hain, aur har stoma spongy layer ki ek air cavity mein khulta hai.

Mesophyll ke beech se veins guzarti hain, moti midrib se lekar sabse baarik branches tak, aur har vein mein ek vascular bundle hota hai. Dicot leaf ki veins alag-alag motai ka ek network banati hain (reticulate venation), isliye iske bundles ke size mein bahut farq hota hai: moti vein mein bada bundle, baarik vein mein chhota. Thick-walled cells ki ek sheath, yaani bundle sheath, har bundle ko gherti hai.

5/5Vein mein ek bundle sheath bundle ko gherti hai: xylem upar, phloem neeche.

Fig. 6.11Upar se neeche tak ek dorsiventral leaf.NCERT Fig. 6.5 · p. 76

Leaf tissue ki ek chaudi strip, right aur neeche labels ke saath, aur ek dashed frame us hisse ko mark karta hai jiski baat ho rahi hai. Pehle step mein dono epidermal layers frame mein hain: upar orange cuticle wali upper yaani adaxial epidermis, aur patli cuticle wali lower yaani abaxial epidermis. Doosre step mein upper epidermis ke theek neeche ke lambe, seedhe khade palisade parenchyma cells frame karke label kiye jaate hain. Teesre step mein bade air spaces wale loose, gol spongy parenchyma cells frame karke label kiye jaate hain. Chauthe step mein lower epidermis ka ek stoma, do chhote guard cells, aur uske theek upar ki cavity frame karke label kiye jaate hain. Paanchve step mein ek gol vein bundle frame mein aata hai: bundle sheath cells ki ek ring upper half mein laal xylem aur lower half mein neele phloem ko gherti hai.

6.2.6 Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf

Maize ya wheat ki leaf ko roshni ki taraf utha kar dekho: iske dono chehre kaafi milte-julte dikhte hain. Aisi leaf isobilateral kehlati hai. Iska section kaato to dorsiventral leaf ke teeno regions milte hain, lekin do cheezein badal jaati hain (Fig. 6.12). Ab stomata dono epidermal layers, upper aur lower, mein bikhre hote hain, aur mesophyll spongy layer ke upar palisade layer ki jagah ek hi uniform tissue hota hai.

Venation section mein bhi dikhti hai. Monocot leaves mein parallel venation hoti hai, isliye main veins ke bundles ke alawa saare bundles lagbhag ek hi size ke hote hain, aur ek row mein lage hote hain.

3/3Veins ke beech upper epidermis mein bade, khaali bulliform cells.

Fig. 6.12Isobilateral leaf: dono chehre ek jaise.NCERT Fig. 6.5 · p. 76

Grass leaf tissue ki ek strip, labels right side par. Pehle step mein dashed frames upper epidermis ke ek stoma aur lower epidermis ke ek aur stoma ko mark karte hain, label stomata on both surfaces. Doosre step mein poora beech ka region frame mein aata hai: milte-julte shape ke gol mesophyll cells use bharte hain, label mesophyll not divided, aur neeche ek note kehta hai ki teeno vein bundles lagbhag same size ke hain. Teesre step mein do veins ke beech upper epidermis mein teen bade, khaali dikhne wale cells ka group frame karke label kiya jaata hai bulliform cells, bade aur khaali.

Kisi garam, sookhi dopahar ko maize ke khet par nazar daalo: kai leaves mud kar tube ban gayi hain. Iski wajah upper epidermis mein hai. Veins ke saath-saath kuch adaxial epidermal cells apne padosiyon se kaafi bade hote hain aur khaali aur rang-heen dikhte hain: yeh bulliform cells hain. Paani se bhare (turgid) hone par yeh blade ko flat faila kar rakhte hain. Jab paani kam pad jaata hai to yeh turgor kho dete hain (flaccid ho jaate hain), upper side sikud jaati hai, aur blade andar ki taraf roll ho jaata hai, upper surface andar chhupi rehti hai (Fig. 6.13). Rolled leaf kam surface kholti hai aur isliye kam paani khoti hai.

3/3Blade andar ki taraf roll ho jaata hai, upper surface chhupa kar paani bachata hai.

Fig. 6.13Bulliform cells aur leaf ka rolling.

Poora grass leaf blade cross-section mein ek moti hari band ki tarah bana hai, jiske centre ke neeche midrib ka ubhaar hai aur ek dashed line uski upper surface mark karti hai. Pehle step mein, jiska label water plenty hai, blade flat hai aur upper side par bulliform cells ke chaar chhote pankhe poore size mein khade hain, label bulliform cells turgid. Doosre step mein, label water short, ek sooraj aata hai aur bulliform cells sikud jaate hain, label bulliform cells flaccid. Teesre step mein, label leaf rolled inward, blade ke dono halves midrib ke chaaron taraf mud kar tube ban jaate hain, dashed upper surface andar ki taraf, aur note kehta hai ki upper side andar chhupi hai: paani bachta hai.

Definition
Bulliform cells

Grass leaves ki upper epidermis mein veins ke saath bade, khaali, rang-heen cells. Jab yeh paani khote hain to leaf andar ki taraf roll ho jaati hai, jisse water loss kam hota hai.

Table 6.4Dorsiventral aur isobilateral leaves ki tulna
FeatureDorsiventral (dicot) leafIsobilateral (monocot) leaf
Stomatalower surface par zyaada; upper par shayad ek bhi nahidono surfaces par
Mesophyllupar palisade, neeche spongydifferentiated nahi
Bundle sizesbahut alag-alag (reticulate venation)lagbhag barabar, main veins ko chhodkar (parallel venation)
Bulliform cellsnahi hotegrasses mein, upper epidermis mein hote hain
Examplesaam, hibiscusmaize, wheat
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Aam ki leaf ke vascular bundle mein xylem kahan hota hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (D) upper (adaxial) surface ki taraf

Leaf bundle stem bundle ki ek branch hai jo bahar ki taraf mud gayi hai. Stem mein xylem centre ki taraf hota hai, aur jab bundle mud kar leaf mein aata hai to wahi side upper (adaxial) side ban jaati hai, isliye phloem lower surface ki taraf hota hai.
InteractiveSection jasoos

Ek bina label wale plant section ki drawing, jo chhe kinds mein se random chuna jaata hai: dicot root, monocot root, dicot stem, monocot stem, dicot leaf aur monocot leaf, aur har baar xylem patches ya bundles ki sankhya jaisi details badalti hain. Neeche chhe buttons par chhe kinds ke naam hain. Chunne ke baad sahi button par outline aa jaati hai, agar tumhara choice galat tha to woh mark ho jaata hai, aur ek feedback box farq samjhata hai aur section ke chaar pehchaan wale features ki list deta hai. Next section button ek naya section banata hai, aur ek running score sahi answers ginta hai.

Fig. 6.14Ek bina label wala section dikhta hai. Tay karo ki yeh chhe mein se kaun sa hai, phir giveaways padho. Doosre section ke liye Next section dabao; har chhe rounds mein saare chhe kinds aa jaate hain.
Flash cards · 9

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Recap

Summary aur key points

  1. Anatomy internal structure ki study hai: cells se tissues bante hain, tissues se organs, aur tissues position aur kaam ke hisaab se teen systems mein group hote hain: epidermal, ground (fundamental) aur vascular (conducting) (Section 6.1).
  2. Epidermis aksar compact parenchyma cells ki ek layer hoti hai; zameen ke upar ise ek waxy cuticle dhakti hai, lekin roots mein nahi (Section 6.1.1).
  3. Stomatal apparatus mein pore, do guard cells (bean jaise, ya grasses mein dumb-bell jaise; chloroplasts ke saath; moti andar wali walls) aur subsidiary cells hote hain (Section 6.1.1).
  4. Root hairs single cells hain jo paani aur minerals absorb karte hain; shoot trichomes aksar multicellular hote hain aur water loss kam karte hain (Section 6.1.1).
  5. Ground tissue mein epidermis aur bundles ke alawa sab kuch aata hai: cortex, pericycle, pith aur medullary rays, aur leaves mein mesophyll (Section 6.1.2).
  6. Vascular bundles radial (roots) ya conjoint (stems, leaves) hote hain, aur open (cambium ke saath, dicot stems) ya closed (monocots) (Section 6.1.3).
  7. Dicot root: epiblema, cortex, Casparian strips wali endodermis, pericycle, do se chaar radial xylem patches, chhota pith; stele endodermis ke andar ka sab kuch hai (Section 6.2.1).
  8. Monocot root: wahi layers, lekin polyarch (chhe se zyaada xylem patches), bada pith aur koi secondary growth nahi (Section 6.2.2).
  9. Dicot stem: collenchymatous hypodermis, starch sheath, sclerenchyma caps, conjoint open endarch bundles ki ring, medullary rays aur bada pith (Section 6.2.3).
  10. Monocot stem: sclerenchymatous hypodermis aur bina bate ground tissue mein bikhre closed bundles, jinmein sclerenchyma sheaths aur water cavities hoti hain aur phloem parenchyma nahi hota (Section 6.2.4).
  11. Dorsiventral leaf: stomata zyaadatar neeche, spongy ke upar palisade mesophyll, aur alag-alag size ke bundles jinka xylem upper side ki taraf hota hai (Section 6.2.5).
  12. Isobilateral leaf: dono surfaces par stomata, bina bata mesophyll, lagbhag same size ke bundles aur, grasses mein, bulliform cells jo sookhe mein leaf ko roll kar dete hain (Section 6.2.6).
Practice · 17 questions

Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)

  1. DiagramMediumNCERT Exercises Q1

    Labelled sketches banao jo neeche diye sections ke farq ko saaf dikhayein. Har circle ka ek chauthai hissa kaafi hai, lekin jo bhi layer banao us par label lagao.

    1. Gram (dicot) root aur maize (monocot) root.

      Solution dikhao
      • Dono: root hairs wala epiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle aur radial bundles, jinmein xylem aur phloem patches baari-baari se hote hain.
      • Gram: do se chaar xylem patches (chaar banao) jinki bahari tips par protoxylem ho, utne hi phloem patches, aur bahut chhota pith.
      • Maize: bahut saare xylem patches (kam se kam aath banao) jo ek bade central pith ke chaaron taraf phloem ke saath baari-baari se hon.
      • Dono farq label karo: xylem patches ki sankhya aur pith ka size. Fig. 6.7 ke last do steps compare karo.

    2. Sunflower (dicot) stem aur maize (monocot) stem.

      Solution dikhao
      • Sunflower: cuticle wali epidermis, collenchymatous hypodermis, cortical parenchyma, starch sheath, sclerenchyma caps, cambium wale conjoint open bundles ki ring, medullary rays aur bada pith.
      • Maize: epidermis, sclerenchymatous hypodermis, aur continuous ground tissue mein bikhre closed bundles (kinare ke paas chhote), har ek sclerenchyma sheath mein aur water cavity ke saath.
      • Farq label karo: hypodermis, bundles ka arrangement, cambium, bundle sheath, aur cortex aur pith alag hain ya nahi. Fig. 6.8 aur Fig. 6.9 dekho.
  2. ActivityMediumNCERT Exercises Q2

    Tum apne school garden ke ek plant ke young stem ka patla transverse section kaat kar microscope mein dekhte ho. Chaar observations batao jinse pata chalega ki plant monocot hai ya dicot, aur har ek kya dikhayega.

    Solution dikhao
    • Bundles ka arrangement: single ring ka matlab dicot; poore mein bikhre bundles ka matlab monocot. Yeh sabse jaldi wala test hai.
    • Hypodermis: moti corners wala collenchyma ho to dicot; sclerenchyma (moti walls jo safranin se laal stain hoti hain) ho to monocot.
    • Bundle ke andar: phloem aur xylem ke beech cambium ki strip (open) ho to dicot; cambium nahi lekin sclerenchyma sheath aur water cavity (closed) ho to monocot.
    • Ground tissue: alag dikhne wale cortex, endodermis, medullary rays aur pith ho to dicot; ek continuous ground tissue ho to monocot.

    Young stem use karo: puraane dicot stem mein secondary growth primary pattern ko chhupa degi.

  3. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q3

    Ek transverse section mein dikhta hai: (i) lagbhag barah xylem patches jo lagbhag barah phloem patches ke saath baari-baari se hain; (ii) ek bada central pith; (iii) Casparian strips wali endodermis. Section ko identify karo.

    Solution dikhao

    Baari-baari se aate alag xylem aur phloem patches radial bundles hain, jo roots mein milte hain; Casparian strips wali endodermis root hone ki pushti karti hai. Barah xylem patches polyarch (chhe se zyaada) hain, aur pith bada hai, isliye yeh monocot root hai, jaise maize ki.

  4. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q4

    Stomata ke baare mein in sawaalon ke jawab do.

    1. Stomatal apparatus term mein kya-kya shaamil hai?

      Solution dikhao

      Stomatal pore, use gherne wale do guard cells, aur guard cells ke aas-paas ke subsidiary cells (specialised epidermal cells).

    2. Wheat leaf ke stomata hibiscus leaf ke stomata se kaise alag hain? Ek stoma banao aur label karo, aur samjhao ki uske guard cells ki walls mein kya anokha hai.

      Solution dikhao
      • Hibiscus (dicot): do bean jaise guard cells. Wheat (ek grass): dumb-bell jaise guard cells, beech mein patle aur siron par phoole hue.
      • Dono ke guard cells mein chloroplasts hote hain aur unke bagal mein subsidiary cells hote hain.
      • Guard cell ki pore ki taraf wali wall thick hoti hai aur bahari wall thin; yahi asamaan thickening guard cells ko shape badalne aur pore kholne ya band karne deti hai.
      • Sketch ke labels: epidermal cell, subsidiary cell, guard cell, chloroplast, thick inner wall, stomatal pore (Fig. 6.3 se compare karo).
  5. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q5

    Flowering plant ke tissues ko tissue systems mein sort karo.

    1. Teeno tissue systems ke naam batao aur har ek mein kaun se tissues ya structures hain.

      Solution dikhao
      • Epidermal system: epidermal cells, cuticle, stomata (guard aur subsidiary cells), root hairs aur trichomes.
      • Ground (fundamental) system: parenchyma, collenchyma aur sclerenchyma, jo cortex, pericycle, pith aur medullary rays banate hain; leaves mein mesophyll.
      • Vascular (conducting) system: vascular bundles mein xylem aur phloem, aur open bundles mein cambium.

    2. Har structure ko uske tissue system se match karo.

      Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

      Answer dekho
      Answer
      • Trichomes : Epidermal
      • Medullary rays : Ground
      • Sieve tubes : Vascular
      Trichomes epidermis se ugte hain; medullary rays ground tissue ka parenchyma hain; sieve tubes phloem ka hissa hain.
  6. Long answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q6

    Ek timber depot, herbal medicines test karne wali ek laboratory aur ek crop-breeding station, teeno mein plant anatomists kaam karte hain. Har ek ki anatomy kaise madad karti hai, iska ek tarika samjhao, aur plant anatomy ka ek aur use batao.

    Solution dikhao
    • Timber depot: wood xylem hai, aur iske vessels, fibres aur rays ka size aur arrangement species ki pehchaan karata hai. Isse teak ke naam par bechi ja rahi sasti wood pakdi jaati hai aur strength aur durability ka andaaza lagta hai.
    • Herbal-medicine laboratory: powder wali drug ko aankh se nahi pehchana ja sakta, lekin uske cells ko pehchana ja sakta hai. Stomata, trichomes, fibres aur crystals ke types batate hain ki powder sahi plant ka hai ya usmein milawat hai.
    • Crop breeding: moti cuticle, kam stomata, bulliform cells ya mazboot sclerenchyma jaise features breeders ko aisi varieties chunne mein madad karte hain jo sookha jhel sakein ya lodging (gir jaana) se bachein.
    • Aur uses: anatomy plants ko classify karne aur unke rishte trace karne ke liye evidence deti hai, samjhati hai ki plants apne habitats ke hisaab se kaise adapt hue hain, aur forensic experts ko plant ke tukde pehchanne mein madad karti hai.
  7. Long answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q7

    Aam ki leaf ke blade ke aar-paar ek patla vertical section kaata gaya hai.

    1. Do veins ke beech ki layers ke naam upper se lower surface tak order mein batao, aur har ek ko ek line mein describe karo.

      Solution dikhao
      1. Cuticle: ek waxy layer jo water loss kam karti hai.
      2. Adaxial (upper) epidermis: compact cells ki ek layer jismein stomata kam hote hain ya nahi hote.
      3. Palisade parenchyma: lambe, seedhe khade cells jo saath-saath packed hote hain aur chloroplasts se bhare hote hain.
      4. Spongy parenchyma: gol, loosely packed cells jinke beech bade air spaces hote hain.
      5. Abaxial (lower) epidermis: compact cells jismein kai stomata hote hain, har ek ek air cavity mein khulta hai.
      6. Lower surface par phir se cuticle.

    2. Ek chhoti vein se guzarte section ka sketch banao aur label karo ki xylem aur phloem kahan hain.

      Solution dikhao

      Mesophyll mein ek gol vascular bundle banao, jise thick-walled bundle sheath cells ki ring gherti ho. Upper (adaxial) surface ki taraf wale half mein xylem aur lower (abaxial) surface ki taraf wale half mein phloem label karo, jaise Fig. 6.11 ke last step mein hai.

    3. Sabse zyaada stomata dekhne ke liye tum kaun si epidermis peel karoge, aur spongy layer ke air spaces leaf ki kaise madad karte hain?

      Solution dikhao

      Lower (abaxial) epidermis peel karo, kyunki zyaadatar stomata usi par hote hain. Air spaces stomata se jude hote hain, isliye carbon dioxide aur oxygen mesophyll cells tak aur wahan se jaldi diffuse ho sakti hain.

  8. Quick answerEasy

    Casparian strips kiska feature hain?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (D) root ki endodermis

    Casparian strips root endodermis ki walls mein suberin ki bands hain. Dicot stem ka pericycle iske bajaye sclerenchyma caps banata hai.
  9. Quick answerMedium

    Assertion (A): Maize stem secondary growth se mota nahi hota. Reason (R): Maize stem ke vascular bundles closed hote hain.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) A aur R dono true hain, aur R, A ko sahi explain karta hai

    Closed bundles mein cambium nahi hota, aur cambium ke bina secondary xylem aur phloem nahi ban sakte, isliye R, A ko explain karta hai.
  10. Quick answerMedium

    Assertion (A): Root ki epidermis par cuticle nahi hoti. Reason (R): Cuticle root ko paani jaldi absorb karne mein madad karti.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) A true hai lekin R false hai

    A true hai. R false hai: waxy cuticle paani ko bahar rokti hai, aur isi wajah se absorb karne wali surface par cuticle nahi hoti.
  11. Quick answerMedium

    Sunflower stem ke transverse section mein tumhe kaun se features milne ki ummeed hai? Jo bhi sahi hon, sab chuno.

    Saare sahi options chuno
    Answer dekho
    Answer
    • (A) Collenchymatous hypodermis
    • (B) Conjoint open bundles ki ring
    • (D) Endarch protoxylem
    Dicot stem mein epidermis ke neeche collenchyma hota hai aur endarch protoxylem wale conjoint open bundles ki ring hoti hai. Bundle sheaths monocot stems mein hoti hain; polyarch radial bundles monocot roots mein.
  12. Quick answerMedium

    Har feature ko us section se match karo jiski woh pehchaan hai.

    Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

    Answer dekho
    Answer
    • Collenchymatous hypodermis : Dicot stem
    • Sclerenchymatous hypodermis : Monocot stem
    • Polyarch xylem, bada pith : Monocot root
    • Spongy ke upar palisade mesophyll : Dicot leaf
    Har feature is chapter ki comparison tables ka ek giveaway hai.
  13. Quick answerEasy

    Sunflower stem ki surface se centre tak jaate hue milne wale tissues ko order mein lagao.

    1. Hypodermis
    2. Pericycle
    3. Endodermis
    4. Cortical parenchyma
    5. Pith
    6. Vascular bundle
    7. Epidermis
    Answer dekho
    Answer
    1. Epidermis
    2. Hypodermis
    3. Cortical parenchyma
    4. Endodermis
    5. Pericycle
    6. Vascular bundle
    7. Pith
    Epidermis, cortex ke teen zones (hypodermis, parenchyma, endodermis), pericycle caps, bundles, aur centre mein pith.
  14. NumericalMedium

    High power par microscope ka field of view 0.50 mm chauda ek circle hai. Ek leaf ki lower epidermis ke peels mein har field mein average 30 stomata dikhte hain. Har square millimetre mein kitne stomata hain?

    per mm²
    Solution dikhao
    A=πr2=π(0.25 mm)2≈0.196 mm2
    300.196 mm2≈153 mm−2
  15. Quick answerEasy

    Root ki endodermis ke andar ke saare tissues (pericycle, vascular tissues, conjunctive tissue aur pith) milkar banate hain.

    Answer dekho

    Answer stele

    Stele endodermis ke andar ka central cylinder hai.
  16. Quick answerMedium

    Monocot stem ke baare mein kaun sa statement galat hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) Har bundle mein phloem parenchyma bharpoor hota hai

    Monocot stem bundles mein phloem parenchyma nahi hota. Baaki teen statements sahi hain.
  17. Quick answerEasy

    Dicot stem ke har bundle mein protoxylem pith ki taraf hota hai. Is condition ko kehte hain:

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) endarch

    Centre ki taraf protoxylem endarch hai, jaise stems mein. Exarch (protoxylem bahar ki taraf) root ka pattern hai; polyarch aur radial bhi roots ko describe karte hain.

Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo

Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.

Tumhari NCERT textbook meinYahan practice question
NCERT Exercises Q1Practice Q1
NCERT Exercises Q2Practice Q2
NCERT Exercises Q3Practice Q3
NCERT Exercises Q4Practice Q4
NCERT Exercises Q5Practice Q5
NCERT Exercises Q6Practice Q6
NCERT Exercises Q7Practice Q7

Quick check: MCQs

  1. 6.1.1 Epidermal Tissue System4 questions
  2. 6.1.3 Vascular Tissue System4 questions
  3. 6.2.2 Monocotyledonous Root4 questions
  4. 6.2.4 Monocotyledonous Stem4 questions
  5. 6.2.6 Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf4 questions
Glossary · 15

Key terms (English + Hindi)

anatomy
Organisms ki internal structure ki study; plants mein aksar patle sections ko microscope mein dekh kar.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
bulliform cell
Grass leaves ki upper epidermis ka ek bada, khaali, rang-heen cell; jab yeh paani khote hain to leaf roll ho jaati hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
Casparian strip
Root ke endodermal cells ki walls mein suberin ki band; suberin ek waterproof material hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
cuticle
Aerial parts ki epidermis par ek waxy layer jo water loss kam karti hai; roots mein yeh nahi hoti.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
endodermisअंतस्त्वचाantastvacha
Cortex ki sabse andar wali layer, ghane jude cells ki ek ring; roots mein is par Casparian strips hoti hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
epidermisबाह्यत्वचाbaahyatvacha
Primary plant body ki sabse bahari cell layer, aksar ek cell moti.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
ground tissue
Epidermis aur vascular bundles ke alawa saare tissues: cortex, pericycle, pith, medullary rays aur leaf ka mesophyll.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
medullary ray
Dicot stem ke padosi bundles ke beech radius ke saath chalti parenchyma ki ek patti.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
mesophyll
Leaf ki upper aur lower epidermis ke beech ka chloroplasts se bhara parenchyma.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
pericycleपरिरंभparirambh
Endodermis ke theek andar ki layer; roots mein lateral roots isi se nikalte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
stele
Central cylinder: endodermis ke andar ke saare tissues, jaise pericycle, vascular tissues aur pith.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
stomatal apparatusरंध्रrandhra
Ek stomatal pore, uske do guard cells aur unke aas-paas ke subsidiary cells.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
tissue system
Tissues ka group jo position aur saanjhe kaam se define hota hai. Flowering plants mein teen hote hain: epidermal, ground aur vascular.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
trichome
Shoot epidermis par ek hair, aksar multicellular; yeh branched ya secretory ho sakta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
vascular bundleसंवहन बंडलsamvahan bandal
Xylem aur phloem ka ek strand: arrangement se radial ya conjoint, aur cambium hone ya na hone se open ya closed.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

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