Chapter ke text par jao
BiologyCh 14 Breathing aur Gases ka Exchange

Breathing and Exchange of Gases: Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 Hinglish mein

Biology · Hinglish notes, simulations aur practice · Official NCERT chapter PDF ↗

Published · Updated

  • 65 min
  • 24 practice questions
  • 33 MCQs

Is chapter mein aap kya seekhenge

  • Alag-alag animal groups ki respiratory surfaces ko compare karna aur har ek ko habitat aur body organisation se jodna
  • Human respiratory system mein hawa ka raasta trace karna aur iske conducting part ko exchange part se alag pehchanna
  • Muscle action, thoracic volume aur intra-pulmonary pressure ke through inspiration aur expiration samjhana
  • Chaar respiratory volumes aur paanch lung capacities define karna, aur measured volumes se capacities calculate karna
  • Partial-pressure gradients, solubility aur membrane thickness ki madad se alveoli aur tissues mein gas exchange samjhana
  • Blood oxygen aur carbon dioxide ko kaise carry karta hai yeh batana, aur oxygen dissociation curve aur uske shifts padhna
  • Medulla, pons aur chemoreceptors breathing ko kaise regulate karte hain yeh samjhana, aur asthma, emphysema aur occupational lung disorders ki rooprekha dena

NCERT Biology Class 11, Chapter 14, pp. 181–192 par based original companion text. Yeh NCERT se juda nahi hai aur NCERT ne ise endorse nahi kiya hai.

Unit 5 plants se hatkar tumhari apni body par aati hai. Socho ki ek cricket team ko kaise study kiya jaata hai. Ek analyst har player ko akele dekhta hai: strike rate, economy, kitne catches liye. Doosra poori team ko dekhta hai: partnership kaise banti hai, fielders ek doosre ko kaise cover karte hain. Dono views chahiye, kyunki team woh kar sakti hai jo koi akela player nahi kar sakta.

Yeh unit dono views ko human body par lagati hai. Iske pehle chaar chapters bade processes (is chapter mein gases ka exchange, phir body fluids aur circulation, excretion, aur locomotion aur movement) ko cells aur molecules tak le jaate hain. Aakhri do chapters, neural aur chemical coordination par, peeche hatkar dikhate hain ki poora organism in processes ko aapas mein kaise taal-mel mein rakhta hai.

Dono par zor kyun? Is chapter se ek example lo. Akele mein haemoglobin ki chaar protein chains mein se ek chain oxygen ko kaskar pakadti hai aur koi S-shaped behaviour nahi dikhati; ek molecule mein saath kaam karti chaar chains lungs mein oxygen load karti hain aur tissues mein use kahin behtar tarike se chhodti hain (Section 14.4.1). Yeh behaviour poore assembly ka hai, kisi ek part ka nahi: ek emergent property. Systems biology theek yahi study karti hai, ki interactions har level par nayi properties kaise banate hain, molecules ke networks aur bade molecular assemblies se lekar cells, tissues aur organisms tak, aur populations aur communities tak.

Twentieth-century physiology doosri taraf jhuki thi. Uski badi uplabdhiyan parts ko alag karke aayi: dish mein zinda rakhe gaye tissue ke slices, cell-free extracts, aur physics aur chemistry ke instruments. Is reductionist programme se molecular biology bani aur molecular physiology lagbhag biochemistry aur biophysics jaisi hi ho gayi. Aaj biologists maante hain ki na sirf molecular view, na sirf whole-organism view akele kaafi hai.

Aage padhne se pehle ek minute shaant baitho aur apni saansein gino. Aaram ki haalat mein zyadatar log 12 se 16 ke beech saans lete hain. Inhe shuru karne ke liye tumne kuch nahi kiya, aur sote waqt bhi yeh chalti rahengi. Body breathing se kabhi break kyun nahi leti?

Jawab tumhare cells mein hai. Har cell ek dheemi, controlled burning chalata hai: glucose, fatty acids aur amino acids reactions ki ek lambi chain mein tootte hain, aur oxygen us chain ke end mein chahiye, isliye energy release karne mein uska role indirect hai. Yahi reactions carbon dioxide chhodte hain, jo paani mein acid banata hai aur jama hone par nuksaan karta hai. Isliye do deliveries lagatar chalni chahiye: oxygen andar, carbon dioxide bahar.

Atmospheric oxygen ko cells ki banayi carbon dioxide se badalne ko breathing (श्वसन) kehte hain, aur rozmarra ki bolchaal mein ise respiration bhi kehte hain. Yeh chapter pehle compare karta hai ki alag-alag animals yeh kaise karte hain, phir hawa ke saath tumhare lungs mein jaata hai, gases ko blood mein jaate, usmein safar karte aur use chhodte dekhta hai, aur end mein batata hai ki brain speed kaise set karta hai aur kuch diseases mein kya bigadta hai.

14.1 Respiratory Organs

Oxygen cells tak diffusion se pahunchti hai, aur diffusion sirf bahut chhoti doori par, millimetre ke ek hisse jitni, tez hota hai. Isliye koi animal gases ka exchange kaise karta hai yeh do cheezon par depend karta hai: woh kahan rehta hai (paani ya hawa) aur uski body kaise organised hai, cells ki ek patli sheet se lekar organ systems wali badi body tak (Fig. 14.1).

Un animals se shuru karo jinhe tum sabse achchhe se jaante ho. Land vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds aur mammals) lungs se saans lete hain, jo rich blood supply wale andar ke air sacs hain; yeh pulmonary respiration hai. Fishes iske badle gills use karti hain, aur zyadatar aquatic arthropods jaise prawns aur crabs, aur zyadatar aquatic molluscs bhi; gills se gas exchange branchial respiration hai. Frogs ek doosra raasta bhi khula rakhte hain, kyunki unki patli, nam skin bhi gases exchange karti hai (cutaneous respiration); isi tarah hafton tak mud mein dabba frog zinda rehta hai.

Animal kingdom mein neeche jaao to special organs gayab ho jaate hain. Insects hawa ko tracheal tubes ke branching network se pahunchate hain, jo body ke saath-saath pores se khulti hain aur atmospheric air ko seedhe tissues tak le jaati hain. Earthworm ke paas na lungs hain na gills: gases uski nam cuticle mein ghulti hain aur theek neeche ki blood vessels tak pahunch jaati hain. Sponges, Hydra jaise coelenterates, aur flatworms mein har cell surface ke ya body se behte paani ke paas hota hai, isliye oxygen aur carbon dioxide seedhe poori body surface se diffuse ho jaati hain.

1/5Har animal ki respiratory surface uske size aur habitat ke hisaab se hoti hai.

Fig. 14.1Chhe tarah ke animals apni gases kahan exchange karte hain.

Do rows mein chhe tiles. Upar wali row: patte jaisa chapta flatworm jis par body surface likha hai, earthworm jis par moist skin likha hai, aur ek insect jiski body ke andar neeli branching tubes hain, jis par tracheal tubes likha hai. Neeche wali row: mudi hui gill marks wali fish jis par gills likha hai, mammal ke lungs ki ek jodi jis par lungs likha hai, aur ek frog jis par lungs plus skin likha hai. Pehle step mein saari chhe tiles barabar dikhti hain. Doosre step mein sirf flatworm aur earthworm tiles highlight hoti hain, yeh woh animals hain jo body surface ya skin use karte hain. Teesre step mein sirf insect tile air tubes ke liye highlight hoti hai. Chauthe step mein sirf fish tile gills ke liye highlight hoti hai. Aakhri step mein mammal aur frog tiles lungs ke liye highlight hoti hain, frog apni skin bhi use karta hai.

Table 14.1Animal kingdom mein respiratory surfaces
AnimalsKaun si surfaceNaam
Sponges, coelenterates, flatwormspoori body surfacesimple diffusion
Earthwormnam cuticle (skin)skin ke through
Insectstracheal tubestracheal system
Aquatic arthropods aur molluscs; fishesgillsbranchial respiration
Amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammalslungspulmonary respiration
Frogs (lungs ke alawa)nam skincutaneous respiration
Quick check
3 mein se 1
Maan lo grasshopper ki body ke breathing pores oil se band ho gaye. Sabse pehle kya fail hoga?
Answer dekho

Answer (B) Tissues tak hawa ka pahunchna

Pores tracheal tubes mein khulte hain, jo hawa ko seedhe tissues tak le jaati hain, isliye unhe band karne se air supply kat jaati hai. Insect ka blood oxygen carry karne mein bahut kam kaam karta hai, aur grasshopper ke paas na gills hain na respire karne wali skin.

14.1.1 Human Respiratory System

Bahar se ek saans ko follow karo. Hawa upper lip ke theek upar external nostrils ki jodi se andar aati hai, nasal passage se hokar nasal chamber mein jaati hai aur pharynx mein utarti hai, jo gale ke peeche ka ek raasta hai jise khaana aur hawa dono share karte hain. Pharynx ke neeche yeh larynx se hokar trachea, yaani windpipe, mein jaati hai.

Larynx cartilage ka ek box hai jo tumhari aawaz banata hai, isliye ise sound box kehte hain. Iska opening, glottis, food pipe ke entrance ke theek bagal mein hota hai. Har baar jab tum nigalte ho, elastic cartilage ka ek patla flap, epiglottis, glottis ke upar mud jaata hai aur khaane ko windpipe ke bajaye oesophagus mein bhejta hai (Fig. 14.2). Munh mein khaana bhar kar hanso to timing bigad sakti hai; uske baad aane wali khaansi tukde ko saaf kar deti hai.

2/2Epiglottis glottis ke upar mud jaata hai, isliye khaana oesophagus mein fisal jaata hai.

Fig. 14.2Epiglottis khaane ko windpipe se bahar rakhta hai.

Sir aur gardan ke raaston ka ek simple side view, chehra left ki taraf. Nasal chamber aur munh dono pharynx mein khulte hain, jo neeche do tubes tak jaata hai: aage cartilage rings wala larynx aur trachea, aur peeche oesophagus. Pehle step mein ek dashed neela arrow dikhata hai ki hawa nostril se nasal chamber aur pharynx se hokar trachea mein jaati hai; epiglottis flap seedha khada hai aur glottis khula hai, jabki khaane ka ek gola munh mein hai. Doosre step mein air arrow gayab ho jaata hai, epiglottis neeche mudkar larynx ke opening ko dhak leta hai, aur khaane ka gola oesophagus mein chala gaya hai.

Trachea seedhe neeche thorax ke beech tak jaati hai. Fifth thoracic vertebra ke level par yeh right aur left primary bronchus (plural bronchi) mein bant jaati hai. Har lung ke andar bronchi baar-baar branch hoti hain, pehle secondary aur phir tertiary bronchi mein, phir patli bronchioles mein, aur aakhir mein bahut patli terminal bronchioles mein (Fig. 14.3). Cartilage ke incomplete rings trachea, primary, secondary aur tertiary bronchi aur shuruaati bronchioles ko support karte hain, taaki andar pressure girne par yeh tubes collapse hone ke bajaye khuli rahein.Trachea mein rings C-shaped hote hain, peeche ki taraf khule, jahan trachea oesophagus se tiki hoti hai.

Har terminal bronchiole chhoti, patli diwaron wali, irregular sacs ke ek guchchhe mein khatam hoti hai, jinhe alveoli kehte hain, aur har ek blood capillaries ke jaal mein lipta hota hai. Lung bas bronchi, bronchioles aur alveoli ka yahi poora branching system hai.

Definition
Alveolus (plural alveoli)

Terminal bronchiole ke end par ek chhoti, bahut patli diwar wali, irregular, vascularised air sac; yahi woh jagah hai jahan hawa aur blood ke beech gases exchange hoti hain.

ExampleEk adult ke do lungs mein lagbhag 300 se 500 million alveoli hote hain, jo dasiyon square metres ki exchange surface dete hain.

4/4Trachea se terminal bronchioles tak hawa conduct hoti hai; sirf alveoli gases exchange karte hain.

Fig. 14.3Airway ulte ped ki tarah branch hota hai.

Ek schematic tree. Pehle step mein sirf trachea dikhti hai, jis par cartilage rings bane hain, aur yeh ek dashed line par do primary bronchi mein bantti hai jis par split at T5 likha hai; right side ke labels trachea aur primary bronchi ka naam batate hain. Doosre step mein har primary bronchus secondary bronchi mein, phir tertiary bronchi mein, phir single bronchioles mein branch hota hai, aur har level ke labels aate hain. Teesre step mein patli terminal bronchioles gol alveoli ke chhote guchchhon mein khatam hoti hain, jin par alveoli likha hai. Aakhri step mein level labels ki jagah do brackets aa jaate hain: trachea se terminal bronchioles tak sab kuch conducting part mark hota hai, aur alveolar clusters exchange part mark hote hain.

Har lung pleura mein lipta hota hai, jo ek double membrane hai. Bahar wali layer chest wall ke andar ki taraf lining banati hai, andar wali layer lung ki surface se chipki rehti hai, aur dono ke beech pleural fluid ki ek patli film hoti hai. Yeh fluid har saans ke saath lung ko chest wall par aaram se fisalne deta hai, isliye friction kam rehta hai (Fig. 14.4).

Kaam ke hisaab se system ke do parts hain. Conducting part external nostrils se terminal bronchioles tak jaata hai. Iske raaste mein koi gas exchange nahi hota, lekin yeh hawa ko alveoli tak pahunchata hai aur raaste mein use taiyaar karta hai: hawa body temperature tak garam hoti hai, nami leti hai, aur dust aur microbes chipchipi lining mein phans jaate hain. Sirf iske aage, alveolar ducts aur alveoli mein jo respiratory (ya exchange) part banate hain, oxygen aur carbon dioxide sach mein hawa aur blood ke beech diffuse hoti hain.

Compare

Respiratory system ke do parts

Conducting part

  • External nostrils se terminal bronchioles tak
  • Diwarein itni moti ki gases paar nahi kar sakti
  • Hawa ko move karta hai, particles phansata hai, use nam aur garam karta hai

Exchange part

  • Alveolar ducts aur alveoli
  • Diwarein ek cell patli, capillaries se dhaki
  • OX2 aur COX2 diffusion ki jagah

Ek paheli: lungs mein koi muscle nahi hoti, isliye woh khud ko bada ya chhota nahi kar sakte. Breathing sirf isliye kaam karti hai kyunki woh ek khaas jagah par baithe hain. Chest ko ek band, air-tight box socho, yaani thoracic chamber. Iska farsh dome-shaped diaphragm hai, ribs iski sides banati hain, aage (ventrally) sternum aur peeche (dorsally) vertebral column ise band karte hain. Pleura har lung ko is box ke andar ki taraf se chipkaye rakhta hai, isliye lungs iske size ke har badlav ke saath chalte hain: box bada karo to lungs bhi uske saath khinchkar bade ho jaate hain. Hum lung volume ko seedhe nahi badal sakte, sirf chest ke through.

2/3Har lung ek double pleura mein hota hai, layers ke beech fluid hota hai.

Fig. 14.4Lungs ek air-tight box ko bharte hain, jo pleura se uski diwaron se chipke rehte hain.

Chest ka ek simple front view. Pehle step mein sirf thoracic chamber ki diwarein bani hain: sides par mudti ribs, aage beech mein ek bar ki tarah sternum, farsh ki tarah dome-shaped diaphragm, aur peeche vertebral column ke liye ek dashed vertical line; labels har diwar ka naam batate hain. Doosre step mein sternum aur dashed vertebral column fade ho jaate hain, ribs halki ho jaati hain, aur andar trachea, do lungs aur heart dikhte hain, jo diaphragm ke upar baithe hain; har lung ke chaaron taraf do membranes ke beech pleural fluid ki ek halki band hai, jis par pleura likha hai. Aakhri step mein ek chhota circle ek lung ka kinara mark karta hai aur ek magnified strip bahar se andar paanch layers dikhati hai: chest wall, outer pleura, pleural fluid, inner pleura aur lung surface.

Definition
Pleura

Har lung ke chaaron taraf ek do-layer wali sac: ek layer chest wall ki lining banati hai, doosri lung ko dhakti hai, aur dono ke beech pleural fluid ki film unhe kam friction ke saath fisalne deti hai.

Parts samajh gaye, ab respiration ka poora kaam kram se dekho. Baaki chapter in stages ko ek-ek karke leta hai.

Step by step

Hawa se tumhare mitochondria tak

Step 1 / 5

1. Ventilation

Taazi atmospheric air lungs mein kheenchi jaati hai aur COX2 se bhari purani alveolar air bahar dhakeli jaati hai: breathing, ya pulmonary ventilation (Section 14.2).

1 / 5
Quick check
4 mein se 1
Inhe us order mein lagao jismein andar li gayi hawa inse guzarti hai.
  1. External nostrils
  2. Nasal chamber
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Pharynx
  5. Bronchi
  6. Alveoli
  7. Larynx
  8. Trachea
Answer dekho
Answer
  1. External nostrils
  2. Nasal chamber
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Alveoli
Hawa nostrils, nasal chamber, pharynx, larynx, trachea, phir branch hoti bronchi aur bronchioles se jaati hai, aur alveoli mein khatam hoti hai.

14.2 Breathing ka Mechanism

Syringe ke nozzle ko ungli ki tip se band karo aur plunger kheencho: andar phansi hawa phailti hai, uska pressure girta hai, aur ungli nozzle ki taraf kheench jaati hai. Ungli hatao to hawa tezi se andar aati hai jab tak andar ka pressure kamre ke barabar na ho jaaye. Breathing bhi isi tarah kaam karti hai. Fixed temperature par gas ka volume badhne par uska pressure girta hai (Boyle's law); chest syringe hai, diaphragm aur ribs plunger hain, aur airway nozzle hai.

Lungs ke andar ke air pressure ko intra-pulmonary pressure kehte hain. Hawa sirf tab andar aati hai jab yeh atmospheric pressure se kam ho, yaani bahar ki hawa ke comparison mein negative pressure, aur sirf tab bahar jaati hai jab yeh zyada ho. Isliye ek saans ke do stages hain: inspiration (अंतःश्वसन) atmospheric air andar kheenchta hai aur expiration (उच्छ्वसन) alveolar air bahar bhejta hai. Har baar muscles pressure gradient banati hain: diaphragm, aur ribs ke beech intercostal muscles ke do sets, external aur internal intercostals.

Inspiration. Do movements ek saath chest ko bada karti hain. Diaphragm contract hota hai aur uska dome neeche ki taraf chapta ho jaata hai, jisse chamber antero-posterior axis par lamba hota hai.Zoology mein antero-posterior axis sir se poonchh tak jaata hai, isliye seedhe khade insaan mein yeh vertical axis hai. External intercostal muscles contract hokar ribs aur sternum ko upar uthati hain, jisse chamber dorso-ventral (peeche-se-aage) axis par gehra hota hai. Chest wall se chipke lungs uske saath badhte hain, isliye unka pressure atmospheric se neeche girta hai aur hawa tab tak andar aati hai jab tak pressures barabar na ho jaayein (Fig. 14.5).

Expiration. Aaram ki haalat mein is stage mein koi muscular kaam nahi lagta. Diaphragm aur intercostals bas relax ho jaate hain: diaphragm upar dome ban jaata hai, sternum aur ribs wapas neeche aate hain, chest aur lungs chhote hote hain, aur intra-pulmonary pressure atmospheric se thoda upar chala jaata hai, jisse hawa bahar dhakeli jaati hai. Jab zyada chahiye, jaise sprint mein ya balloon phulate waqt, to extra muscles, abdomen ki muscles bhi, dono stages ko zyada zordaar banati hain.

2/3Diaphragm aur external intercostals contract hote hain; chest aur lungs bade hote hain, pressure girta hai aur hawa andar aati hai.

Fig. 14.5Chest volume badalne se lung pressure badalta hai, aur hawa pressure ke peeche chalti hai.

Left mein ek simple chest hai jismein trachea, do lungs, sides par ribs aur neeche dome-shaped diaphragm hai. Right mein do bars bahar ki hawa ke pressure ko lungs ke andar ke pressure se compare karte hain, atmospheric level par ek dashed line ke saath. Pehle step mein, do saanson ke beech rest par, dono bars barabar hain aur text equal: no flow kehta hai. Doosre step mein diaphragm zyada chapta aur neeche bana hai, rib walls upar aur bahar ki taraf hili hain, lungs bade hain, air in label wala ek arrow trachea mein neeche ki taraf hai, aur lung bar bahar wale bar se chhota hai, jis par kam: air in likha hai. Teesre step mein chest wapas rest wale size par hai, muscles relax ho gayi hain, air out label wala arrow upar ki taraf hai, aur lung bar bahar wale bar se thoda lamba hai, jis par zyada: air out likha hai.

Spirometer, jis instrument se doctors check karte hain ki lungs kitna achchha kaam kar rahe hain, har saans ke saath kitni hawa move hoti hai yeh record karta hai. Aaram ki haalat mein ek healthy adult ek minute mein 12 se 16 saansein leta hai.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Quiet inspiration ke dauraan kaun si muscles ribs aur sternum ko uthati hain?
Answer dekho

Answer (B) External intercostal muscles

External intercostals ka contraction ribs aur sternum ko uthata hai. Lungs mein khud ko phailane ke liye muscles nahi hain, aur abdominal muscles sirf zordaar breathing mein hi saath deti hain.

14.2.1 Respiratory Volumes aur Capacities

Spirometer trace karta hai ki samay ke saath lungs mein kitni hawa hai. Quiet breathing chhoti waves banati hai; gehri saans andar ya zordaar saans bahar badi swings banati hai (Fig. 14.6). Aise trace se hum chaar basic volumes padhte hain. Har ek lungs ki jagah ka ek alag hissa hai, aur koi do hisse overlap nahi karte.

Table 14.2Chaar respiratory volumes (typical healthy adult)NCERT p. 186
VolumeYeh kya measure karta haiTypical value
Tidal volume (TV)ek quiet saans mein andar ya bahar jaane wali hawalagbhag 500 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)quiet saans andar lene ke baad zor lagakar andar li ja sakne wali extra hawa2500–3000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)quiet saans bahar chhodne ke baad zor lagakar bahar nikaali ja sakne wali extra hawa1000–1100 mL
Residual volume (RV)sabse zordaar saans bahar chhodne ke baad bhi lungs mein bachi hawa1100–1200 mL

Tidal volume tay karta hai ki aaram ki haalat mein tum kitni hawa move karte ho. Lagbhag 500 mL per saans aur ek minute mein 12–16 saanson par, ek healthy adult har minute lagbhag 6000–8000 mL, yaani 6–8 litres, hawa move karta hai.

Definition
Tidal volume (TV)

Ek normal quiet saans ke saath kitni hawa andar, ya bahar, move hoti hai: healthy adult mein lagbhag 500 mL.

ExampleTide ki tarah, yeh har saans ke saath aata hai aur jaata hai.

5/5VC = IRV + TV + ERV; TLC vital capacity mein RV jodta hai.

Fig. 14.6Ek spirometer trace, pehle volumes aur phir capacities ki tarah padha gaya.

Lungs mein hawa ke volume ka graph, 0 se 5.5 litres tak, time ke against. Ek neela trace 2.3 aur 2.8 litres ke beech teen chhoti quiet saansein dikhata hai, phir 5.5 litres tak ek gehri saans, 1.2 litres tak neeche ek poori saans bahar, aur do aur quiet saansein. Dashed lines 1.2, 2.3, 2.8 aur 5.5 litres ke levels mark karti hain. Pehle step mein ek bracket tidal volume, 0.5 litre, mark karta hai. Doosre step mein brackets quiet saanson ke upar inspiratory reserve volume, 2.7 litres, aur unke neeche expiratory reserve volume, 1.1 litres, mark karte hain. Teesre step mein 1.2 litres ke neeche ki band shaded hai aur residual volume, 1.2 litres, mark hai, yeh woh hawa hai jo kabhi bahar nahi nikalti. Chauthe step mein brackets inspiratory capacity, 3.2 litres, aur functional residual capacity, 2.3 litres, mark karte hain. Aakhri step mein brackets vital capacity, 4.3 litres, aur total lung capacity, 5.5 litres, mark karte hain.

Doctors ko aksar ek hisse ke bajaye ek combined figure chahiye hota hai. Paas-paas ke volumes jodne se lung capacities milti hain, jo clinical diagnosis mein use hoti hain. Sabse zyada jiska zikr hota hai woh vital capacity hai, yaani sabse badi ek saans jo koi insaan move kar sakta hai.

Table 14.3Volumes ke jod ke roop mein lung capacities
CapacityMatlabJod
Inspiratory capacity (IC)quiet saans bahar chhodne ke end se shuru karke andar li ja sakne wali sabse zyada hawaTV + IRV
Expiratory capacity (EC)quiet saans andar lene ke end se shuru karke bahar chhodi ja sakne wali sabse zyada hawaTV + ERV
Functional residual capacity (FRC)quiet saans bahar chhodne ke end par lungs mein bachi hawaERV + RV
Vital capacity (VC)poori saans bahar chhodne ke baad sabse badi saans andar, ya poori saans andar lene ke baad sabse badi saans baharERV + TV + IRV
Total lung capacity (TLC)sabse gehri saans andar lene ke end par lungs mein saari hawaRV + ERV + TV + IRV
Vital capacity
VC=IRV+TV+ERV
(14.1)
Total lung capacity
TLC=VC+RV
(14.2)
Definition
Vital capacity (VC)

Sabse badi mumkin ek saans: poori saans bahar chhodne se sabse gehri saans andar lene tak, ya ulta, move hone wali saari hawa; yeh ERV + TV + IRV ke barabar hai.

ExampleSwimmers aur wind instruments bajane walon ki vital capacity aksar zyada hoti hai, yaani breathing ka bada reserve.

Example 14.1

Volumes se capacities tak

Ek 17 saal ki athlete ka spirometer test TV = 450 mL, IRV = 2600 mL aur ERV = 1000 mL deta hai. Ek alag test uska RV 1200 mL deta hai. Uski IC, EC, FRC, VC aur TLC nikalo.

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Example 14.2

Har minute move hone wali hawa

Aaram ki haalat mein Kabir ek minute mein 14 baar saans leta hai, 500 mL ke tidal volume ke saath. Chaar manzil seedhiyan chadhte waqt uska tidal volume 1200 mL aur rate 24 saansein per minute ho jaata hai. Dono cases mein woh har minute kitni hawa move karta hai, aur yeh kitne guna badhti hai?

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Ek insaan ka IRV 2800 mL, TV 500 mL aur ERV 1100 mL hai. Vital capacity kitni hai, mL mein?
mL
Answer dekho

Answer 4400 mL

VC = IRV + TV + ERV = 2800 + 500 + 1100 = 4400 mL. Residual volume iska hissa nahi hai.

14.3 Gases ka Exchange

Gas exchange ke liye kisi pump ki zaroorat nahi. Oxygen aur carbon dioxide simple diffusion se paar hoti hain, bina carrier aur bina energy kharch kiye, har gas wahan se jahan uska pressure, ya concentration, zyada hai wahan jaati hai jahan kam hai. Inhe follow karne ke liye pehle humein mixture ke andar ek gas ka pressure batane ka tarika chahiye.

Hawa jaise mixture mein har gas total pressure mein apna hissa deti hai, yahi uska partial pressure (आंशिक दाब) hai. Oxygen ke liye hum ise pOX2 aur carbon dioxide ke liye pCOX2 likhte hain. Pressure mein gas ka hissa mixture mein uske hisse ke barabar hota hai, isliye partial pressures nikaalna aasaan hai.

Definition
Partial pressure

Gas mixture ke total pressure ka woh hissa jo uski kisi ek gas se aata hai, oxygen ke liye pOX2 aur carbon dioxide ke liye pCOX2 likha jaata hai.

ExampleSea level par hawa ka total pressure 760 mm Hg hai, jismein se lagbhag 159 mm Hg oxygen ki wajah se hai.

Example 14.3

Sea level aur Leh mein partial pressures

Sookhi hawa mein lagbhag 20.9 % oxygen aur 0.04 % carbon dioxide hoti hai. Sea level par, jahan air pressure 760 mm Hg hai, hawa ka pOX2 aur pCOX2 nikalo. Phir lagbhag 3500 m upar Leh mein, jahan air pressure lagbhag 490 mm Hg hai, pOX2 nikalo.

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Is tool ke saath do exchange sites dekho: alveoli, jahan zyadatar exchange hota hai, aur poori body ke tissues. Dono sites par, aur raaste mein, typical partial pressures Table 14.4 mein diye gaye hain aur Fig. 14.7 mein ek loop ki tarah bane hain.

Table 14.4Raaste mein typical partial pressures (mm Hg)NCERT Table 14.1 · p. 187
KahanpOX2pCOX2
Atmospheric air1590.3
Alveolar air10440
Lungs tak aane wala blood (deoxygenated)4045
Lungs se jaane wala blood (oxygenated)9540
Body tissues4045

4/4Blood dono exchange sites ke beech loop mein gases ko le jaata hai.

Fig. 14.7Har gas apne partial-pressure gradient ke saath diffuse hoti hai, ulti dishaon mein.NCERT Fig. 14.3 · p. 188

Left mein alveolus ka ek box hai jismein pO2 104 aur pCO2 40 hai, aur uske upar hawa ki values pO2 159 aur pCO2 0.3. Right mein tissues ka box hai. Upar ek pink tube, jis par oxygenated blood likha hai, aur neeche ek neeli tube, jis par deoxygenated blood likha hai, dono boxes ko jodti hain. Pehle step mein sirf hawa aur alveolus ki values dikhti hain. Doosre step mein alveolus ke paas ek capillary dikhti hai, ek arrow O2 ko blood mein jaata aur doosra CO2 ko alveolus mein jaata dikhata hai; neeche wali tube pO2 40 aur pCO2 45 aur upar wali tube pO2 95 aur pCO2 40 dikhati hai. Teesre step mein tissue box pO2 40 aur pCO2 45 dikhata hai, aur ek tissue capillary par arrows O2 ko tissues mein aur CO2 ko blood mein jaata dikhate hain. Aakhri step mein flow arrows dikhate hain ki blood upar se lungs se tissues tak jaata hai aur neeche se wapas aata hai, aur ek note kehta hai ki saari values mm Hg mein hain.

Table se gradients padho. Oxygen poore raaste dhalaan ki taraf chalti hai: alveolar air (104) se lungs tak aane wale blood (40) mein, aur baad mein oxygenated blood (95) se tissues (40) mein. Carbon dioxide ulti disha mein dhalaan ki taraf chalti hai: tissues (45) se blood (40) mein, aur deoxygenated blood (45) se alveolar air (40) mein.

Koi gas kitni tezi se paar hoti hai yeh teen dials par depend karta hai: uske pressure gradient ka size, paani wali membrane mein woh kitni soluble hai, aur membrane kitni moti hai. Pehle gradients compare karo. Oxygen lung capillaries mein 104−40=64 mm Hg ke gradient se jaati hai, carbon dioxide unse bahar sirf 45−40=5 mm Hg se, phir bhi dono exchanges utne second ke hisse mein poore ho jaate hain jitna ek red cell lung capillary mein bitata hai. Solubility yeh fark poora karti hai: COX2 OX2 se 20–25 guna zyada soluble hai, isliye har mm Hg ke fark par kahin zyada COX2 paar diffuse hoti hai.

Barrier ko ek sandwich socho (Fig. 14.8). Hawa ki taraf alveolar wall ka ek chapta, squamous epithelial cell hai; blood ki taraf capillary wall ka ek endothelial cell. Beech ki filling basement substance hai: epithelium ke neeche ek patli basement membrane aur endothelial cells ki single layer ke chaaron taraf ek aur. Teeno ko milao to bhi total ek millimetre se bahut kam hai; zyadatar jagahon par yeh millimetre ke hazaarvein hisse se bhi kam hai. Tez gradients, COX2 ki high solubility aur yeh bahut patla barrier milkar diffusion ko theek waise chalate hain jaise body ko chahiye: oxygen alveoli se tissues ki taraf, carbon dioxide tissues se alveoli ki taraf.

3/3COX2 ulti taraf, blood se alveolar air mein diffuse hoti hai.

Fig. 14.8Teen patli layers alveolar air ko blood se alag karti hain.NCERT Fig. 14.4 · p. 188

Horizontal layers mein bani ek chapti strip. Upar se neeche: alveolar air, nuclei wale chapte squamous epithelial cells ki ek row, basement substance ki ek patli peeli band, capillary endothelial cells ki ek row, aur do red blood cells wala blood plasma. Left par ek bracket beech ki teen layers ko gherta hai, aur ek note kehta hai ki poora barrier 1 mm se bahut kam hai. Pehle step mein right side par layers ke labels hain. Doosre step mein O2 label wala ek dashed arrow hawa se teeno layers se hokar ek red blood cell mein jaata hai. Aakhri step mein CO2 label wala doosra dashed arrow plasma se layers se hokar upar hawa mein jaata hai, aur oxygen wala arrow bana rehta hai.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Typical values se, kaun sa pOX2 difference oxygen ko alveolar air se lungs tak aane wale blood mein bhejta hai, mm Hg mein?
mm Hg
Answer dekho

Answer 64 mm Hg

Alveolar pOX2 104 mm Hg hai aur aane wale deoxygenated blood mein 40 mm Hg, isliye gradient 64 mm Hg hai.

14.4 Gases ka Transport

Blood dono gases ko carry karta hai, lekin bilkul alag tarikon se. Lagbhag 97 per cent oxygen red blood cells (RBCs) ke andar haemoglobin par safar karti hai; sirf lagbhag 3 per cent plasma mein ghuli hoti hai, kyunki oxygen paani mein kam ghulti hai. Carbon dioxide ke teen raaste hain: lagbhag 70 per cent bicarbonate ke roop mein jaati hai, 20–25 per cent RBCs haemoglobin se judi hui le jaati hain, aur lagbhag 7 per cent bas plasma mein ghuli hoti hai.

Compare

Blood dono gases ko kaise carry karta hai

Oxygen

  • ≈ 97 % RBCs mein haemoglobin se judi, oxyhaemoglobin ke roop mein
  • ≈ 3 % plasma mein ghuli

Carbon dioxide

  • ≈ 70 % bicarbonate ke roop mein, HCOX3X−
  • 20–25 % haemoglobin se judi, carbamino-haemoglobin ke roop mein
  • ≈ 7 % plasma mein ghuli

14.4.1 Oxygen ka Transport

Ek red blood cell lagbhag har minute ek baar lungs aur phir tissues se guzarta hai, aur uske haemoglobin ko ek jagah oxygen pakadni hoti hai aur doosri jagah chhodni hoti hai. Haemoglobin, RBCs mein bhara laal, iron wala pigment, yeh isliye kar paata hai kyunki uski binding reversible hai: aas-paas ki haalat ke hisaab se oxygen judkar oxyhaemoglobin banati hai aur phir alag ho jaati hai. Har molecule chaar polypeptide chains se bana hai, har chain mein ek iron wala haem group, isliye yeh zyada se zyada chaar OX2 molecules pakad sakta hai.

Sabse zyada aas-paas ka pOX2 maayne rakhta hai. pOX2 ke against oxygen se haemoglobin ki percentage saturation ka graph, yaani oxygen dissociation curve (ऑक्सीजन वियोजन वक्र), seedha nahi balki S-shaped, ya sigmoid, aata hai (Fig. 14.9). S-shape molecule ke andar ke teamwork se aata hai: pehli OX2 judne ke baad haemoglobin apna shape badalta hai taaki agli wali aasaani se judein, aur oxygen nikalte waqt ulta hota hai. Yahi woh emergent property hai jiska vaada unit ki shuruaat mein kiya tha.

Teen aur conditions binding mein dakhal deti hain aur poore curve ko khiskati hain: pCOX2, hydrogen ions (HX+) ka concentration aur temperature. Isiliye yeh curve unke effects study karne ka standard tool hai.

3/440 mm Hg ke pOX2 par yeh lagbhag 75 % tak girta hai, oxygen chhodta hai.

Fig. 14.9Sigmoid curve: lungs mein loading, tissues mein unloading.NCERT Fig. 14.5 · p. 189

Ek graph jismein neeche pO2 0 se 100 mm Hg tak aur side mein haemoglobin ki percentage saturation 0 se 100 tak hai. Ek solid orange curve pehle dheere, lagbhag 10 aur 50 mm Hg ke beech tezi se badhta hai, phir upar chapta ho jaata hai. Pehle step mein curve par S-shaped, sigmoid likha hai. Doosre step mein pO2 95 par ek point mark hai, jis par lungs about 97 per cent likha hai. Teesre step mein pO2 40 par doosra point mark hai, jis par resting tissue about 75 per cent likha hai, aur right par ek bracket dikhata hai ki dono points ke beech lagbhag 22 per cent saturation chhodi jaati hai. Aakhri step mein lung marker hat jaata hai, pehle curve ke right mein ek dashed neela curve aata hai, ek arrow solid curve se dashed curve ki taraf hai, ek text kehta hai more CO2, H+, heat: curve right jaata, aur dashed curve par pO2 40 par ek neela dot neeche baitha hai, jo dikhata hai ki zyada oxygen release hoti hai.

Ab safar ke dono ends compare karo (Table 14.5). Har site par har factor ek hi taraf dhakelta hai, isliye oxygen lung surface par uthayi jaati hai aur tissues mein chhodi jaati hai.

Table 14.5Haemoglobin lungs mein load aur tissues mein unload kyun hota hai
FactorAlveoli meinTissues mein
pOX2highlow
pCOX2lowhigh
HX+ concentrationkamzyada
Temperaturekamzyada
Resultoxyhaemoglobin banta haiOX2 release hoti hai

Curve ke shape ka ek maksad hai. Iska chapta top ek safety margin hai: agar alveolar pOX2 lagbhag 100 se 70 mm Hg tak gir bhi jaaye, to bhi haemoglobin 90 per cent se zyada loaded rahega. Iska tez beech wala hissa woh hai jahan tissues kaam karte hain: wahan pOX2 mein thoda sa girna bahut saari oxygen release karta hai. Normal resting conditions mein har 100 mL oxygenated blood tissues ko lagbhag 5 mL oxygen deta hai; mehnat karti muscle mein yeh kahin zyada deta hai.

InteractiveOxygen dissociation curve explorer

pO2 0 se 110 mm Hg tak ke against haemoglobin saturation ka graph, pO2 ke liye ek draggable slider ke saath. Curve par ek dot chune gaye pO2 par saturation dikhata hai, aur do readouts percentage saturation aur woh millilitres oxygen batate hain jo har 100 mL blood ne 95 mm Hg par lungs chhodne ke baad de di hai. Teen toggle buttons, More CO2, More H+ aur Warmer, har ek curve ko right shift karta hai, aur normal curve dashed reference ki tarah reh jaata hai. Teen preset buttons lungs, resting tissue aur working muscle par le jaate hain. Controls ke neeche ek note batata hai ki tum curve ke kis hisse par ho.

Fig. 14.10pOX2 slider ko drag karo, phir More CO₂, More H⁺ ya Warmer on karo aur dekho ki blood kitni oxygen chhodta hai.
Example 14.4

Blood kitni oxygen deliver karta hai?

Blood mein har 100 mL mein 15 g haemoglobin hota hai, aur 1 g poori tarah saturated haemoglobin 1.34 mL OX2 pakadta hai. Blood lungs se 97 % saturated nikalta hai. Is blood ka 100 mL kitni OX2 deta hai (a) resting tissue mein, jahan se yeh 75 % saturated nikalta hai, aur (b) mehnat karti muscle mein, jahan se yeh 25 % saturated nikalta hai? Chhote dissolved hisse ko ignore karo.

Pehle khud try karo. Phir solution ek-ek step karke kholo.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Ek haemoglobin molecule zyada se zyada kitne OX2 molecules carry kar sakta hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (D) Chaar

Chaar polypeptide chains mein se har ek mein ek haem group hai, aur har haem ek OX2 pakadta hai, isliye maximum chaar hai.

14.4.2 Carbon dioxide ka Transport

Bicarbonate ke roop mein. Zyadatar carbon dioxide, lagbhag 70 per cent, bicarbonate ke roop mein jaati hai. Enzyme carbonic anhydrase RBCs mein bahut badi maatra mein bhara hota hai, aur plasma mein iski thodi si maatra hoti hai. Yeh enzyme COX2 ka paani ke saath reaction dono directions mein tez karta hai; bana hua carbonic acid ek bicarbonate ion aur ek hydrogen ion mein toot jaata hai.

Carbon dioxide se bicarbonate
COX2+HX2O⇌CAHX2COX3⇌HCOX3X−+HX+
(14.3)
jahan
CA
carbonic anhydrase, jo pehle step ko dono directions mein tez karta hai; carbonic acid phir apne aap ionise hota hai

Tissues mein catabolism pCOX2 ko high rakhta hai. COX2 blood mein diffuse hoti hai, RBCs aur plasma dono mein, aur (14.3) ke reactions aage ki taraf, upar se neeche, chalte hain, jo ise HCOX3X− aur HX+ ke roop mein pakad lete hain. Alveoli mein pCOX2 low hai, isliye wahi reactions ulte, neeche se upar, chalte hain: bicarbonate aur hydrogen ions phir judte hain, carbonic acid wapas COX2 aur paani deta hai, aur COX2 alveolar air mein diffuse hokar bahar saans ke saath nikal jaati hai (Fig. 14.11). Har 100 mL deoxygenated blood alveoli ko lagbhag 4 mL COX2 deta hai.

Carbamino-haemoglobin ke roop mein. Doosra raasta enzyme ko skip karta hai. Lagbhag 20–25 per cent carbon dioxide seedhe haemoglobin se judkar carbamino-haemoglobin banati hai. Judi hui maatra pCOX2 ke saath badhti hai, aur pOX2 ka bhi bada asar hai, kyunki jis haemoglobin ne apni oxygen chhod di hai woh COX2 zyada aasaani se leta hai. Tissues mein, jahan COX2 bahut aur OX2 kam hai, loading favour hoti hai; alveoli mein, jahan COX2 kam aur OX2 bahut hai, COX2 alag hokar bahar saans ke liye pahunchayi jaati hai. Yeh haemoglobin ke oxygen ke saath kaam ka bilkul ulta roop hai.

3/420–25 % seedhe haemoglobin se judti hai.

Fig. 14.11Red blood cell se carbon dioxide ke main raaste.

Ek bada red blood cell plasma ki ek band mein baitha hai, left mein ek hara box tissue cell ko darshata hai. Pehle step mein CO2 label wala ek arrow tissue se red blood cell mein jaata hai, aur ek note kehta hai ki lagbhag 7 per cent bas plasma mein ghul jaati hai. Doosre step mein cell ke andar ka text dikhata hai ki CO2 plus H2O se H2CO3 banta hai, neeche carbonic anhydrase likha hai, aur H2CO3 se HCO3 minus plus H plus banta hai; ek arrow HCO3 minus ko plasma mein bahar le jaata hai, jis par about 70 per cent likha hai. Teesre step mein ek aur line dikhati hai ki Hb plus CO2 se carbamino-Hb banta hai, jis par CO2 ka 20 se 25 per cent likha hai. Aakhri step mein left box ka label alveolus ho jaata hai aur har arrow ulat jaata hai: reactions right se left likhe hain, HCO3 minus wapas cell mein aata hai, carbamino-Hb wapas Hb aur CO2 deta hai, aur CO2 cell se alveolus ki taraf nikalti hai.

Quick check
4 mein se 1
Blood mein zyadatar COX2 kis roop mein carry hoti hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (B) Bicarbonate ions

Lagbhag 70 % bicarbonate ke roop mein jaati hai. Carbamino-haemoglobin 20–25 % carry karta hai, aur lagbhag 7 % ghuli hoti hai; carbonic acid sirf ek thodi der ka step hai.

14.5 Respiration ka Regulation

Seedhiyon par tum tez aur neend mein dheere saans lete ho, bina decide kiye. Neural system ise kuch thermostat ki tarah chalata hai: sensors blood check karte hain, ek control centre tissues ki zaroorat ke hisaab se rhythm set karta hai, aur breathing muscles use poora karti hain (Fig. 14.12).

Jis cheez par nazar rakhi jaati hai woh mainly carbon dioxide hai, oxygen nahi. Medulla mein rhythm centre ke bagal mein ek chemosensitive area hota hai jo COX2 aur hydrogen ions par zordaar response deta hai, aur aorta ke arch aur carotid arteries par receptors inhi do substances ke badlav pakadte hain. Normal rhythm set karne mein oxygen ka role na ke barabar hai.

Yeh saare signals brain ke medulla mein respiratory rhythm centre tak pahunchte hain, jo breathing ko regulate karne ke liye mainly zimmedaar centre hai; iske impulses diaphragm aur intercostal muscles ko contract karwate hain. Jab COX2 aur HX+ badhte hain, to yeh rhythm ko tab tak adjust karta hai jab tak extra hata na diya jaaye. Pons mein ek doosra centre, pneumotaxic centre, rhythm centre ko moderate kar sakta hai: iske signals har inspiration ko chhota karte hain aur is tarah breathing rate badalte hain.

4/4Aortic arch aur carotid receptors bhi COX2 aur HX+ report karte hain.

Fig. 14.12Breathing ka rhythm kaun set karta hai, aur kaun use adjust karta hai.

Arrows se jude boxes. Pehle step mein sirf teen boxes saaf dikhte hain: medulla ka rhythm centre, jisse impulses label wala ek arrow neeche diaphragm aur intercostals ke box tak jaata hai; baaki boxes halke hain. Doosre step mein rhythm centre ke upar pons, pneumotaxic centre, ka box aata hai, aur ek arrow neeche uski taraf jaata hai jis par inspiration chhota likha hai. Teesre step mein rhythm centre ke bagal mein chemosensitive area ka box aata hai, jo CO2 aur H+ sense karta hai, aur ek arrow uski taraf point karta hai. Aakhri step mein neeche right mein aortic arch aur carotid receptors ka box aata hai, jo bhi CO2 aur H+ sense karte hain, aur ek arrow upar rhythm centre tak jaata hai.

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Har part ko uski jagah ya uske kaam se match karo.

Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

Answer dekho
Answer
  • Rhythm centre : medulla
  • Pneumotaxic centre : pons
  • Chemosensitive area : rhythm centre ke bagal mein
  • Peripheral receptors : aortic arch aur carotid artery
Medulla mein rhythm centre hai aur uske bagal mein chemosensitive area, pons mein pneumotaxic centre hai, aur receptors aortic arch aur carotid artery par hain.

14.6 Respiratory System ke Disorders

System ke kisi bhi part ko nuksaan hone par gas exchange kharab hota hai. Tumhare syllabus mein teen disorders hain (Fig. 14.13).

Asthma. Bronchi aur bronchioles ki diwaron mein inflammation hota hai aur airways sankari ho jaati hain. Saans lena mushkil ho jaata hai, aur sankari tubes se nikalti hawa ek seeti jaisi aawaz karti hai jise wheezing kehte hain. Attacks aksar dust, pollen, dhuaan ya thandi hawa jaise triggers se shuru hote hain.

Emphysema (वातस्फीति). Is chronic, lambe samay tak chalne wali disease mein alveoli ki diwarein kharab hokar toot jaati hain. Kai chhote alveoli milkar kam, bade sacs ban jaate hain, isliye respiratory surface ghat jaati hai aur har saans blood ko kam oxygen deti hai. Cigarette peena iska sabse jaana-maana kaaran hai.

Occupational respiratory disorders. Stone-crushing units, quarries aur grinding workshops mein baarik dust ke baadal udte hain. Lungs ke safai systems thoda dust sambhal sakte hain, lekin roz-roz itna nahi. Phansa hua dust lungs mein inflammation banaye rakhta hai, aur lambe samay ka inflammation fibrosis mein khatam hota hai: fibrous tissue badhta hai, lung mota aur sakht ho jaata hai, aur nuksaan gambhir hota hai. Aise workers ke liye protective masks bachav ki pehli line hain.

3/4Alveolar walls toot jaati hain; respiratory surface ghat jaati hai.

Fig. 14.13Teen disorders airways ya exchange surface ko kaise nuksaan pahunchate hain.

Left: bronchiole ka ek gol cross-section, pink wall aur chauda halka-neela opening. Right: teen guna teen ke cluster mein nau chhote gol alveoli. Pehle step mein dono healthy hain: bronchiole poora khula hai aur alveoli badi surface wale kai chhote sacs hain. Doosre step mein, asthma, bronchiole ka opening apni chaudai ke aadhe se bhi kam ho jaata hai aur wall gehri laal ho jaati hai, jis par sankari, inflamed wall likha hai, jabki alveoli waise hi rehte hain. Teesre step mein, emphysema, bronchiole phir khula hai lekin nau alveoli ki jagah toote wall ke tukdon wale do bade sacs hain, jin par walls tooti: kam surface likha hai. Aakhri step mein, fibrosis, alveoli phir chhote hain lekin unki walls bahut moti aur grey bani hain, beech mein fibrous tissue ke lehradar dhaage, jin par moti, scarred walls: slow diffusion likha hai.

Quick check
3 mein se 1
Kis disorder mein alveolar walls nasht hone ki wajah se respiratory surface kam ho jaati hai?
Answer dekho

Answer (C) Emphysema

Emphysema mein alveolar walls toot jaati hain aur chhote alveoli milkar bade sacs ban jaate hain. Asthma airways ko sankara karta hai, aur dust fibrosis walls ko nasht karne ke bajaye mota karta hai.
Flash cards · 10

Yaad rakhne wale numbers

1 / 10
Recap

Summary aur key points

  1. Cells ko OX2 ki lagatar supply aur COX2 ka lagatar hatna chahiye; atmosphere ke saath in dono ka exchange breathing hai (Section 14.1).
  2. Simple animals body surface use karte hain, earthworms apni nam cuticle, insects tracheal tubes, aquatic animals gills aur land vertebrates lungs; frogs apni skin bhi use karte hain (Section 14.1).
  3. Hawa nostrils, nasal chamber, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles aur alveoli se guzarti hai; nigalte waqt epiglottis glottis ko dhak leta hai (Section 14.1.1).
  4. Conducting part (nostrils se terminal bronchioles tak) hawa ko saaf, nam aur garam karta hai; alveoli aur unki ducts exchange part banati hain; pleura lungs ko air-tight thorax mein seal karta hai (Section 14.1.1).
  5. Inspiration: diaphragm aur external intercostals contract hote hain, thoracic aur pulmonary volumes badhte hain aur intra-pulmonary pressure atmospheric se neeche girta hai. Expiration: muscles relax hoti hain aur pressure atmospheric se upar jaata hai (Section 14.2).
  6. TV ≈ 500 mL, IRV 2500–3000 mL, ERV 1000–1100 mL, RV 1100–1200 mL; capacities jod hain, jaise VC = IRV + TV + ERV aur TLC = VC + RV (Section 14.2.1).
  7. Gases simple diffusion se paar hoti hain, ek aise rate par jo partial-pressure gradient, solubility aur membrane thickness tay karte hain (Section 14.3).
  8. COX2 OX2 se 20–25 guna zyada soluble hai, isliye 5 mm Hg ka gradient kaafi hai; teen layer wali diffusion membrane 1 mm se bahut patli hai (Section 14.3).
  9. Lagbhag 97 % OX2 oxyhaemoglobin ke roop mein jaati hai; sigmoid dissociation curve lungs mein loading aur tissues mein unloading dikhata hai, har 100 mL blood par lagbhag 5 mL (Section 14.4.1).
  10. High pCOX2, HX+ aur temperature OX2 ke release ke favour mein hain, aur curve ko right shift karte hain (Section 14.4.1).
  11. Lagbhag 70 % COX2 bicarbonate ke roop mein (carbonic anhydrase ke through), 20–25 % carbamino-haemoglobin ke roop mein aur lagbhag 7 % ghuli hui jaati hai (Section 14.4.2).
  12. Medulla ka rhythm centre breathing set karta hai, pons ka pneumotaxic centre inspiration ko chhota karta hai, aur chemosensitive area aur aortic aur carotid receptors COX2 aur HX+ par response dete hain (Section 14.5).
  13. Asthma inflamed airways ko sankara karta hai, emphysema alveolar walls ko nasht karta hai, aur lambe samay tak dust ke sampark se fibrosis hota hai (Section 14.6).
Practice · 24 questions

Practice questions answers ke saath (NCERT “Exercises”)

  1. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q1

    Ek swimming coach har trainee se jitna ho sake poori saans bahar chhodne, phir sabse gehri saans lene ko kehta hai, aur record karta hai ki kitni hawa andar gayi.

    1. Coach kaun si lung capacity measure kar raha hai? Ise volumes ke jod ki tarah likho.

      Solution dikhao

      AnswerVital capacity, VC = ERV + TV + IRV.

      Poori saans bahar chhodne (sirf RV bacha) se shuru karke sabse gehri saans andar lene tak, move hui hawa ERV, TV aur IRV ko cover karti hai. Yahi vital capacity hai: forced expiration ke baad sabse badi saans andar, jo forced inspiration ke baad sabse badi saans bahar ke barabar hai.

    2. Yeh measurement doctors aur coaches ke liye kyun useful hai?

      Solution dikhao

      Vital capacity dikhati hai ki koi insaan ek saans mein sabse zyada kitni hawa exchange kar sakta hai, isliye yeh breathing reserve measure karti hai. Kisi ki age aur size ke hisaab se kam value sakht ya kharab lungs (fibrosis, emphysema) ya kamzor breathing muscles ki taraf ishaara kar sakti hai, isliye doctors ise clinical assessment mein use karte hain. Zyada value, jo swimmers aur wind-instrument bajane walon mein aam hai, ka matlab hai ki mehnat ke dauraan har saans mein zyada hawa, aur isliye zyada oxygen, li ja sakti hai.

  2. NumericalEasyNCERT Exercises Q2

    Ek insaan ka ERV 1050 mL aur RV 1150 mL hai. Quiet saans bahar chhodne ke baad lungs mein kitni hawa, mL mein, bachti hai?

    mL
    Answer dekho

    Answer 2200 mL

    Normal expiration ke baad lungs mein ERV plus RV hota hai: FRC = 1050 + 1150 = 2200 mL. Yeh functional residual capacity hai.
  3. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q3

    Trachea aur bronchi ki hawa mein bahut oxygen hoti hai, phir bhi wahan koi oxygen blood mein nahi jaati. Samjhao ki gas exchange sirf alveoli mein hi kyun hota hai.

    Solution dikhao

    Diffusion ke liye bahut patla barrier, badi area aur theek usse sata hua behta blood chahiye. Trachea, bronchi aur bronchioles ki diwarein moti hain, tissue ki kai layers ke saath aur badi tubes mein cartilage ke saath. Yeh ghane capillary network mein lipti nahi hain, aur inki total surface chhoti hai. Yeh sirf hawa ko le jaati hain aur taiyaar karti hain (conducting part).

    Alveolar walls squamous epithelium ki ek single layer hain, jo basement substance ke through capillary endothelium se judi hain, isliye diffusion membrane ek millimetre se bahut patli hai. Millions alveoli ek bahut badi area dete hain, aur har ek capillaries se dhaka hota hai, jo partial-pressure gradient ko tez banaye rakhta hai. Sirf wahin OX2 aur COX2 ke diffuse hone ki sahi conditions hain.

  4. Long answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q4

    Kaam karti leg muscle mein bani carbon dioxide ko lungs tak pahunchna hai.

    1. Blood ise jin teen tarikon se carry karta hai unki list banao, har ek ke lagbhag hisse ke saath.

      Solution dikhao

      AnswerBicarbonate ≈ 70 %; carbamino-haemoglobin 20–25 %; plasma mein ghuli ≈ 7 %.

      Lagbhag 70 % bicarbonate ions ke roop mein carry hoti hai, 20–25 % RBCs mein haemoglobin se judi carbamino-haemoglobin ke roop mein, aur lagbhag 7 % plasma mein ghuli hui.

    2. Samjhao ki dono main raaste muscle par COX2 kaise load karte hain aur lungs par kaise unload karte hain.

      Solution dikhao

      Muscle par pCOX2 high hai. COX2 RBCs mein diffuse hoti hai, jahan carbonic anhydrase uska paani ke saath reaction tez karta hai: COX2+HX2O→HX2COX3, aur carbonic acid ionise hota hai: HX2COX3→HCOX3X−+HX+. Bicarbonate lungs tak le jaaya jaata hai. High pCOX2 aur low pOX2 bhi COX2 ke haemoglobin se carbamino-haemoglobin ke roop mein judne ke favour mein hain.

      Alveoli mein pCOX2 low aur pOX2 high hai. Reactions ulte chalte hain, COX2 aur paani phir bante hain, aur carbamino-haemoglobin apni COX2 chhod deta hai. COX2 alveolar air mein diffuse hokar saans ke saath bahar nikal jaati hai, har 100 mL deoxygenated blood se lagbhag 4 mL.

  5. Quick answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q5

    Jab andar li gayi hawa alveoli mein milti hai, to uska pOX2 aur pCOX2 kaise badalta hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) pOX2 girta hai aur pCOX2 badhta hai

    pOX2 159 se 104 mm Hg tak girta hai aur pCOX2 0.3 se 40 mm Hg tak badhta hai, kyunki alveolar air lagatar blood ko OX2 de rahi hai aur usse COX2 le rahi hai. Doosre shabdon mein, atmospheric air mein pOX2 zyada aur pCOX2 kam hota hai.
  6. Long answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q6

    Shaant baitha ek student normal saans andar leta hai. Ghatnaon ko kram se lagao, phir samjhao ki inse hawa andar kaise aati hai.

    1. Pressures barabar hone tak hawa andar aati hai
    2. Diaphragm chapta hota hai; ribs aur sternum uthte hain
    3. Diaphragm aur external intercostals contract hote hain
    4. Lung pressure atmospheric se neeche girta hai
    5. Pulmonary volume badhta hai
    6. Thoracic volume badhta hai
    Solution dikhao

    Diaphragm ka contraction use chapta karta hai, jisse thoracic chamber antero-posterior axis par lamba hota hai. External intercostal muscles ka contraction ribs aur sternum ko uthata hai, jisse chamber dorso-ventrally bada hota hai. Kyunki lungs pleura se chest wall se chipke hain, pulmonary volume thoracic volume ke saath badhta hai. Boyle's law ke hisaab se intra-pulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure se neeche girta hai, aur hawa airways se tab tak andar aati hai jab tak pressures barabar na ho jaayein.

  7. Long answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q7

    100 m sprint ke dauraan ek athlete ki breathing bahut tez aur gehri ho jaati hai. Samjhao ki brain yeh kaise karta hai, har shaamil centre aur receptor ka naam lekar.

    Solution dikhao

    Sprint karti muscles extra COX2 aur acid banati hain, isliye blood mein COX2 aur HX+ badhte hain. Medulla mein respiratory rhythm centre ke bagal ka chemosensitive area dono ke liye bahut sensitive hai; yeh rhythm centre ko stimulate karta hai. Aortic arch aur carotid arteries ke receptors bhi yahi badlav pakadte hain aur rhythm centre ko signal bhejte hain.

    Rhythm centre, jo breathing ke liye mainly zimmedaar hai, diaphragm aur intercostal muscles ko zyada strong aur zyada baar impulses bhejta hai, isliye saansein gehri aur tez ho jaati hain. Pons ka pneumotaxic centre har inspiration ko chhota karke rhythm centre ko moderate karta hai, jisse rate bhi badalta hai. Jab extra COX2 aur HX+ hat jaate hain, breathing wapas normal ho jaati hai. Oxygen ka role chhota hi hai.

  8. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q8

    Match ke aakhri hisse mein ek footballer ki thigh muscles mein COX2 jama ho jaati hai. Zyada pCOX2 un muscles tak oxygen ki delivery par kya asar daalta hai?

    Solution dikhao

    Zyada pCOX2 (aur usse bane HX+) haemoglobin ki oxygen par pakad ko kam karte hain aur oxygen dissociation curve ko right shift karte hain. Usi tissue pOX2 par haemoglobin phir kam saturated hota hai, isliye woh muscle ko zyada oxygen deta hai. Isliye sabse zyada COX2 banane wale tissues ko sabse zyada oxygen milti hai (Bohr effect). Lungs mein, jahan pCOX2 low hai, oxygen ki binding phir favour hoti hai.

  9. Long answerHardNCERT Exercises Q9

    Ek trekker Manali se, jahan air pressure lagbhag 590 mm Hg hai, Rohtang Pass tak chadhti hai, jahan yeh lagbhag 460 mm Hg hai. Dono jagah hawa mein 20.9 % oxygen hai.

    1. Rohtang Pass par hawa ka pOX2 kitna hai, mm Hg mein?

      mm Hg
      Answer dekho

      Answer 96.1 mm Hg

      pOX2=0.209×460≈96 mm Hg, jabki Manali mein lagbhag 123 mm Hg aur sea level par 159 mm Hg.

    2. Uska respiratory process kaise response deta hai, aur kyun? Agar woh kuch din ruke to kya badalta hai?

      Solution dikhao

      Hawa mein kam pOX2 hone se alveolar pOX2 girta hai, blood mein jaane ka gradient chhota hota hai aur haemoglobin lungs se kam saturated nikalta hai, isliye tissues tak kam oxygen pahunchti hai. Chadhai se muscles zyada COX2 bhi banati hain, jo chemosensitive area aur rhythm centre ko activate karti hai. Woh tez aur gehri saans leti hai aur uska heart tez dhadakta hai. Itni oonchai par blood pOX2 itna gir jaata hai ki aortic aur carotid receptors oxygen par bhi response dene lagte hain, yahi ek situation hai jismein rhythm ke liye oxygen maayne rakhti hai.

      Agar woh kuch din rukti hai, to uski body acclimatise ho jaati hai: yeh zyada RBCs aur haemoglobin banati hai, isliye blood zyada oxygen carry karta hai, aur breathing normal ho jaati hai. Bahut tezi se chadhne se altitude sickness (sir dard, saans phoolna, ji machalna) ho sakti hai, isiliye trekkers dheere-dheere oonchai badhate hain.

  10. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q10

    Grasshopper ke cells mein oxygen asal mein kahan jaati hai, aur iska blood ismein kam role kyun nibhata hai?

    Solution dikhao

    Hawa body ke saath-saath pores (spiracles) se tracheal tubes mein jaati hai, jo patli aur patli tubes mein branch hokar seedhe tissues tak pahunchti hain. In patli endings par gases diffusion se exchange hoti hain, seedhe tubes ki hawa aur cells ke beech. Kyunki hawa khud tissues tak pahunchayi jaati hai, insect oxygen carry karne ke liye apne blood par depend nahi karta.

  11. Short answerMediumNCERT Exercises Q11

    Oxygen dissociation curve ke baare mein:

    1. Har axis par kya plot hota hai, aur curve humein kya batata hai?

      Solution dikhao

      pOX2 ke against oxygen se haemoglobin ki percentage saturation plot hoti hai. Curve dikhata hai ki har pOX2 par haemoglobin kitni oxygen pakadta hai, isliye yeh batata hai ki lungs mein kitni load hoti hai aur tissues mein kitni release, aur pCOX2, HX+ aur temperature jaise factors ise kaise badalte hain.

    2. Socho aur batao ki curve seedhi line ke bajaye S-shaped kyun hai.

      Solution dikhao

      Haemoglobin mein chaar haem groups hain. Pehli OX2 ka judna thoda mushkil hai, lekin yeh molecule ka shape badal deta hai taaki doosri, teesri aur chauthi aasaani se judein. Isliye low pOX2 par saturation dheere badhti hai, beech mein tezi se, aur upar jaakar sthir ho jaati hai jab chaaron sites bhar jaati hain. Ulta process tissues mein unloading ko aasaan banata hai.

  12. ActivityMediumNCERT Exercises Q12

    Bharosemand sources se hypoxia ke baare mein pata karo, jaise biology ki reference book ya kisi government ya medical body ki health website. Ek page ka note banao: yeh kya hai, iske do kaaran, iske teen lakshan aur body ya doctor kaise response dete hain. Phir ek dost ke saath notes compare karo.

    Solution dikhao

    Ek model note: hypoxia body ke tissues tak pahunchne wali oxygen ki kami hai. Kaaranon mein shaamil hain oonchai par hawa mein low pOX2, bahut kam haemoglobin (anaemia), carbon monoxide poisoning (haemoglobin block ho jaata hai), asthma, emphysema ya pneumonia jaisi lung diseases, aur kharab blood circulation.

    Lakshanon mein saans phoolna, tez heart rate, sir dard, thakaan, confusion aur hothon aur nakhoon par neela-sa rang shaamil hain. Body tez aur gehri saans lekar response deti hai aur, oonchai par hafton mein, zyada RBCs banakar. Doctors oxygen dete hain, kaaran ka ilaaj karte hain, aur altitude sickness mein neeche ki oonchai par jaane ki salah dete hain.

  13. Short answerEasyNCERT Exercises Q13

    Har jodi ke do terms mein kya fark hai?

    1. IRV aur ERV

      Solution dikhao

      IRV (2500–3000 mL) woh extra hawa hai jo tum quiet inspiration ke baad zor lagakar andar le sakte ho; ERV (1000–1100 mL) woh extra hawa hai jo tum quiet expiration ke baad zor lagakar bahar nikaal sakte ho.

    2. Inspiratory capacity aur expiratory capacity

      Solution dikhao

      Inspiratory capacity (TV + IRV) woh sabse zyada hawa hai jo tum normal expiration ke end se shuru karke andar le sakte ho. Expiratory capacity (TV + ERV) woh sabse zyada hawa hai jo tum normal inspiration ke end se shuru karke bahar chhod sakte ho.

    3. Vital capacity aur total lung capacity

      Solution dikhao

      Vital capacity (ERV + TV + IRV) woh sabse zyada hawa hai jo ek saans mein move ho sakti hai. Total lung capacity (VC + RV) forced inspiration ke baad lungs ki saari hawa hai, isliye ismein woh residual volume bhi shaamil hai jo kabhi bahar nahi nikaala ja sakta.

  14. NumericalEasyNCERT Exercises Q14

    Aaram kar rahi ek adult ka tidal volume 450 mL hai aur woh ek minute mein 14 baar saans leti hai. Ek ghante mein woh kitne litres hawa andar leti hai?

    L
    Answer dekho

    Answer 378 L

    450 mL × 14 × 60 = 378 000 mL = 378 L. Tidal volume ek quiet saans mein move hui hawa hai.
  15. Quick answerMedium

    Inmein se kya simple spirometer se measure nahi kiya ja sakta?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (D) Residual volume

    Spirometer sirf andar aur bahar move hoti hawa record karta hai. Residual volume forced expiration ke baad bhi lungs mein rehta hai, isliye ise, aur jin capacities mein yeh shaamil hai unhe, doosre methods chahiye.
  16. Quick answerMedium

    Assertion (A): Alveolar membrane ke aar-paar pCOX2 gradient pOX2 gradient se bahut chhota hai, phir bhi COX2 utni hi poori tarah exchange hoti hai. Reason (R): COX2 OX2 se 20–25 guna zyada soluble hai.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) A aur R dono true hain, aur R A ko sahi samjhata hai

    Dono true hain. Zyada solubility ka matlab hai har mm Hg ke fark par kahin zyada COX2 diffuse hoti hai, isliye 5 mm Hg ka gradient kaam kar deta hai: R A ko samjhata hai.
  17. Quick answerMedium

    Assertion (A): Pneumotaxic centre pons mein hota hai. Reason (R): Pneumotaxic centre ke signals inspiration ki duration badhate hain.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (C) A true hai lekin R false hai

    A true hai. R false hai: pneumotaxic centre inspiration ki duration kam karta hai.
  18. Quick answerMedium

    Assertion (A): Inspiration ke dauraan andar pressure girne par trachea collapse nahi hoti. Reason (R): Trachea fifth thoracic vertebra ke level par primary bronchi mein bantti hai.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (B) A aur R dono true hain, lekin R A ko nahi samjhata

    Dono statements true hain, lekin trachea apne incomplete cartilage rings ki wajah se khuli rehti hai, is wajah se nahi ki woh kahan bantti hai.
  19. Quick answerHard

    Assertion (A): Normal respiratory rhythm ko regulate karne mein oxygen ka main role hai. Reason (R): Rhythm centre ke bagal ka chemosensitive area COX2 aur HX+ ke liye bahut sensitive hai.

    Answer dekho

    Answer (D) A false hai lekin R true hai

    A false hai: normal rhythm mein oxygen ka role na ke barabar hai. R true hai: chemosensitive area dwara sense kiye gaye COX2 aur HX+ main drivers hain.
  20. Quick answerMedium

    Diffusion membrane ke baare mein kaun se statements sahi hain?

    Saare sahi options chuno
    Answer dekho
    Answer
    • (A) Ismein alveolar wall ka squamous epithelium shaamil hai
    • (B) Ismein capillary ka endothelium shaamil hai
    • (D) Iska basement substance dono cell layers ke beech hota hai
    Membrane alveolar squamous epithelium, basement substance aur capillary endothelium hai, jo milkar 1 mm se bahut patli hain. Ismein cartilage nahi hota.
  21. Quick answerEasy

    Har term ko uske matlab se match karo.

    Left mein koi item tap karo, phir right mein uska match.

    Answer dekho
    Answer
    • Branchial respiration : gills se
    • Pulmonary respiration : lungs se
    • Cutaneous respiration : nam skin se
    • Tidal volume : ek quiet saans mein move hui hawa
    Pehle teen respiratory surfaces ke naam batate hain; tidal volume ek quiet saans ki hawa hai, lagbhag 500 mL.
  22. Quick answerMedium

    Ek patient ki vital capacity 3.9 L aur residual volume 1.3 L hai. Total lung capacity kitni hai, litres mein?

    L
    Answer dekho

    Answer 5.2 L

    TLC = VC + RV = 3.9 + 1.3 = 5.2 L.
  23. Quick answerEasy

    Nigalte waqt elastic cartilage ka ek patla flap, jise kehte hain, glottis ko dhak leta hai.

    Answer dekho

    Answer epiglottis

    Epiglottis khaane ko larynx mein jaane se rokta hai.
  24. Quick answerMedium

    Har 100 mL deoxygenated blood alveoli ko lagbhag kitni COX2 deta hai?

    Answer dekho

    Answer (A) Lagbhag 4 mL

    Har 100 mL deoxygenated blood alveoli mein lagbhag 4 mL COX2 unload karta hai. Lagbhag 5 mL woh oxygen hai jo 100 mL oxygenated blood tissues ko deta hai.

Apna NCERT exercise question dhoondo

Hamare practice questions ncert.ai ke liye likhe gaye hain aur NCERT exercises ko follow karte hain. Apni textbook ke question se match karne wala question dhoondo; uska answer uske saath hai.

Tumhari NCERT textbook meinYahan practice question
NCERT Exercises Q1Practice Q1
NCERT Exercises Q2Practice Q2
NCERT Exercises Q3Practice Q3
NCERT Exercises Q4Practice Q4
NCERT Exercises Q5Practice Q5
NCERT Exercises Q6Practice Q6
NCERT Exercises Q7Practice Q7
NCERT Exercises Q8Practice Q8
NCERT Exercises Q9Practice Q9
NCERT Exercises Q10Practice Q10
NCERT Exercises Q11Practice Q11
NCERT Exercises Q12Practice Q12
NCERT Exercises Q13Practice Q13
NCERT Exercises Q14Practice Q14

Quick check: MCQs

  1. 14.1 Respiratory Organs3 questions
  2. 14.1.1 Human Respiratory System4 questions
  3. 14.2 Breathing ka Mechanism4 questions
  4. 14.2.1 Respiratory Volumes aur Capacities4 questions
  5. 14.3 Gases ka Exchange4 questions
  6. 14.4.1 Oxygen ka Transport4 questions
  7. 14.4.2 Carbon dioxide ka Transport4 questions
  8. 14.5 Respiration ka Regulation3 questions
  9. 14.6 Respiratory System ke Disorders3 questions
Glossary · 15

Key terms (English + Hindi)

alveolusकूपिकाkoopika
Terminal bronchiole ke end par ek chhoti, bahut patli diwar wali, irregular air sac, capillaries mein lipti; gas exchange ki jagah.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
breathingश्वसनshvasan
Atmosphere ki oxygen ko cells ki banayi carbon dioxide se exchange karna; aam taur par ise respiration bhi kehte hain.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
carbamino-haemoglobinकार्बामिनोहीमोग्लोबिनcarbaminohaemoglobin
Carbon dioxide carry karne wala haemoglobin; yeh blood ki 20–25 % COX2 carry karta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
carbonic anhydraseकार्बोनिक एनहाइड्रेज़carbonic anhydrase
RBCs mein bharpoor milne wala enzyme jo COX2 ke paani ke saath carbonic acid banane wale reaction ko, aur uske ulte ko, tez karta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
emphysemaवातस्फीतिvaatsphiti
Lambe samay tak chalne wali lung disease jismein alveoli ke beech ki walls toot jaati hain, aur gas exchange ki area ghat jaati hai; smoking iska bada kaaran hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
epiglottis
Cartilage ka ek patla, elastic flap jo nigalte waqt glottis ko dhak leta hai taaki khaana larynx mein na jaaye.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
expirationउच्छ्वसनuchchhvasan
Alveolar air ko lungs se bahar chhodna, jab intra-pulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure se upar jaata hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
inspirationअंतःश्वसनantahshvasan
Atmospheric air ko lungs mein kheenchna, jab intra-pulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure se neeche girta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
oxygen dissociation curveऑक्सीजन वियोजन वक्रoxygen viyojan vakra
pOX2 ke against oxygen se haemoglobin ki percentage saturation ka sigmoid graph.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
oxyhaemoglobinऑक्सीहीमोग्लोबिनoxyhaemoglobin
Oxygen se reversibly juda haemoglobin; blood ki lagbhag 97 % oxygen isi roop mein jaati hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
partial pressureआंशिक दाबaanshik daab
Gas mixture ke total pressure ka woh hissa jo ek gas deti hai, pOX2 ya pCOX2 likha jaata hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
pleuraफुफ्फुसावरणphuphphusavaran
Har lung ke chaaron taraf double membrane, jiski layers ke beech pleural fluid friction kam karta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
pneumotaxic centre
Pons ka ek centre jo inspiration ko chhota karke respiratory rhythm centre ko moderate karta hai, jisse breathing rate badalta hai.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
tidal volumeज्वारीय आयतनjvariya aayatan
Ek quiet saans mein andar ya bahar jaane wali hawa ka volume, healthy adult mein lagbhag 500 mL.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →
vital capacityजैव क्षमताjaiv kshamata
Ek saans mein move ho sakne wali sabse zyada hawa, poori saans bahar chhodne se sabse gehri saans andar tak: ERV + TV + IRV.Chapter mein pehli baar yahan aaya →

Tum chapter ke end tak pahunch gaye