Morphology of Flowering Plants: Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Hinglish mein

Biology dhyaan se dekhne se shuru hui thi. Photosynthesis naapne ya gene padhne se bahut pehle, naturalists apni notebooks mein woh sab likhte the jo unhe aankh se, phir hand lenses aur microscopes se dikhta tha. Yeh descriptive tradition, jise kabhi natural history kaha jaata tha, sirf list banana lag sakti hai, lekin isi ne kai aise questions diye jinke answers baad mein physiology aur evolutionary biology ne diye. Koi yeh nahi pooch sakta ki leaf base kyun phoola hua hai, jab tak kisi ne us sujan ko notice na kiya ho. Yeh unit (Chapters 5 se 7) isi soch ke saath plants aur animals ki structure describe karti hai, aur shuruaat flowering plants se hoti hai.

Sabzi ke thele ke paas se guzro to tum ek botany lesson dekh rahe ho. Mooli root hai, aalu stem hai, palak leaves hain, gobhi ka head flower buds ka ek ghana gucchha hai, aur baingan, bhindi aur tamatar fruits hain. Flowering plants (angiosperms) size aur shape mein bahut alag hote hain, phir bhi lagbhag sabhi kuch gine-chune organs se bane hote hain: roots, stems, leaves, flowers aur fruits. In organs ke bahari roop ko plant ki morphology kehte hain.

Hazaaron species compare karne ke liye botanists ko ek common vocabulary chahiye. ‘Whorled’ leaf arrangement ya ‘inferior ovary’ ka matlab Shillong ke botanist aur Kochi ke botanist ke liye bilkul ek hi hona chahiye. Yahi vocabulary humein yeh describe karne deti hai ki plants apne surroundings ke hisaab se adapt karte hue organs kaise badalte hain, chadhne ke liye, food store karne ke liye ya apni raksha ke liye. Yeh chapter organ dar organ yeh vocabulary banata hai; phir Chapter 6 inhi organs ke andar unke tissues ko dekhta hai.

Chahe gamle mein tulsi ka plant ho ya gaon ke chowk mein peepal ka ped, plan same hota hai. Mitti ke neeche root system hota hai. Uske upar shoot system hota hai: leaves ke saath stem aur season mein flowers aur fruits (Fig. 5.1). Stem nodes mein bata hota hai, jahan leaves judi hoti hain, aur internodes mein, jo unke beech stem ke khaali hisse hain. Buds stem ke tip par aur har leaf aur stem ke beech wale kone mein hote hain.

5.1 Root

Jab seed germinate hota hai, to sabse pehle radicle nikalta hai, yaani embryo ka root. Zyaadatar dicots mein radicle seedha neeche badhta rehta hai aur primary root ban jaata hai, aur usse branches phailti hain: secondary roots, unse tertiary roots, aur aage bhi. Aisa root system jismein ek main root haavi ho, tap root system (मूसला जड़) kehlata hai; sarson ya chane ka seedling ise achchhe se dikhata hai.

Monocots mein yeh alag hota hai. Inmein radicle se bana root jaldi sookh jaata hai, aur uska kaam stem ke base se nikalne wale lagbhag barabar motai ke darjanon roots sambhal lete hain. Isse fibrous root system banta hai, woh uljha hua gucchha jo wheat ya rice ka jhund ukhaadne par saath aata hai. Kuch plants ek kadam aage jaakar radicle ke alawa doosre parts se bhi roots ugaate hain: stem nodes se, branches se, yahan tak ki leaves se bhi. Aise roots adventitious (अपस्थानिक जड़) kehlate hain. Banyan ki branches se latakte pillar roots, Monstera ke aerial roots, lawn grass ke roots aur paani ki bottle mein rakhi money-plant cutting ke roots, sab adventitious hain (Fig. 5.2).

Pattern jo bhi ho, root system chaar kaam karta hai:

• Yeh mitti se paani aur ghule hue minerals absorb karta hai.
• Yeh plant ko zameen mein mazbooti se anchor karta hai.
• Kai plants mein yeh reserve food store karta hai, isiliye hum mooli aur gaajar khaate hain.
• Yeh plant growth regulators banata hai, yaani chemical signals jo plant ke doosre parts tak jaate hain.

5.1.1 Root ke Regions

Geeli rui par chane ka seed ugao aur uske root tip ko hand lens se dekho. Aakhri lagbhag ek centimetre mein tum chaar zones map kar sakte ho (Fig. 5.3). Apex root cap se dhaka hota hai, jo dheele packed cells ka ek cone hai. Jab root mitti ke kanon ke beech zor lagakar aage badhta hai, to cap ragad sehta hai aur apne peeche ke nazuk tissue ko bachaata hai.

Cap ke theek peeche root ki cell factory hoti hai, region of meristematic activity. Patli walls aur dense cytoplasm wale chhote cells se bhara yeh region lagaataar divide hota rehta hai, root mein naye cells jodta hai aur ghisne wale cap cells ki jagah naye cells deta hai. Jo cells yeh peeche chhodta hai woh divide hona band karke khinchne lagte hain aur jaldi hi kai guna lambe ho jaate hain: yahi region of elongation root ko lamba karta hai aur tip ko aage dhakelta hai. Aur peeche, region of maturation mein, khinche hue cells apne final, specialised roop mein aa jaate hain. Iske kuch surface (epidermal) cells root hairs nikalte hain, behad baarik single-celled dhaage jinke zariye root apna zyaadatar paani aur minerals leta hai.

5.2 Stem

Kya aalu root hai? Yeh zameen ke neeche ugta hai aur mooli ki tarah stored food se phoola hota hai. Lekin dhyaan se dekho to is par ‘aankhein’ bikhri milti hain, har ek chhote se scar mein baitha ek bud. Buds, aur unhe dhone wale nodes, sirf stems par milte hain, aur aalu bilkul wahi hai: ek underground stem.

Stem plant ke axis ka upar badhne wala part hai, jo branches ko unki leaves, flowers aur fruits ke saath uthaata hai; iski shuruaat plumule se hoti hai, jo germinate hote embryo ka shoot wala sira hai. Do features stem ki pehchaan karate hain. Yeh nodes mein, jahan leaves judi hoti hain, aur internodes mein bata hota hai, aur is par buds hote hain: har tip par ek terminal bud aur har leaf axil mein ek axillary bud. Young stem aam taur par hara hota hai; umar ke saath kai stems woody aur gehre brown ho jaate hain.

Do simple experiments behaviour ka farq dikhate hain (Fig. 5.4). Gamle wale seedling ko dhoop wali khidki par rakho aur ek do din mein uska shoot glass ki taraf jhuk jaata hai: stems positively phototropic hote hain. Gamle ko andhere cupboard mein karvat par lita do, to shoot mudkar upar badhne lagta hai aur root mudkar neeche. Root gravity ko follow karta hai; stem uske khilaaf badhta hai.

Stem ka main kaam leaves, flowers aur fruits ko wahan rakhna hai jahan woh sabse achchha kaam karein: leaves light mein, flowers pollinators ki pahunch mein, fruits wahan jahan unke seeds phail sakein. Yeh plant ka transport corridor bhi hai, jo roots se paani aur minerals upar le jaata hai aur photosynthates (leaves mein bani sugars) jahan zaroorat ho wahan pahunchata hai. Kuch stems extra kaam bhi karte hain. Aalu aur ganne ke stems food store karte hain. Kuch plant ko sahara dete hain ya uski raksha mein madad karte hain, aur kai bina seeds ke naye plants ban sakte hain: kisaan ganna seed se nahi, stem ke tukdon se ugaate hain.

5.3 Leaf

Leaves plant ki food factories hain, photosynthesis ke main organs. Har leaf stem se ek node par side mein nikalti hai, aam taur par ek patle, flat blade ke roop mein. Leaves shoot tip ke bahari tissues mein shuru hoti hain (unka origin exogenous hai), aur wahan nayi leaves banti rehti hain, isliye sabse young leaves hamesha tip ke sabse paas aur purani neeche hoti hain: yeh acropetal order mein develop hoti hain. Leaf aur stem ke beech ke kone, uske axil, mein ek axillary bud hota hai jo baad mein branch ban sakta hai.

Hibiscus ki ek leaf lo aur stem se bahar ki taraf use trace karo (Fig. 5.5). Jahan yeh stem se judti hai woh leaf base hai; phir aata hai stalk, yaani petiole; aur phir flat hara lamina, yaani blade.

Alag groups mein leaf base alag roop leta hai. Hibiscus aur rose mein iske bagal mein chhoti leaf jaisi do outgrowths hoti hain, stipules. Grasses, maize aur doosre monocots mein base phail kar ek sheath ban jaata hai jo stem ko pakad leta hai, kabhi kabhi poora gher kar. Kai legumes mein base phoola hua, gaddi jaisa hota hai, pulvinus; touch-me-not plant (Mimosa pudica) mein yahi pulvinus chhoone par leaf ko mod deta hai.

Petiole hota hi kyun hai? Stalk blade ko stem se door uthaata hai aur use light ki taraf ghumata hai. Peepal ki leaves ek aur fayda dikhati hain: unke lambe, patle, lachakdaar petioles halki si hawa mein bhi unhe hilne dete hain, aur yeh movement blade ko thanda rakhta hai aur us par taazi hawa behti rehti hai.

Lamina mein sabse moti vein aam taur par beech mein midrib ke roop mein chalti hai, aur usse veins aur aur bhi patli veinlets nikalti hain. Chhatri ki teeliyon ki tarah yeh blade ko phaila aur sakht rakhti hain, aur pipes ki tarah paani aur minerals andar aur food bahar le jaati hain. Leaf blades species dar species shape, kinaare, tip, surface aur kitni gehri kati hain, in sab mein bhi alag hoti hain, aur har variant ka apna botanical naam hai.

5.3.1 Venation

Lamina mein veins ke pattern ko uski venation (शिराविन्यास) kehte hain. Hibiscus ki leaf ko light ke saamne pakdo to veins divide hokar phir judti hain aur ek baarik jaal banati dikhti hain: yeh reticulate venation hai, jo dicots mein typical hai. Maize, wheat ya bamboo ki leaf mein veins blade ke saath saath ek doosre ke bagal mein chalti hain aur jaal nahi banati: yeh parallel venation hai, jo zyaadatar monocots mein milti hai.

5.3.2 Leaves ke Types

Leaf blade ke kinaare par ungli phirao. Agar tum poore kinaare ke saath ghoom kar aa sakte ho aur kabhi midrib tak nahi pahunchte, chahe notches kitne bhi gehre hon, to leaf simple hai: aam, peepal, hibiscus aur gehre lobes wali papaya ki leaf bhi simple hai. Agar kuch cuts midrib tak pahunch kar blade ko alag tukdon, yaani leaflets, mein baant dete hain, to leaf compound (संयुक्त पत्ती) hai.

Isse ek classic trap banta hai, kyunki compound leaf bilkul kai simple leaves wali twig jaisi dikh sakti hai. Test hai bud (Fig. 5.6). Har leaf, simple ho ya compound, ke petiole ke axil mein ek bud hota hai. Compound leaf ke leaflets ke axils mein kabhi buds nahi hote. Iske ulat, twig par har leaf ke axil mein ek bud hota hai.

Compound leaves do plans follow karti hain. Neem, imli aur curry-leaf ki leaves pinnately compound hoti hain: unke leaflets ek beech wale stalk, rachis, ke dono taraf line mein, aksar jodon mein, lage hote hain; rachis naye roop mein leaf ka midrib hi hai. Silk cotton (semal) aur gamle wale umbrella plant (Schefflera) ki leaves palmately compound hoti hain: har leaflet petiole ke tip par ek hi jagah se nikalta hai, jaise hatheli se ungliyan phailti hain.

5.3.3 Phyllotaxy

Kisi plant ko upar se dekho to notice karoge ki uski leaves shayad hi kabhi ek doosre ko poori tarah chhaya deti hain. Yeh kuch had tak phyllotaxy (पर्णविन्यास) ka kaam hai, yaani woh pattern jismein leaves stem ya branch par lagi hoti hain. Teen main patterns hain (Fig. 5.7):

• Alternate: har node par sirf ek leaf, har nayi leaf neeche wali se alag side ki taraf mudi hui, jaise china rose (hibiscus), sarson, sunflower aur aam mein.
• Opposite: har node par do leaves, stem ke bilkul aamne saamne, jaise Calotropis (aak), amrood aur tulsi mein.
• Whorled: har node par teen ya zyaada leaves, stem ko ghere hue, jaise Alstonia (saptaparni) aur kaner mein.

5.4 Inflorescence

Flower ko twig se compare karo. Twig nodes, internodes aur leaves wala ek axis hai. Flower wahi plan hai, bas daba hua: uska shoot apical meristem badal kar floral meristem ban gaya hai, internodes kabhi lambe nahi hote, aur isliye nodes ek chhote axis par paas paas sate hote hain. Un bheed bhare nodes par apex ek ke baad ek ring mein sepals, petals, stamens aur carpels banata hai, jahan twig leaves banati. Kyunki flower banane mein apex khatam ho jaata hai, jo shoot tip flower ban jaata hai us par bas wahi ek, solitary flower hota hai.

Lekin zyaadatar plants ek khaas flowering axis par kai flowers rakhte hain. Is floral axis par flowers ke arrangement ko inflorescence (पुष्पक्रम) kehte hain. Ek sawaal inflorescences ko do major types mein baant deta hai: kya main axis ka tip badhta rehta hai, ya woh ek flower par khatam hota hai?

Racemose inflorescence mein main axis apne tip par badhta rehta hai aur sides par flowers rakhta hai. Isliye sabse purane flowers base par aur sabse naye (abhi buds) tip ke paas hote hain, yeh acropetal succession hai. Sardiyon ke khet mein sarson ya mooli ka stalk ise achchhe se dikhata hai: neeche pods, beech mein khile flowers, upar buds.

Cymose inflorescence mein main axis ek flower par khatam hota hai, isliye uski growth limited hoti hai. Aur flowers terminal flower ke neeche ki side branches se aate hain, aur inmein se har ek bhi flower par khatam ho sakti hai. Sabse purana flower upar hota hai aur naye flowers uske neeche khilte hain, yeh basipetal order hai (Fig. 5.8). Chameli aur makoi (Solanum nigrum) apne flowers cymes mein rakhte hain.

5.5 Flower

Flower ki har cheez ek hi maksad poora karti hai, sexual reproduction. Ise bahar se andar ki taraf kholo to iske parts rings, yaani whorls, mein nikalte hain (Fig. 5.9). Pehle hare sepals aate hain, jo milkar calyx hain; phir rangeen petals, corolla; phir stamens, androecium; aur bilkul centre mein ek ya zyaada carpels, gynoecium. Chaaron rings thalamus (receptacle) par baithi hoti hain, jo flower stalk yaani pedicel ka phoola hua upari sira hai. Sirf andar ke do whorls gametes banate hain, isliye woh reproductive whorls hain; calyx aur corolla, jo bud ko bachaate aur pollinators ko kheenchte hain, accessory whorls hain. Kuch flowers mein, jaise lily mein, sepals aur petals ek jaise dikhte hain; tab do bahari whorls ko milakar perianth kehte hain, aur uske members ko tepals.

Jis flower mein stamens aur carpels dono hon woh bisexual hai; jis flower mein stamens hon par carpels nahi, ya carpels hon par stamens nahi, woh unisexual hai. Sarson aur baingan ke flowers bisexual hain, jabki kheere ki bel ya maize plant par alag male aur female flowers unisexual hain.

Symmetry, merosity aur bracts

Socho ki tum flower ko uske centre se vertically kaat rahe ho. Agar har aisa cut, kisi bhi angle par, do mirror-image halves deta hai, to flower mein radial symmetry hai aur woh actinomorphic (त्रिज्यसममित) hai; sarson, datura aur mirch ke flowers iske examples hain. Agar sirf ek cut, jo beech mein upar se neeche jaata hai, matching halves deta hai, to flower mein bilateral symmetry hai aur woh zygomorphic hai, jaise pea, bean, gulmohur aur Cassia mein. Agar centre se koi bhi cut milte jhulte halves nahi deta, to flower asymmetric (irregular) hai, jaise canna mein (Fig. 5.10).

Flowers ko har whorl ke members ki sankhya se bhi describe kiya jaata hai. Trimerous flower ke parts teen ya teen ke multiples mein hote hain, jo monocots mein typical hai; tetramerous aur pentamerous flowers ke parts chaar aur paanch mein hote hain, jo dicots mein aam hai. Aakhir mein, kai flowers pedicel ke base par ek chhoti, reduced leaf, bract, ke axil mein ugte hain. Aise flowers bracteate hain; bina bracts wale flowers ebracteate hain.

Thalamus par ovary ki position

Aakhri descriptor is par depend karta hai ki ovary baaki teen whorls ke mukable kahan baithi hai. Thalamus ki teen shapes socho (Fig. 5.11):

• Hypogynous (जायांगधर): ovary gumbad jaise ya flat thalamus ke bilkul top par baithi hoti hai, aur sepals, petals aur stamens sab uske neeche se nikalte hain. Ovary superior hoti hai. Examples: sarson, china rose, baingan.
• Perigynous: thalamus cup ya tashtari jaisa hota hai aur ovary uske gaddhe mein; sepals, petals aur stamens cup ke kinaare se, lagbhag ovary ke level par, ugte hain. Ovary half-inferior hoti hai. Examples: plum, aadoo, rose.
• Epigynous: thalamus ovary ko poori tarah gher kar usse jud jaata hai, aur sepals, petals aur stamens upar se, ovary ke upar, nikalte hain. Ovary inferior hoti hai. Examples: amrood, kheera aur sunflower ke ray florets.

5.5.1 Flower ke Parts

Ab chaaron whorls ko ek ek karke, bahar se andar ki taraf lo. Kai terms Greek roots se bane jodon mein aate hain: gamo- ka matlab hai juda hua aur poly- ka matlab hai kai, yahan alag alag ke sense mein; -sepalous aur -petalous sepals aur petals ke liye hain.

5.5.1.1 Calyx

Khilne se pehle gulab ki kali ko dekho: uske chaaron taraf lipte hare flaps sepals hain, aur milkar woh calyx banate hain, jo flower ka sabse bahari whorl hai. Unka hara, leaf jaisa tissue unhe develop hote bud ke liye achchha wrapper banata hai. Jab sepals judkar cup ya tube ban jaate hain, jaise datura mein, to calyx gamosepalous hai; jab har ek alag hota hai, jaise sarson mein, to polysepalous hai.

5.5.1.2 Corolla

Calyx ke andar petals hote hain, jo milkar corolla hain. Unke chamakdaar rang, patterns aur khushboo bees, butterflies aur doosre pollinators ke liye advertising hain. Petals bhi jude ho sakte hain (gamopetalous: datura, baingan) ya alag (polypetalous: sarson, china rose). Corollas kai shapes mein aati hain; chaar pehchanne layak shapes hain tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped (morning glory) aur wheel-shaped, jo baingan ke flower ki tarah flat khulti hai.

Aestivation (पुष्पदल विन्यास) woh tareeka hai jismein bud mein ek whorl ke sepals ya petals ek doosre ke relation mein lage hote hain. Yeh sabse achchha tab dikhta hai jab tum ek mature bud ko seedha aar paar kaat kar kate hue face ko dekho (Fig. 5.12):

• Valvate: kinaara kinaare se milta hai, barrel ke patton ki tarah, bilkul overlap nahi. Calotropis (aak).
• Twisted: har member ka ek kinaara padosi ke upar aur doosra kinaara agle ke neeche daba hota hai, sab ek hi taraf ghoomte hue, firki ke blades ki tarah. China rose, lady's finger (bhindi), cotton.
• Imbricate: members overlap karte hain lekin ghoomne ki koi ek direction nahi hoti; aam taur par ek poora bahar, ek poora andar, aur baaki mixed. Cassia, gulmohur.
• Vexillary (papilionaceous): pea aur bean mein paanch petals teen tarah ke hote hain. Ek bada posterior petal, standard (vexillum), do side wings ko dhakta hai; wings bhi do sabse chhote, anterior petals ko dhakte hain jo milkar keel banate hain.

5.5.1.3 Androecium

Har stamen, jo ek male reproductive organ hai, ek chhoti si maachis ki teeli jaisa dikhta hai: ek patla stalk, filament, jis par ek phoola hua sira, anther, hota hai jahan pollen banta hai. Anther ko aar paar kaato to aam taur par do lobes dikhte hain, har ek mein do khaali chambers jinhe pollen sacs kehte hain, kul chaar (Fig. 5.13). Androecium flower ke saare stamens ka set hai. Jo stamen pollen nahi banata woh sterile staminode hai.

Stamens aksar jude hote hain, ya to kisi doosre whorl se ya aapas mein (Table 5.2). Corolla se jude hon to woh epipetalous (दललग्न) hain, jaise baingan mein; perianth se jude hon to epiphyllous, jaise lily mein. Apne filaments se aapas mein jude hon to bundles banate hain: monoadelphous (ek bundle, ise monadelphous bhi likhte hain), diadelphous (do) ya polyadelphous (kai). Alag alag stamens polyandrous hain. Ek hi flower ke andar filament ki length bhi alag ho sakti hai: sarson ke flower mein chaar lambe aur do chhote stamens hote hain, aur Salvia ek aur standard example hai.

5.5.1.4 Gynoecium

Flower ke centre mein gynoecium hota hai, female part, jo ek ya zyaada carpels se bana hai. Carpel ko ek flask ki tarah socho: phoola hua base ovary hai, gardan style hai, aur top par hont jaisa sira stigma hai, jahan pollen girta aur ruka rehta hai. Ovary ke andar ovules tissue ki ek gaddi se jude hote hain jise placenta kehte hain.

Kai carpels wale flowers unhe ya to alag rakhte hain, har ek ki apni ovary ke saath (apocarpous: lotus, rose), ya judkar ek compound ovary banate hain (syncarpous: sarson, tamatar). Arrangement jo bhi ho, ovary future fruit hai aur uske ovules future seeds; fertilisation dono badlaav shuru karta hai.

Placentation (बीजांडन्यास) batata hai ki ovary ke andar ovules kaise jude hote hain. Pea pod, nimbu aur sarson ke pod ko aar paar kaato to teen alag patterns milte hain (Fig. 5.14). Botanists chhe types ke naam dete hain (marginal, axile, parietal, basal, central aur free central); yeh paanch woh hain jinhe tumhe describe karna aana chahiye:

• Marginal: single-carpel ovary, pea pod jaisi, jismein ovules ek seam, ventral suture, ke saath chalne wale ridge jaise placenta par do rows mein lage hote hain. Pea.
• Axile: partitions ovary ko kai chambers mein baant dete hain (multilocular), aur ovules us central column se latakte hain jahan partitions milte hain. China rose, tamatar, nimbu.
• Parietal: ovules khud ovary ki wall par lage hote hain. Shuru mein sirf ek chamber hota hai, lekin ek false septum aar paar badhkar use do mein baant deta hai. Sarson, Argemone.
• Free central: ek single, bina partition wale chamber ke farsh se ek column uthta hai aur ovules ko rakhta hai. Dianthus, primrose.
• Basal: sirf ek ovule, jo ovary ke farsh par ek placenta se juda hota hai. Sunflower, marigold.

5.6 Fruit

Sirf flowering plants hi fruits banate hain. Fertilisation hone ke baad ovary badi hokar pakti hai aur fruit ban jaati hai, jabki andar ke ovules seeds ban jaate hain. Ovary ki wall fruit ki wall ban jaati hai, yaani pericarp (फलभित्ति). Kabhi kabhi ovary bina fertilisation ke hi fruit ban jaati hai; aisa parthenocarpic fruit aam taur par seedless hota hai, jaise har market mein bikne wale kele.

Pericarp sookha ho sakta hai, moongphali ke chhilke ki tarah, ya gooda bhara. Mote gooda bhare pericarp mein aam taur par teen layers dikhti hain: chhilka epicarp hai, beech wali mesocarp aur sabse andar wali layer endocarp.

Aam aur nariyal ek hi fruit type ke hain, drupe. Drupe aam taur par single carpel wali (monocarpellary) superior ovary se develop hota hai aur ismein ek hi seed hota hai (Fig. 5.15). Aam mein daant gadao to layers baari baari milti hain: patla chhilka (epicarp), rasila gooda (mesocarp) aur seed ke chaaron taraf sakht guthli (endocarp). Nariyal mein yahi beech wali layer fibre ka mota dher hai, woh coir jisse rassiyan kaati aur doormats bune jaate hain.

5.7 Seed

Har fertilised ovule pak kar seed ban jaata hai, safar ke liye pack kiya hua ek chhota plant. Yeh chhota plant, embryo, ek protective seed coat mein lipta hota hai. Yeh ek embryonal axis ke chaaron taraf bana hota hai: ek sira, radicle, root banega aur doosra, plumule, shoot. Axis se ek ya do cotyledons (seed leaves) jude hote hain: rice aur maize jaise cereals mein ek, chana, moong aur pea jaisi pulses mein do.

5.7.1 Dicotyledonous Seed ki Structure

Kuch chane ya rajma ke seeds raat bhar bhigo do aur tum nakhoon se ek ko khol sakte ho (Fig. 5.16). Rajma seed ke mude hue andar wale kinaare par tumhe ek halka scar milega, hilum: yahan seed apne stalk se fruit se juda tha. Uske bagal mein itna chhota pore hai ki tumhe hand lens chahiye ho sakta hai, micropyle, jisse bhigne par paani andar jaata hai. Dono seed coat par hote hain, jismein do layers hain, bahari testa aur andar wali tegmen.

Coat utaar do to zyaadatar jo bachta hai woh do mote cotyledons hain, seed ka food store. Inhe alag karo to jahan yeh milte hain wahan chhota sa embryonal axis milta hai. Iska ek sira, radicle, root banega; doosra sira, plumule, shoot banega, jiski pehli leaves pehle se andar mudi hui hain.

Seeds is baat mein alag hote hain ki woh apna food kahan rakhte hain. Castor mein endosperm (भ्रूणपोष), jo double fertilisation ke baad banne wala food store karne wala tissue hai, pake seed mein bhi maujood rehta hai; aise seeds endospermic hain. Bean, chana aur pea mein badhte embryo ne endosperm ko use kar liya hai aur apna food cotyledons mein shift kar diya hai; yeh seeds non-endospermous hain.

5.7.2 Monocotyledonous Seed ki Structure

Ab ek monocot ko dekho. Monocot seeds mein endosperm hona rule hai, exceptions jaise orchids, jinke dhool jaise seeds mein endosperm nahi hota. Maize grain yeh pattern saaf dikhata hai (Fig. 5.17). Sahi mein, grain ek one-seeded fruit hai: iska patla seed coat fruit wall ke saath judkar ek single kaagaz jaisi layer ban gaya hai. Grain ka zyaadatar hissa stored starch se bhara ek bada endosperm hai. Endosperm ke sabse bahari cells, fruit wall ke theek andar, ek protein-rich layer banate hain, aleurone layer.

Embryo chhota hota hai, grain ke patle sire ke paas endosperm ke bagal mein ek gaddhe mein dubka hua. Iska single cotyledon ek chauda shield hai, scutellum, jo endosperm se chipka hua flat dabba hota hai taaki usse food le sake. Chhota embryonal axis ek sire par plumule aur doosre par radicle rakhta hai, dono ek protective sheath mein lipte: plumule par coleoptile, radicle par coleorhiza.

5.8 Ek Typical Flowering Plant ka Semi-technical Description

Botanists kisi plant ko ek fixed order mein, standard terms ke chhote phrases mein describe karte hain, taaki kinhi bhi do descriptions ko line dar line compare kiya ja sake. Achchha semi-technical description lagbhag ek form bharne jaisa padhta hai:

1. Habit: herb, shrub ya tree.
2. Vegetative characters: root, phir stem, phir leaves.
3. Floral characters: inflorescence, phir flower aur calyx se gynoecium tak har whorl.
4. Fruit aur seed.
5. Floral formula aur floral diagram, jo floral description ko symbols aur ek drawing mein sameit dete hain.

Symbols standard hain (Table 5.4). Formula ko ek sentence ki tarah left se right padho. Subscript ek whorl ke members ki sankhya batata hai, ‘+’ ek hi organ ke do whorls ko alag karta hai, aur ∞ ka matlab hai ‘kai’. To ${\mathrm{A}}_{2+4}$ ka matlab hai bahari whorl mein do stamens aur andar wale whorl mein chaar.

Floral diagram iska picture version hai: flower ka plan jaise use thalamus ke theek upar aar paar kaata gaya ho. Top par ek dot mother axis dikhata hai, yaani woh stem jis par flower laga hai, taaki tumhe pata ho ki kaun si side uski taraf thi. Ring dar ring andar jaate hue calyx, corolla, androecium aur aakhir mein centre mein gynoecium milta hai. Ek nazar mein tum har whorl ke members gin sakte ho, dekh sakte ho ki kaun se members kinke saath alternate karte hain, aur overlaps, fusions aur attachments pehchaan sakte ho.

Fig. 5.18 sarson (family Brassicaceae) ka floral diagram ek ek whorl karke banata hai. Iska floral formula ⊕ ⚥ ${\mathrm{K}}_{2+2}{\mathrm{C}}_4{\mathrm{A}}_{2+4}{\underset{‾}{\mathrm{G}}}_{(2)}$ hai aur yeh aise padha jaata hai: actinomorphic aur bisexual; do do ke do whorls mein chaar free sepals; chaar free petals; chhe free stamens, do bahari aur chaar andar wale; superior ovary mein do jude carpels.

5.9 Solanaceae

Ab is vocabulary ko ek asli family par use karo. Solanaceae ek badi family hai jiska ek nickname hai, potato family, aur range bahut chaudi hai: iske members tropics se subtropics hote hue temperate zameenon tak jungli ugte hain ya kheti mein ugaaye jaate hain. Yeh Indian kitchen bhar dete hain: aalu, tamatar, baingan aur mirch. Agli baar jab tum baingan ya tamatar haath mein lo, to top par hari topi dekhna. Woh calyx hai, jo is family mein fruit pakte waqt bhi laga rehta hai (persist karta hai). Yeh raha family ka semi-technical description, standard order mein.

Ab ise chhota karo. Solanaceae ka floral formula ⊕ ⚥ ${\mathrm{K}}_{(5)}\overgroup{{\mathrm{C}}_{(5)}{\mathrm{A}}_5}{\underset{‾}{\mathrm{G}}}_{(2)}$ hai aur iska floral diagram Fig. 5.20 mein bana hai. Check karo ki tum har piece padh sakte ho: K aur C ke 5 par brackets kyun hain jabki A ke 5 par nahi, aur C aur A ke upar wala arc kya record karta hai?

Kisaanon aur cooks ke liye bahut kam families isse zyaada maayne rakhti hain. Iske members dete hain:

• Food: aalu, tamatar, baingan, capsicum (shimla mirch) aur cape gooseberry (rasbhari).
• Spice: mirch.
• Medicine: belladonna (Atropa) aur ashwagandha (Withania).
• Fumigatory: tobacco, jise nicotine ke liye piya ya chabaya jaata hai, jo ek addictive aur nuksaandeh substance hai.
• Ornamentals: petunia aur raat ki rani (night-blooming jasmine, Cestrum).