The Age of Industrialisation (Industrialisation ka Daur): Class 10 History Chapter 4 Hinglish mein

Kisi dost se ‘industry’ ka sketch banane ko kaho, to shayad tumhe ek oonchi chimney, ek factory gate aur shayad ek railway line milegi. Lagbhag 1900 mein artists aur advertisers bhi ise aise hi banate the, bas kahin zyada josh ke saath. Unke liye machines is baat ka saboot thi ki duniya aage badh rahi hai, aur jin deshon ke paas machines hain, wahi raasta dikha rahe hain.

Dono pictures ka message hai ki machines matlab jeet. Is nazar se dekho to modern history inventions ki ek parade hai, steam trains, steamships aur gunjti factories, aur industrialisation seedha-seedha progress hai. Hum mein se kai log aaj bhi aise hi sochte hain: naya flyover, metro line ya glass tower dekhkar lagta hai ki shehar develop ho raha hai.

Yeh chapter mushkil sawaal poochhta hai. Kya industry hamesha tez technical change se hi badhi? Machines aur factories ka un logon ke liye kya matlab tha jo unmein kaam karte the, ya jinka kaam unki wajah se chala gaya? Kya hamein har us machine par taali bajani chahiye jo insaan ka kaam le leti hai? Hum pehle Britain ko dekhenge, jo industrialise hone wala pehla desh tha, aur phir India ko, jahan colonial rule ne tay kiya ki kya badla aur kya nahi.

4.1 Industrial Revolution se Pehle

Industry ki kahani kahan se shuru hoti hai? Zyadatar log kahenge: pehli factory se. Kai history books bhi wahin se shuru hoti hain, kyunki hum industry ko factories ke barabar aur industrial workers ko machine chalane walon ke barabar maan lete hain. Lekin England mein koi factory chimney uthne se bahut pehle, poore Europe ke gaon videshi kharidaaron ke liye bhaari maatra mein kapda bana rahe the. Yeh kaam gharon mein hota tha, mills mein nahi.

Yeh phase shuru kyun hua? Seventeenth aur eighteenth century mein Europe ka baaki duniya ke saath trade badh raha tha aur Britain jaise desh colonies haasil kar rahe the. Kapde aur doosre goods ki demand badhti ja rahi thi. Merchants zyada produce karna chahte the, lekin towns mein trade guilds ki pakad mein tha. Har craft ke producers ki yeh associations bahar walon ko door rakhkar apne members ko protect karti thi. Countryside ek alag hi duniya thi, jaisa comparison dikhata hai.

Ek kisan parivaar ke liye is sauda mein sach mein fayde the. Family apni zameen par reh kar kheti karti reh sakti thi, aur merchant ka kaam us kamaai ko poora karta tha jo khet, jinki paidavaar kam hoti ja rahi thi, dete the. Jo ghante warna khaali jaate, sardiyon ki shaamon mein ya harvest ke baad ke slack season mein, ab unse paisa kamaya ja sakta tha.

Is system ne town aur gaon ko jod diya. Merchant town mein rehta tha, lekin kaam aas-paas ke gaon mein hota tha. Fig. 4.1 mein England ke cloth trade se guzarte wool ke ek bale ko follow karo. Ek merchant clothier stapler se wool khareedta tha, jo use fibre ki quality ke hisaab se chhaant chuka hota tha. Spinners use yarn mein badalte, weavers kapda banate, fullers use mota karke press karte, aur dyers use rangte. Kapda London mein finish hota tha, jo desh ka bada finishing centre tha, aur phir export merchants use videsh bhejte the.

Dekho ki charge kiske haath mein tha. Materials merchants ke the aur trade wahi control karte the, lekin goods bahut saari families apne kheton par banati thi, factories mein nahi. Ek akela merchant har stage par 20 se 25 workers rakh sakta tha, isliye ek clothier saikdon aise logon ka kaam chalata tha jinse woh shayad hi kabhi mila ho.

4.1.1 Factory ka Aana

England mein pehli factories 1730s tak aa gayi thi, lekin dashakon tak woh kam hi rahi. Unki ginti eighteenth century ke end ki taraf hi tezi se badhi, aur sabse aage cotton industry thi.11Textbook kehti hai ki cotton production ‘late nineteenth century’ mein boom hua, lekin uske apne 1760 aur 1787 ke import figures dikhate hain ki boom late eighteenth century mein aaya.

Britain mein cotton nahi ugta tha, isliye uska har pound import karna padta tha. Fig. 4.2 mein imports ki chhalaang dikhati hai ki industry kitni tezi se badhi. Imports 1760 mein 2.5 million pounds se badhkar 1787 mein 22 million pounds ho gaye, tees saal se kam mein lagbhag nau guna.

Itna growth kaise mumkin hua? Eighteenth century ke inventions ki ek chain ne dhaaga banane ke har step ko tez kar diya: raw fibre ki carding, use twist karke kaatna, aur rollers ke beech kheenchna. Ab har worker kahin zyada bana sakta tha, aur yarn zyada mazboot aur ek-saar nikalta tha. Timeline sabse mashhoor machines ko dikhati hai.

Phir khud factory aayi, aur cotton mill Richard Arkwright ki den thi. Tab tak kapda countryside mein bikhre hazaaron cottages mein banta tha. Naye machines ek cottage ke liye bahut mehnge the, isliye unhe ek hi building mein khareeda, lagaya aur chalaya jaata tha. Wahan, jaisa Fig. 4.3 dikhata hai, har process ek chhat aur ek owner ke neeche aa gaya.

Owner ke liye yeh teen tarah se important tha. Woh kaam hote hue dekh sakta tha, har batch ki quality check kar sakta tha aur apne workers ke liye ghante aur rules tay kar sakta tha. Jab tak kaam gaon mein bikhra tha, inmein se kuch bhi mumkin nahi tha.

Early nineteenth century tak mills England mein jaani-pehchaani cheez ban chuki thi. Log door-door se unhe dekhne aate the, aur writers steam ke ajoobon par panne bhar dete the. Gaaliyon ki workshops ke baare mein shayad hi kisi ne likha, jabki desh ka bahut saara kaam ab bhi wahin hota tha.

4.1.2 Industrial Change ki Raftaar

Industry asal mein kitni tezi se badli, aur kya woh sirf factories ke zariye badli? Historians chaar points mein jawaab dete hain.

1. Pehle cotton, phir iron aur steel. Sabse tezi se badhne wali industries cotton aur metals thi. 1840s tak cotton aage raha. Phir iron aur steel aage nikal gaye, kyunki railways ko rails, engines aur bridges chahiye the, pehle 1840s mein England mein aur do dashak baad colonies mein. Textbook kehti hai ki 1873 tak Britain ke iron aur steel exports lagbhag £77 million tak pahunch gaye the, jo uske cotton exports ki value ke do guna the.22Us samay ke trade returns batate hain ki shayad yeh do aapas mein badal gaye hain: 1872 mein iron aur steel exports lagbhag £36 million ke the, jabki cotton goods dashakon tak Britain ka sabse bada export rahe. Board answer ke liye textbook wala statement use karo.
2. Zyadatar workers naye sectors ke bahar rahe. 1900 tak bhi Britain ke 20 per cent se kam workers technologically advanced industries mein kaam karte the. Textiles tezi se badhe, lekin kapde ka bada hissa ab bhi gharon aur chhoti units mein banta tha, factories mein nahi.
3. Purane dhande sudharte rahe. Food processing, building, pottery, glass-making, tanning, furniture-making aur tool-making steam se nahi chalte the, phir bhi tareekon aur tools mein kai chhote, rozmarra ke sudhaaron se badhte gaye.
4. Nayi technology dheere faili. Machines mehnge the, aksar kharab hote the aur unki repair mein bahut kharcha aata tha. Woh shayad hi kabhi utna achha kaam karte the jitna unke banane wale daava karte the, isliye merchants aur mill-owners unhe khareedne ki jaldi mein nahi the.

Steam engine aakhri point ko saaf dikhata hai. Thomas Newcomen ka 1712 ka engine mines se paani pump karta tha lekin apna zyadatar fuel barbaad karta tha. James Watt ne use sudhaara, aur 1781 mein ek aisa engine patent kiya jo wheels ghuma sakta tha aur is tarah machinery chala sakta tha.33Watt ka pehla patent, separate condenser ke liye, 1769 ka hai; textbook ka 1781 uske rotary motion wale engine ki baat karta hai. Watt ne industrialist Matthew Boulton ke saath partnership ki, jinke kaarkhaane engines banate the, lekin saalon tak kharidaar aage aane mein dheeme rahe. Table un engines ki ginti deti hai jo textbook nineteenth century ki shuruaat ke liye batati hai.

Yaani 321 engines mein se sirf 89 textiles mein kaam karte the, aur zyadatar doosri industries ne steam ko century mein bahut baad mein apnaya.44Baad ki research, jo purane Newcomen-type pumping engines ko bhi ginti hai, eighteenth century ke Britain mein 2,000 se zyada engines paati hai, zyadatar mines mein. Textbook ki baat, ki kapda banane mein bahut kam use hue, phir bhi sahi hai. Steam, us daur ki sabse taaqatvar nayi technology, jo ek worker ka output kai guna badha sakti thi, use bhi failne mein dashak lag gaye. Isiliye historians ab 1850s ke typical worker ko machine chalane wale ke bajaye ek traditional craftsperson ya mazdoor ke roop mein dekhte hain.

4.2 Hand Labour aur Steam Power

Victorian Britain, yaani Queen Victoria ke raaj (1837–1901) wale Britain, ka ek factory owner aisi machine ko mana kyun karega jo kai logon ka kaam kar sakti thi? Labour market se shuru karo. Bina zameen ke mazdoor aur beghar gareeb log kaam dhoondhte hue shehron mein aate the, jitni naukriyaan thi usse kahin zyada. Itne saare log competition mein the, isliye wages kam rahe. Owner jitne chahe utne haath saste mein rakh sakta tha, isliye labour bachaane wali mehngi machine ka koi khaas matlab nahi tha.

Kai dhande seasonal bhi the. Fig. 4.4 dekho. Gas works aur breweries thandi mahino mein sabse busy rehte the. Printers aur bookbinders ko Christmas se pehle extra haath chahiye hote the. Docks par sardi ships ki repair aur refitting ka season thi. Aise dhandon mein owners hand labour pasand karte the. Woh bheed ke time workers rakh sakte the aur uske khatam hone par unhe nikaal sakte the, jabki machine khaali khadi rehti aur phir bhi paisa khaati.

Variety ek aur kaaran thi. 1850s ki machine hazaaron ek jaise items bana sakti thi, lekin customers ko khaas shapes aur baareek patterns wale goods chahiye the. Carpenter ko mochi ya lohaar se alag hathauda chahiye tha: lagbhag 1850 mein British workshops 500 tarah ke hathaude aur 45 tarah ki kulhaadiyaan banati thi. Itni range sirf skilled haath hi bana sakte the.

Class ki pasand bhi isi taraf thi. Britain ke aristocrats aur ameer middle classes (bourgeoisie) ke liye dhyaan se design ki gayi, haath se finish ki gayi aur sabse alag cheez refinement aur status ki nishaani thi. Saste machine-made goods zyadatar colonies ke kharidaaron ke paas jaate the.

4.2.1 Workers ki Zindagi

Itne saare log itni kam naukriyon ke peeche the, isliye workers ki zindagi mushkil thi. Kaam ki afvaahein gaon ke logon ki bheed ko paidal shehron tak kheench laati thi. Naukri milna zyadatar contacts par tha: factory ke andar koi cousin ya purana dost tumhari sifaarish kar sakta tha, aur jinke liye koi bolne wala nahi tha, un naye logon ko sabse lamba intezaar karna padta tha.

Intezaar karte hue, aksar hafton tak, woh jahan jagah mile wahan sote the: pulon ke neeche, ya raat bhar ke kisi shelter mein. Private charities Night Refuges chalati thi, aur Poor Law authorities, jo bebas gareebon ki madad dekhti thi, Casual Wards rakhti thi.

Seasonal dhandon ka matlab tha aise mahine jinmein bilkul wages nahi. Bheed khatam hote hi workers ko seedha nikaal diya jaata tha. Kuch log basant mein gaon laut jaate, jahan kuch jagahon par kheton ko phir haathon ki zaroorat hoti; baaki chhote-mote kaamon se guzaara karte, aur lagbhag 1850 tak woh bhi kam milte the.

Kya workers ki haalat behtar hui? Early 1800s mein money wages thode badhe, lekin yeh achha paimaana nahi hai. Average wage ek skilled printer aur dock mazdoor ke beech ka farq dhundhla kar deta hai, aur achhe-bure saalon ko chhupa deta hai. Do aur cheezein zyada matter karti thi. Ek hai real wage, yaani paise se kya khareeda ja sakta hai: Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) mein prices aasmaan chhoo gaye, isliye jo wage badla hua nahi dikhta tha, usse kahin kam khareeda ja sakta tha. Doosri cheez hai ki ek insaan ko kitne din kaam milta tha, kyunki achha daily rate bina kaam wale dinon mein kuch nahi kamata. Fig. 4.6 dono asar simple numbers se dikhata hai.

Gareebi kabhi door nahi thi. Achhe time mein bhi, mid-nineteenth century tak shehar mein rehne wale har das mein se lagbhag ek insaan behad gareeb tha. Mandi ke time, jaise 1830s ke mushkil saalon mein, alag-alag regions mein berozgaari 35 per cent tak, aur kuch jagahon par 75 per cent tak pahunch gayi.

Koi hairaani nahi ki workers naye machines se darte the: kai logon ka kaam karne wali machine unki naukri chheen sakti thi. Sabse mashhoor case spinning jenny ka hai, jo James Hargreaves ne 1764 mein banayi. Haath ke spinning wheel se ek insaan ek spindle ghumata tha; jenny se ek insaan ek hi wheel ghumakar ek saath spindles ki poori row chalata tha (Fig. 4.7). Woollen districts mein jin aurton ki families unki spinning par tiki thi, unhone jennies todkar virodh kiya, aur machine ko lekar takraav kai saal chalte rahe.

1840s ke baad kaam milna aasaan hua, jab shehron ko bade paimaane par dobara banaya gaya. Mazdooron ne tunnels aur sewers khode, nayi railway lines bichhayi aur stations banaye, sadkein chaudi ki aur nadi ke kinaaron par deewarein banayi. London mein pehli underground railway 1863 mein khuli, jo sadkon ke saath gehri khaaiyaan khodkar aur unhe upar se dhakkar banayi gayi. 1840s mein transport mein kaam karne walon ki ginti double ho gayi, aur agle tees saalon mein phir double hui.

4.3 Colonies mein Industrialisation

Ab hum India ki taraf mudte hain, yeh dekhne ke liye ki ek colony mein industry kaise badli. Phir se hum factories se aage, bina machines ke hone wale kaam ko bhi dekhenge, aur zyadatar textiles par dhyaan denge, jo India ki sabse important industry thi.

4.3.1 Indian Textiles ka Daur

Machines ke aane tak India duniya ka sabse bada kapda banane wala tha. Roz pehenne wala mota cotton kai deshon mein buna jaata tha, lekin bareek muslins, chintzes aur silks ke liye kharidaar aksar India ki taraf hi dekhte the.

Kapda zameen aur samudra, dono raaston se jaata tha (Fig. 4.8). Armenian aur Persian merchants use Punjab se zameen ke raaste Afghanistan, phir Persia ke east se hote hue Central Asia tak le jaate the. Woh bareek kapde ki gaanthein oonton par laadte aur unhe north-west ke pahaadi darron aur registaanon se le jaate the. Samudra ke raaste, Gujarat ke Surat se ships west mein Persian Gulf aur Red Sea tak jaate the. East coast ke do ports, Coromandel tat par Masulipatam aur Bengal mein Hoogly, Southeast Asia se trade karte the.

Muslin ke ek thaan ko loom se ship tak follow karo. Ek supply merchant, jo aksar bunkar gaon ke paas rehta tha, weaver ko advance paisa deta, taiyaar kapda ikattha karta aur use coast tak le jaata. Port par bade shipping firms aur exporters ke liye kaam karne wale brokers keemat par mol-bhaav karke use khareedte. Har stage ko Indian bankers finance karte the.

Yeh Indian-run system 1750s tak toot raha tha. Kaaran tha European companies ki badhti taaqat. Local rulers se ek ke baad ek privilege haasil karke, aakhir mein unhone trade ka akela haq, yaani monopoly, paa liya. Surat aur Hoogly, jin ports ko Indian merchants use karte the, ka business chala gaya: exports gir gaye, trade ko chalaane wale loans ruk gaye, aur local bankers doob gaye. Lagbhag 1700 mein Surat se lagbhag Rs 16 million ka trade guzarta tha; 1740s tak yeh girkar lagbhag Rs 3 million reh gaya, 80 per cent se zyada ki giraavat.

Isi beech Bombay aur Calcutta ubhar rahe the, aur unka ubharna batata hai ki ab taaqat kiske haath mein thi. Dono company towns the: European firms tay karti thi ki unse kya guzrega, aur European ships use le jaate the. Indian trading houses ya to doob gaye ya companies ki sharton par junior partners ban kar bache rahe.

4.3.2 Weavers ka Kya Hua?

Tum soch sakte ho ki Company rule ne weavers ko turant chot pahunchayi. Aisa nahi hua, kam se kam exports ke zariye to nahi. 1760s ke baad ke dashakon mein Europe ko ab bhi bareek Indian kapda chahiye tha aur Britain ki apni cotton industry abhi chhoti thi, isliye Company ka maksad zyada Indian textiles bhejna tha, kam nahi.

Uski problem thi kam keemat par lagaataar supply paana. Socho 1750s mein Bengal ka ek weaver. Jab uska kapda taiyaar hota, kai kharidaar use chahte: French, Dutch aur Portuguese companies ke agents, Indian merchants aur English Company. To woh behtar offer ke liye ruk sakta tha. Yeh uske liye achha tha aur English Company ke liye bura, jiske officials London ko baar-baar shikaayat karte the ki kapda kam aur mehnga hai. Political power milte hi, 1760s mein Bengal mein aur 1770s mein Carnatic mein, Company ne yeh competition khatam karne ki thaan li (Fig. 4.9).

Mushkil jaldi hi aa gayi. Purane supply merchant ki tulna naye gomastha se karo:

Aise karz jo chuka nahi sakte the aur aisi keemat jo badha nahi sakte the, inke beech phanse weavers apni pasand ki azaadi kho chuke the. Gomastha ke saath chalne wale sepoys dhamki ko saaf kar dete the. Weavers ne un tareekon se virodh kiya jo unke paas the. Kuch bas chale gaye: Carnatic aur Bengal mein families ne apne gaon chhode aur jahan rishtedaar the wahan naye sire se apne looms lagaye. Doosre, gaon ke traders ke saath milkar, Company aur uske agents ke khilaaf uth khade hue. Aur saalon mein kai ne poori tarah haar maan li, advances lene se mana kar diya, apni workshops band kar di aur doosron ke kheton par kaam karne lage.

Lagbhag 1800 tak ek naya aur bada khatra aa raha tha.

4.3.3 Manchester India Aata Hai

Company ke ek official Henry Patullo ne 1772 mein poore bharose ke saath kaha ki duniya ko hamesha Indian textiles chahiye honge, kyunki koi aur desh waisi quality ka kapda nahi bana sakta. Woh jaldi hi galat saabit hua. Early nineteenth century se India ke textile exports lambi giraavat mein chale gaye. 1811–12 mein cotton piece-goods India ke exports ki value ka 33 per cent the, lekin 1850–51 tak sirf 3 per cent reh gaye.

Iske peeche ek dohra maapdand tha. Desh ke andar, Britain ki badhti cotton lobby koi competition nahi chahti thi, isliye usne government se imported cotton kapde par tax lagwaya, jisse Indian goods British market se bahar rahe. Bahar, wahi lobby chahti thi ki India poori tarah khula ho, aur usne Company par wahan Manchester kapda bechne ka dabaav daala. Early nineteenth century mein British cotton exports aasmaan chhoone lage. Lagbhag 1800 mein India lagbhag koi cotton piece-goods import nahi karta tha. 1850 tak woh India ke imports ki value ka 31 per cent se zyada the, aur 1870s tak 50 per cent se zyada.

Indian weavers do taraf se phans gaye. Bahar unke kharidaar chale gaye the; desh mein bazaar Manchester kapde se bhare pade the, jise machines itna sasta banati thi ki handloom uski keemat ki barabari nahi kar sakta tha. 1850s mein bunkar districts ka daura karne wale officials ne ek ke baad ek barbaad centres ka haal bataya.

1860s ne teesri chot di. United States mein war chhid gaya (American Civil War, 1861–65), aur American cotton Lancashire pahunchna band ho gaya. British kharidaar India ki taraf mude aur itna raw cotton bahar bheja ki India mein uski keemat aasmaan chhoo gayi. Ab weavers ko apna raw material khareedne mein bhi mushkil hone lagi, aur aisi keemat par bunai se kuch nahi bachta tha. Century ke aakhir mein chauthi chot aayi, jab India ki apni mills machine-made kapda bechne lagi. Kya handloom bach bhi paata?

4.4 Factories Lagti Hain

India ki pehli factories nineteenth century ke beech mein aayi. Bombay ki pehli cotton mill 1854 mein bani aur 1856 tak yarn bana rahi thi. 1862 mein shehar mein chaar mills thi, jo milkar 94,000 spindles aur 2,150 looms chalati thi. Bengal ki pehli jute mill 1855 mein khuli, aur doosri 1862 mein. North mein Elgin Mill ne 1860s mein Kanpur mein kaam shuru kiya, aur usi dashak mein Ahmedabad ko apni pehli cotton mill mili. 1874 tak Madras mein bhi ek spinning aur weaving mill production mein thi.55Ranchhodlal Chhotalal ki lagayi Ahmedabad ki pehli mill 1861 mein khuli, aur Elgin Mill ki date aam taur par 1862 maani jaati hai. Textbook Ahmedabad ki mill ko Kanpur wali ke ek saal baad rakhti hai.

Yeh industries kisne lagayi? Paisa kahan se aaya? Aur unmein kaam karne kaun aaya?

4.4.1 Shuruaati Entrepreneurs

Alag-alag regions mein industries bilkul alag tarah ke logon ne shuru ki. Kai business families ne apni pehli daulat China trade mein kamaayi. Late eighteenth century se India mein British China ko opium bhejte aur Chinese tea England le jaate the. Indian traders cargoes ko finance karke, supplies khareedkar aur shipments ka intezaam karke apna hissa kamaate the, haalaanki trade British control karte the. Is tarah ameer bane kuch logon ne desh mein industries banane ka sapna dekhna shuru kiya. Fig. 4.11 dikhata hai ki aisa paisa kahan se aaya, aur use kisne roka.

• Dwarkanath Tagore (Bengal) industry mein aane se pehle China trade se ameer bane. 1830s aur 1840s mein unhone chhe joint-stock firms banayi. Unke kaam banks, insurance aur mines se lekar plantations, ships aur shipyards tak faile the, kyunki unka maanna tha ki India Western ideas aur industry se aage badhega. 1840s mein business failures ki ek lehar ne kai doosri firms ke saath unki firms ko bhi gira diya.
• Bombay ke Parsi merchants, jinmein Dinshaw Petit aur Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata the, ne aage chalkar bade industrial houses banaye. Unki shuruaati daulat kuch China ko bikri se aur kuch England bheje gaye raw cotton ke cargoes se aayi.
• Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy Parsi weavers ki family se the aur unhone China trade mein daulat kamaayi, jahan unke apne ships cargo le jaate the. 1850s tak English aur American shipping firms ne unhe competition mein peeche chhod diya, aur unhe apna fleet bechna pada.
• Marwari traders ke bhi China se rishte the. Seth Hukumchand, jinki Calcutta wali jute mill (1917) kisi Indian ki pehli jute mill thi, China se trade kar chuke the, aur industrialist G.D. Birla ke pita aur dada bhi.

Saara industrial paisa China se nahi aaya. Burma se trade karne wale Madras ke merchants, aur Arabian Sea paar Middle East aur East Africa mein business karne wale doosre logon ne bhi capital jama kiya. Aise groups ne bhi jo kabhi videsh se trade nahi karte the, lekin India ke andar goods idhar-udhar le jaate, paisa rakhte aur udhaar dete, aur traders ke liye ek shehar se doosre shehar paisa bhejte the. Mauka milte hi inmein se kai ne apni bachat factories mein lagayi.

Lekin colonial rule ne unhe ek daayre mein band rakha. Indian merchants Europe ko manufactured goods nahi bech sakte the; woh wahi bahar bhej sakte the jo Britain ko chahiye tha, khaas taur par indigo, wheat, opium aur raw cotton. Aur dheere-dheere British firms ne unhe shipping se bahar kar diya.

First World War se pehle Indian industry ke bade hisse ke asli maalik European managing agencies thi, jaise Bird Heilgers & Co., Andrew Yule aur Jardine Skinner & Co.66Textbook pehle naam ko ‘Bird Heiglers’ likhti hai. Ek agency investors se paisa ikattha karti, ek joint-stock company float karti aur use chalati. Paisa aksar Indian hota tha, lekin kis mein invest karna hai aur business kaise chalana hai, yeh faisle European lete the. Europeans ne apne chambers of commerce bhi Indian members ke liye band rakhe.

4.4.2 Workers Kahan se Aaye?

Jaise-jaise mills badhi, workers ki demand bhi badhi. 1901 mein Indian factories mein 584,000 workers the; 1946 tak 2,436,000 se zyada, chaar guna se bhi zyada.

Zyadatar mill-hands aas-paas ke gaon wale the: bahut kam zameen wale kisan aur bahut kam kaam wale kaarigar, jo paidal ya train se sabse paas ke industrial town jaate the. 1911 mein Bombay ki cotton mills ke aadhe se zyada workers paas ke Ratnagiri district se aaye the. Kanpur ki mills apne zyadatar textile workers Kanpur district ke hi gaon se laati thi. Bahut kam logon ne ghar se naata toda: woh harvest aur tyohaaron ke liye laut-te aur phir mill wapas aa jaate.

Baad mein mill naukriyon ki khabar door ke regions tak bhi pahunchi. Jaise, United Provinces ke workers Bombay ki cotton mills aur Calcutta ki jute mills mein gaye. Phir bhi naukri milna kabhi aasaan nahi tha, kyunki kaam dhoondhne wale hamesha naukriyon se zyada hote the. Mill mein ghusne ka raasta aksar ek aadmi se hokar jaata tha: jobber.

Socho tum lagbhag 1920 mein Konkan ke ek gaon se Bombay pahunchte ho. Jo aadmi tumse milta hai woh mill-owner nahi, jobber hai, shayad tumhare hi gaon ka koi jo bees saal se mill mein kaam kar raha hai. Woh tumhe spinning room mein jagah aur paas ke ek bhare hue kamre mein sone ka kona dilata hai, aur pehli wages aane tak paise udhaar deta hai. Tum shukraguzaar ho. Lekin jaldi hi tumhe samajh aata hai ki uski madad kabhi muft nahi: use paisa aur tohfe chahiye, aur agar tum uske khilaaf gaye to naukri ja sakti hai. Fig. 4.12 dikhata hai ki uska role kaise badha.

4.5 Industrial Growth ki Khaasiyatein

Dekho European agencies ne kis mein invest karna chuna: tea aur coffee estates, us zameen par jo colonial government unhe saste mein deti thi; indigo; jute; mines. Lagbhag sab kuch export ke liye tha. Indians ko bechna unka maksad nahi tha.

Late nineteenth century ke Indian mill-owners ne soch-samajhkar faisla kiya. Cloth market par Manchester ka dabdaba tha, lekin woh India ko bahut kam yarn bhejta tha, aur woh bhi sirf bareek wala. Isliye pehli Indian mills ne kapda bunne ke bajaye mota yarn kaata, aur use India ke handloom weavers ko becha ya China bheja. Is tarah unhe kabhi Manchester se seedhi takkar nahi leni padi.

1900 aur 1910 ke beech kai badlaavon ne industry ko ek nayi disha mein dhakela:

• Swadeshi. Swadeshi movement, jo 1905 mein Bengal ke partition ke baad badha, ne logon se videshi kapde ka boycott karne ko kaha.
• Organised business. Industrialists ne apne interests bachaane ke liye haath milaya aur government par videshi goods par oonche tariffs (import duties) aur doosri riyaayaton ke liye dabaav daala.
• China haath se nikla. 1906 se China mein Indian yarn kam-kam bikne laga, kyunki China aur Japan ki mills ne Chinese market par kabza kar liya.

Isliye Indian industrialists yarn se kapde ki taraf shift hone lage. 1900 aur 1912 ke beech India ka cotton piece-goods ka output double ho gaya. Phir bhi First World War tak industry dheere hi badhi.

1914–18 ki war ne poori tasveer badal di. Lancashire ki mills army orders mein lag gayi, isliye India mein bahut kam Manchester kapda aaya, aur Indian mills ko poora desi market khula mila. War jitni lambi chali, army ne khud Indian factories se utna hi zyada order kiya:

• tambu (tents)
• uniforms ke liye kapda
• leather ke boots
• ghodon aur khacchron ke liye kaathiyaan
• jute ke bore

Demand poori karne ke liye owners ne nayi factories banayi aur purani factories ko shift ke baad shift chalaya, zyada workers lambe ghante kaam karte rahe. War ke saalon mein output aasmaan chhoone laga.

War khatam hone par bhi Manchester wapas nahi aaya. Britain ki purani industries naye rivals, USA, Germany aur Japan, se peeche reh gayi thi, aur 1918 ke baad uski cotton industry tezi se giri, kapde ke exports bahut kam ho gaye. Isi beech Indian mill-owners ne war ke dauraan jeete customers ko banaye rakha, dheere-dheere imported goods ki jagah apne goods laaye aur desi market par kabza kar liya.

4.5.1 Small-scale Industries ka Dabdaba

War ke baad factories lagaataar badhi, phir bhi badi industry economy ka chhota hissa hi rahi. Zyadatar badi units, 1911 mein unka lagbhag 67 per cent, Bengal aur Bombay mein thi. 1931 ka ek survey Madras, Bihar, United Provinces, Punjab aur Central Provinces mein chhote clusters dikhata hai. Baaki jagah chhoti units ka hi raaj tha. 1911 mein industrial workforce ka sirf 5 per cent registered factories mein tha, aur bees saal baad bhi yeh share sirf 10 per cent tha. Baaki sab chhoti workshops mein ya ghar par, peeche ki gaaliyon mein chhupe kaam karte the.

Hairaani ki baat hai ki kuch crafts twentieth century mein badhe, unmein handloom weaving bhi tha. Hand-spinners nineteenth century mein barbaad ho chuke the, kyunki saste mill ke dhaage ne unhe maat de di. Lekin weavers wahi sasta dhaaga use kar sakte the, aur woh tike rahe. 1900 aur 1940 ke beech handloom kapde ka output lagbhag teen guna ho gaya. Iska kaaran kya hai?

Ek jawaab hai sasti, smart technology. Kaarigar khushi se koi naya device apnaate hain agar usse woh apni cost zyada badhaaye bina zyada bana sakein, aur fly shuttle, jo England mein John Kay ne 1733 mein invent kiya, ne bilkul yahi kiya (Fig. 4.13). 1910s se yeh India ke bunkar gaon mein faila: ab ek weaver kam helpers ke saath tez kaam kar sakta tha aur chauda kapda bun sakta tha. 1941 tak India ke ek-tihaai se zyada handlooms (35 per cent se zyada) mein fly shuttles the. Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin aur Bengal mein yeh share 70 se 80 per cent tha. Kai doosre chhote sudhaaron ne bhi weavers ko apna output badhaane aur mills se compete karne mein madad ki.

Kuch weavers mills ke competition mein tikne ke liye doosron se behtar haalat mein the.

Bache rehna khushhaali ke barabar nahi tha. Handloom families thodi kamaai ke liye lambe ghante mehnat karti thi, family ka har member, bachche bhi, kaam ka koi hissa karta tha. Lekin unhe ek khatam hote past ki nishaani samajhna galat hoga. Unke looms India ki industrial kahani ka utna hi hissa the jitni mills.

4.6 Goods ke liye Market

Factories meelon kapda bana sakti hain, lekin kisi ko use khareedna bhi padta hai. Jo kharidaar hamesha local weaver se khareedta aaya tha, use yakeen dilaana padta tha ki door ki mill ka bundle aazmaane laayak hai. Bechne waalon ne yeh chaahat kaise paida ki?

Advertising main tool tha. Ek achha advertisement sirf jaankaari nahi deta: woh tumhe mehsoos karata hai ki tumhe aisi cheez chahiye jiske baare mein tumne kabhi socha bhi nahi tha. Aaj tum ads se bach nahi sakte, phones, hoardings, buses aur cricket shirts par. Lekin yeh naye nahi hain. Jab se factories bhaari maatra mein goods banane lagi, tab se bechne waale naye ilaakon mein customers jeetne aur logon ko khareedne ki nayi aadatein sikhaane ke liye advertising use karte aaye hain, un tareekon se jo Fig. 4.14 mein dikhaye gaye hain.

Tum jo kapde pehente ho unke brand names ke baare mein socho. Manchester ke mill-owners ne dedh sau saal pehle yahi idea use kiya. Kapde ke har bundle par chipka label kharidaar ko do baatein batata tha, woh kahan bana aur kisne banaya, aur ek chupchaap vaada karta tha: yeh achha maal hai. Bade aksharon mein ‘Made in Manchester’ ka maksad us kharidaar ko bharosa dilaana tha jisne mill ka naam kabhi suna bhi nahi tha.

Kai labels chhoti-chhoti kalakritiyaan the, aur historians bechne waalon ki soch samajhne ke liye unhe study karte hain. English cotton ke bundle par devi kyun lagayi jaaye? Do kaaran the. Ek pavitra image aashirwaad ka ishaara karti thi, jaise product ko bhagwaan ki manzoori mili ho. Aur aisi figure jise har Indian kharidaar jaanta tha, jaise Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kartika ya Krishna, ek anjaane videshi product ko ghar ki cheez jaisa mehsoos karaati thi.

Calendars aur bhi chalaak idea the, jo late nineteenth century se chhapne lage. Newspaper advertisement ko padhne wala chahiye; calendar ki picture ko nahi. Isliye calendar lagbhag har kisi tak pahunch sakta tha: woh sadak kinaare chai ki dukaan, mazdoor ki jhopdi, clerk ke office ya middle-class flat mein tang sakta tha. Aur woh poore saal deewar par rehta tha, isliye uska maalik har din advertisement dekhta tha. Yahan bhi bhagwaan bechne mein madad karte the. Gripe water, yaani bachchon ke pet dard ki dawaai, ke 1928 ke ek calendar mein baal Krishna the. Ek soap ke 1934 ke calendar mein Vishnu bhagwaan aasmaan mein sooraj ki roshni la rahe the.

Raja-maharaja bhi goods bechte the. Advertisements aur calendars mein emperors, nawabs aur maharajas dikhaye jaate the, aur Manchester ke ek cloth label par to Maharaja Ranjit Singh ka portrait bhi tha. Daleel kuch aisi thi: jo cheez raja ke laayak hai, woh tumhare laayak to zaroor hogi. Aur agar tum raja ki izzat karte ho, to tumhe un goods ki bhi kadar karni chahiye jinhe woh pasand karta dikhta hai.

Indian manufacturers ne yeh tareeke deshbhakti ke maksad se apnaaye. Unke advertisements kharidaaron ko batate the ki Indian goods chunna desh ki seva ka ek tareeka hai. Jaise, Ahmedabad ki ek mill ke cloth label par ek devi India mein bana kapda aage badhaate hue logon se Indian goods use karne ko keh rahi thi. Is tarah sada sa cloth label bhi national movement ka hissa ban gaya, aur swadeshi appeal ko har bazaar tak le gaya.

Conclusion

Factories, machines aur industrial workers ki ek nayi class ne duniya ko zaroor badla. Lekin kahani yahin khatam nahi hoti: Britain mein, aur India mein to aur bhi zyada, haath ke tools aur chhoti workshops industry ke dil mein bani rahi.