Class 10 · Social Science · English medium
India and the Contemporary World – II: Class 10 History companion
An original companion to India and the Contemporary World – II, NCERT Class 10 Social Science (2026–27 edition). Official textbook ↗ ncert.nic.in
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Chapters
- ENHinglish
Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
How nationalism and the nation-state rose in nineteenth-century Europe. - ENHinglish
Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
Class 10 history: Indian nationalism from 1919 to 1934, plus Quit India (1942). - ENHinglish
Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World
Globalisation has a long history. - ENHinglish
Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation
How industrialisation unfolded in Britain and in colonial India. - ENHinglish
Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World
This Class 10 history chapter traces print from woodblock printing in China (from AD 594), Japan and Korea, through Gutenberg's press with m
Also in Hinglish
- Chapter 1: Europe mein Nationalism ka Uday (Hinglish)
- Chapter 2: Nationalism in India (Hinglish)
- Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World (Hinglish)
- Chapter 4: Industrialisation ka Daur (Hinglish)
- Chapter 5: Print Culture aur Modern World (Hinglish)
A
absolutistनिरंकुशवादीDescribes rule with no legal limits on the ruler's power; in European history, a monarchy that ran the army and government from the centre and crushed opposition.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in EuropeallegoryरूपकAn abstract idea, such as liberty or a nation, shown as a person or object; it carries a symbolic meaning beside the obvious one.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in EuropealmanacपंचांगA yearly publication giving the movements of the sun and moon, tides, eclipses and other dates useful in daily life.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern WorldB
balladगाथागीतA folk tale or piece of history told in verse, usually sung or recited.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern WorldbegarबेगारForced, unpaid work that landlords or officials made villagers do.Ch 2 · Nationalism in Indiaboycottबहिष्कारRefusing, as a protest, to buy certain goods or to have anything to do with certain people or institutions.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiaBretton Woods institutionsब्रेटन वुड्स संस्थानThe International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, set up at the Bretton Woods conference of July 1944.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldC
calligraphyसुलेखनThe art of beautiful, stylised handwriting.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern Worldcardingकार्डिंगCombing raw fibres such as cotton or wool so that they lie straight and are ready for spinning.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationchapbookA small, cheap pocket book sold by travelling pedlars called chapmen, popular from the sixteenth century.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern Worldcivil disobedienceसविनय अवज्ञाDeliberately and peacefully breaking unjust laws, and accepting the punishment.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiacompositorThe worker who arranges the type into words and lines ready for printing.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern Worldconservatismरूढ़िवादA political outlook that values tradition and long-standing institutions and prefers slow change to sudden change.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in EuropeCorn Lawsकॉर्न लॉBritish laws that restricted the import of foreign grain ('corn') to keep prices high for landowners; scrapped in 1846.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldD
dalitदलित‘Oppressed’: the name that people treated as ‘untouchables’ began to use for themselves from around the 1930s.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiadespotismनिरंकुशताGovernment by one person with absolute power, unchecked by laws or a constitution.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern WorlddissenterअसहमतA person who refuses to accept the established beliefs or practices, especially of the official church.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global Worlddominion statusऔपनिवेशिक स्वराज्यSelf-government within the British Empire, with the British monarch as head of state.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiaE
ethnicRelating to a group that shares, or claims to share, a common descent, culture or origin.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europeexchange rateविनिमय दरThe price of one currency in terms of another. Fixed rates are held steady by governments; floating rates move with supply and demand.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldF
fatwaफ़तवाA ruling on a question that Islamic law leaves unclear, normally issued by a mufti, an expert in Islamic law.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern WorldfeministनारीवादीA person or idea that stands for equal rights and opportunities for women and men in society, the economy and politics.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europefly shuttleफ़्लाई शटलA shuttle sent across the loom by a pull on a cord, carrying the weft (crosswise thread) through the warp (lengthwise threads), so one weaver can work a wide loom.Ch 4 · The Age of Industrialisationfolkloreलोक साहित्यTraditional tales, songs, ballads, rhymes and legends passed down by word of mouth.Ch 2 · Nationalism in Indiaforced recruitmentजबरन भर्तीMaking people join the army against their will, as the colonial state did during the First World War.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiafullerफुलरA worker who fulls woven woollen cloth: cleans, gathers and presses it so that it becomes thicker and firmer.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationG
galleyA metal tray in which type is laid out and the text composed.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern Worldglobalisationवैश्वीकरणThe growing connection of the world's economies and societies through the movement of goods, people, money, ideas and technology.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global Worldgomasthaगुमाश्ताA paid agent of the East India Company who supervised weavers, collected their cloth and checked its quality.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationGreat DepressionमहामंदीThe worldwide economic collapse from about 1929 to the mid-1930s, with huge falls in production, jobs, incomes and trade.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldGroup of 77 (G-77)जी-77A group of developing countries formed in 1964 to press their shared economic interests, including a New International Economic Order.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global Worldguildगिल्डAn association of producers in one craft that trained apprentices and controlled production, prices and who could enter the trade.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationH
hereticalविधर्मीContrary to what the Church officially taught. The Church saw heresy as a threat to its authority and punished it harshly.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern Worldhire purchaseकिराया-ख़रीदBuying goods on credit: you take them home at once and pay in weekly or monthly instalments.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldI
ideologyविचारधाराA connected set of ideas about how society and politics ought to be organised.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europeimperialismसाम्राज्यवादA powerful state's policy of extending its rule or control over other lands and peoples.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europeindentured labourगिरमिटिया मज़दूरLabour bound by a contract to one employer for a fixed period, often to pay off the passage to a new country.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldInquisitionA former court of the Roman Catholic Church that tracked down and punished people it judged to be heretics.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern WorldJ
jobberजॉबरA trusted, usually older, mill worker whom owners used to recruit new workers, often from his own village.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationK
Khilafatख़िलाफ़तThe movement of 1919–24 to defend the powers of the Ottoman Sultan as Khalifa, the spiritual head of many Muslims.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiaL
liberalismउदारवादIdeas built around individual freedom, equality before the law, government by consent and, in economics, free markets.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in EuropeM
managing agencyमैनेजिंग एजेंसीA firm, usually European in colonial India, that raised capital, set up joint-stock companies and ran them for their shareholders.Ch 4 · The Age of Industrialisationmass productionबड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादनMaking large numbers of identical goods quickly and cheaply, for example on an assembly line.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global Worldmultilateral settlementबहुपक्षीय निपटानA system in which a country's deficit with one country is paid for out of its surplus with a third.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global Worldmultinational corporation (MNC)बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनीA large company that runs production in several countries at the same time.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldN
nation-stateराष्ट्र-राज्यA state whose citizens, and not only its rulers, share a feeling of common identity, history and belonging.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europenationalismराष्ट्रवादA strong sense of belonging to a nation, with the belief that the nation should rule itself, usually in a state of its own.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europenationalismराष्ट्रवादA sense among a people that they belong to one nation, often with a wish for self-rule.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiaO
Orientप्राच्यA Western name for the lands east of the Mediterranean, especially Asia. It carries a European view of these lands as old-fashioned, unchanging and mysterious.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationP
picketधरनाStanding outside a shop, factory or office as a protest, to stop people going in.Ch 2 · Nationalism in Indiapiece-goodsथान का कपड़ाWoven cloth sold in standard lengths, or pieces, rather than as yarn or ready-made clothes.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationplatenIn letterpress printing, the board pressed onto the back of the paper so that it takes the impression of the type; first wooden, later steel.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern Worldplebisciteजनमत संग्रहA vote in which all the people of an area directly accept or reject one proposal.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europeprimary productsप्राथमिक उत्पादGoods that come straight from farms, forests, mines or the sea, before any manufacturing, such as raw cotton, grain, rubber or iron ore.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldProtestant Reformationप्रोटेस्टेंट धर्मसुधारA movement of the 1500s that set out to reform the Roman Catholic Church; Martin Luther was a leading figure, and Protestant churches grew out of it.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern Worldproto-industrialisationआदि-औद्योगीकरणLarge-scale production for distant markets, organised by merchants and done in family homes, before factories. Proto means the first or early form of something.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationPurna Swarajपूर्ण स्वराजComplete independence, the Congress goal from December 1929.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiaR
real wageवास्तविक मज़दूरीWhat a money wage can actually buy. If prices rise faster than money wages, the real wage falls.Ch 4 · The Age of Industrialisationrinderpestरिंडरपेस्टA deadly, fast-spreading cattle plague that swept Africa in the 1890s and killed about 90 per cent of its cattle.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldRomanticismA cultural movement that valued emotion, intuition and folk tradition over pure reason, and helped give nations a shared cultural past.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in EuropeS
satyagrahaसत्याग्रहGandhiji's method of non-violent mass resistance, relying on the power of truth to change the opponent's mind.Ch 2 · Nationalism in Indiaseditiousराजद्रोहीSpeech, writing or action seen as opposing the government.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern Worldseparate electorateपृथक निर्वाचिकाA system in which only the voters of one community elect that community's representatives.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiasepoyसिपाहीThe British way of saying sipahi: an Indian soldier in British service.Ch 4 · The Age of Industrialisationspinning jennyस्पिनिंग जेनीA spinning machine devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, with which one worker turning one wheel could spin several threads at once.Ch 4 · The Age of Industrialisationstaplerस्टेपलरA dealer who buys wool and sorts it by the quality of its fibre.Ch 4 · The Age of IndustrialisationsuffrageमताधिकारThe right to vote in elections.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europeswadeshiस्वदेशीLiterally ‘of one's own country’: the movement to buy Indian-made goods and boycott foreign ones.Ch 4 · The Age of Industrialisationswarajस्वराजSelf-rule; a word that different groups filled with their own hopes.Ch 2 · Nationalism in IndiaT
tariffसीमा शुल्कA tax on goods imported into a country, collected at the point of entry such as a port, border or airport.Ch 3 · The Making of a Global WorldU
ulamaउलमाScholars of Islam and of the sharia, the body of Islamic law.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern WorldutopianPicturing a perfect society, one too good to be found in real life.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in EuropeV
vellumचर्मपत्रA fine writing material made from animal skin, used for costly handwritten books.Ch 5 · Print Culture and the Modern WorldZ
ZollvereinThe customs union of German states set up in 1834 under Prussian leadership; it removed tariffs between its members.Ch 1 · The Rise of Nationalism in Europencert.ai is an independent learning companion aligned to the NCERT curriculum. It is not affiliated with or endorsed by NCERT.