The Making of a Scientist: Class 10 English Chapter 6 Hinglish mein

6.1 Padhne se pehle

Tum kya collect karte ho? Shayad stamps, alag-alag saalon ke coins, cricket cards ya samundar ki trip se laaye shells. Zyaadatar collections aakhir mein kisi drawer mein pade reh jaate hain. Yeh chapter ek aise ladke ke baare mein hai jiska collection wahin nahi ruka. Uski butterflies use questions tak le gayi, questions use tests tak le gaye, aur tests use baais saal ki umar mein is baare mein ek naye idea tak le gaye ki living cells kaise kaam karte hain.

The Making of a Scientist ek sacchi story hai: American scientist Richard H. Ebright ka ek chhota biographical profile. Yeh unke bachpan, school aur college ke saalon se tezi se guzarta hai, isliye dhyaan rakho ki har cheez kab hoti hai aur kaun unki madad karta hai; Fig. 6.1 tumhe poori chadhai ek nazar mein dikhata hai. Padhte samay yeh chaar questions yaad rakho (inmein tumhari textbook ke Read and Find Out prompts aa jaate hain):

1. Ebright ko science ki taraf mod dene mein bachchon ki ek book ka kya role tha?
2. Unki mother ne kin-kin tareekon se unka saath diya?
3. Science fair haarne se unhone kya seekha, aur uske baad kaun se experiments try kiye?
4. Writer ke hisaab se, scientist banne ke liye kya chahiye?

6.2 Story padhna

Profile chadhai ke top se shuru hota hai aur phir pehle step par laut aata hai. Baais saal ki umar mein Ebright cells ke baare mein ek nayi theory publish kar chuke hain. Uske baad sab kuch yeh samjhata hai ki butterfly net wala ek ladka wahan tak kaise pahuncha. Humne story ko paanch parts mein baanta hai; Fig. 6.1 ki seedhiyan tumhe yaad rakhne mein madad karengi ki tum kahan ho.

6.2.1 Part I: Ek collector jiske peeche uski mother khadi thi

Story ek surprise se shuru hoti hai. Jab woh baais saal ke the, tab Ebright aur unke college room partner ka ek paper Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ne accept kiya, jo America ke top science journals mein se ek hai. Writer ke hisaab se, is journal ne pehle kabhi college students ka kaam nahi chhapa tha. Yeh kitna rare tha, yeh dikhane ke liye writer baseball ki ek misaal leta hai, jise tumhari book ka ek footnote samjhata hai. Hamare liye yeh aisa hai jaise koi teenager Indian team mein aaye aur apni pehli hi innings mein century maar de. Aur hum jaante hain ki is sab ka beej ek butterfly collection tha.

Ebright apne maa-baap ke akele bachche the, aur woh Pennsylvania ke Reading town ke north mein bade hue. Wahan karne ko zyaada kuch nahi tha, aur jaisa woh mazaak mein kehte hain, “a team of one” ke liye team sports namumkin hain. Isliye unhone woh kiya jo ek insaan akele kar sakta hai: collect karna. Kindergarten se hi woh poori lagan se butterflies dhoondhte the, aur rocks, fossils aur coins bhi jama karte the. Unhe raat ka aasmaan bhi bahut pasand tha, aur kabhi-kabhi woh subah tak taare dekhte rehte the.

Jab Richard third grade mein the, tab unke father ki death ho gayi, aur tab se maa-bete ka rishta khaas taur par kareeb ho gaya. Woh unki curiosity ki sabse badi supporter bhi thi. Hobby ko jo bhi chahiye hota, woh le aati: microscope, telescope, camera, specimens mount karne ka saamaan, aur nayi jagahon ki trips. Woh dhyaan rakhti thi ki unki shaamein kabhi khaali na rahein, hamesha ghar ke kaam ki jagah kuch seekhne ko ho, aur woh bhi khushi se seekhte the. Unke school marks bahut acche the, haalaanki padhai ke baahar woh ek normal ladke the.

Second grade tak unhone apne home town ke aas-paas milne wali butterflies ki pacchees ki pacchees species pakad li thi. Pakadne ko kuch naya na bachne par hobby wahin khatam ho sakti thi. Tab unki mother ne unhe bachchon ki ek book di, The Travels of Monarch X, jo monarch butterflies ke south ki taraf lambe migration ke baare mein thi (tumhari book kehti hai Central America tak). Is book ne unhe dikhaya ki butterflies sirf collect karne ki cheez nahi, balki solve karne wali puzzles hain. Yeh pehla turning point tha.

6.2.2 Part II: Monarchs ko tag karna aur paalna

Book ke aakhri pages mein helpers ki zaroorat batayi gayi thi. Canada ki University of Toronto ke scientist Dr Frederick A. Urquhart chahte the ki volunteers monarchs ko tag karein taaki woh unke safar ko trace kar sakein. Unki mother ne ek letter bhej diya, aur jaldi hi ladka monarch ke pankhon par chhote, halke, chipakne wale tags lagane laga. Jise bhi aisi marked butterfly milti, woh uska tag Toronto waapas bhej sakta tha, aur har lauta hua tag migration ke map par ek dot jod deta tha.

Unke ghar ke aas-paas butterfly season sirf lagbhag chhe hafte chalta hai, late summer mein, aur ek-ek karke butterflies ke peeche bhaagne se tag karne ke liye bahut kam milti thi. Isliye Ebright ne ek smart tareeka nikala: unhone khud butterflies paali. Unka tareeka tha ek female ko pakadna, use ande dene dena, aur bachchon ko ghar par hi life cycle ki har stage se guzaarte hue bada karna, jaise Fig. 6.2 mein. Jab woh adult ban jaati, tab woh unhe tag karke chhod dete. Kabhi-kabhi unke basement mein hazaaron butterflies hoti thi, andon se lekar adults tak: ek ghar ka bana butterfly farm jo saalon tak chala.

Aakhir mein yeh kaam unhe boring lagne laga. Woh maante hain ki tagging boring thi aur badle mein lagbhag kuch nahi milta tha: un saare saalon mein unki tag ki hui sirf do butterflies dobara mili, aur dono mein se koi bhi unke ghar se lagbhag pachhattar miles (kareeb 120 km) se zyaada door nahi udi thi. Unhe aisi science chahiye thi jo jawaab de.

6.2.3 Part III: Science fairs se mile sabak

Seventh grade mein Ebright ne aakhir dekha ki asli science kaisi dikhti hai, aur woh bhi haar kar. Ek county science fair ke liye unhone frog tissue ki microscope slides taiyaar ki, saaf-suthre tareeke se sajaa kar. Lagbhag har kisi ko kuch na kuch mila; unhe kuch nahi mila, aur yeh unhe bahut chubha. Jeetne wali entries dekh kar unhe samajh aaya kyun: unke banane walon ne kuch test kiya tha, jabki unhone sirf kuch dikhaya tha. Yeh sabak unke dimaag mein baith gaya, aur unka competitive swabhaav turant saamne aaya. Unhone tay kiya ki unki agli entry ek sachcha experiment hogi, us field mein jise woh poori tarah jaante the: insects.

Ek baar phir Dr Urquhart madad ko aaye. Ebright ke letter ke jawaab mein unhone possible experiments ki ek lambi list bheji. Ebright apne baaki school ke saalon mein in ideas par kaam karte rahe, aur inse unhe ek ke baad ek prize mile.

Grade 8: ek bimaari aur kuch beetles. Har kuch saal mein ek virus lagbhag saare monarch caterpillars ko khatam kar deta tha. Ebright ne andaaza lagaya ki shayad koi beetle ise faila raha hai, isliye unhone caterpillars ko beetles ke beech paala. Experiment se koi saaf jawaab nahi mila, lekin unhone dikhaya ki unhone kya try kiya aur kaise, aur is entry ko prize mila. Judges ek sacche test ko inaam de rahe the, kisi lucky result ko nahi.

Grade 9: kya birds sach mein monarchs se bachte hain? Scientists ke paas ek simple explanation tha ki viceroy butterfly monarch jaisi itni kyun dikhti hai. Monarchs birds ko bekaar swaad ki lagti hain, isliye birds unhe chhodna seekh jaate hain; viceroys swaadisht hoti hain, lekin jo bird kisi viceroy ko monarch samajh leta hai, woh use chhoota bhi nahi. Ebright ne is chain ki pehli kadi check karne ka socha: kya koi bird sach mein monarchs ko mana karega? Unke test bird, ek starling, ne normal bird food ko munh bhi nahi lagaya lekin use di gayi har monarch kha gaya. (Baad mein unhone bataya ki doosron ki research ke hisaab se viceroys shayad sach mein monarchs ki nakal karti hain.) Is project ne county fair mein zoology mein first aur overall third position li. Fig. 6.3 theory aur unka test dikhata hai.

6.2.4 Part IV: Gold spots se cell ki theory tak

High school ke doosre saal (Grade 10) mein Ebright ne ek aisa question uthaya jo lagbhag bahut simple lagta hai: monarch pupa par baarah chhote gold spots kyun hote hain? Aam soch yeh thi ki woh bas sajaavat ke liye hain; Dr Urquhart ko shaq tha ki baat kuch aur hai. Ebright aur ek aur talented student ne shuruaat ek device banakar ki, aur usse unhone saabit kiya ki spots ek hormone chhodte hain, ek chemical messenger jiski butterfly ko poori tarah develop hone ke liye zaroorat hoti hai. Unhone ek aisa insect hormone dhoondha tha jiske baare mein kisi ko pata nahi tha, aur yahi school project ek din cells ke baare mein unke bade idea tak pahunchaane wala tha.

Gold-spot project county fair mein first aaya aur International Science and Engineering Fair mein jagah mili, jahan isne zoology mein third prize jeeta. Isse unhe Walter Reed Army Institute of Research ki entomology (insect) laboratory mein summer job bhi mili. Grade 11 mein unhone pupa experiments ko aur aage badhaya, International Science Fair mein top prize jeeta, aur ek aur summer army laboratory mein bitaaya.

Grade 12 mein unhone monarch ke wing cells ko butterfly ke bahar zinda rakha, ek nutrient dish mein cell culture ki tarah. Gold-spot hormone dene par cells badhte gaye aur normal wing scales ban gaye; uske bina aisa nahi hua. Matlab, hormone hi bade hone ka signal tha. Isne International Fair mein zoology mein first place jeeta, aur school chhodne ke baad unhone summer army laboratory aur US Department of Agriculture ki ek laboratory ke beech baanta.

Harvard University mein bhi gold spots unhe baar-baar apni taraf kheenchte rahe. Pehle saal ke baad wale summer mein woh Agriculture Department ki laboratory mein laute aur wahan ke advanced instruments se hormone ka chemical structure pata kiya. Lagbhag athaarah mahine baad, college ke teesre saal mein, woh ek hormone ke structure ki X-ray photographs study kar rahe the jab unhe ek idea aaya. Koi dramatic Eureka! moment nahi tha (discovery ki woh pukaar jo Archimedes se judi hai). Uski jagah ek shaant yakeen aaya: X-ray pictures ko insect hormones ke baare mein jo woh pehle se jaante the uske saath rakho, to biology ke ek bade question ka jawaab mil sakta hai. Woh question tha ki ek cell apne DNA mein likhe instructions ka use kaise karta hai.

DNA se tum apni science book mein mil chuke ho. Plants aur animals mein yeh har cell ke nucleus mein hota hai aur woh instructions rakhta hai jinka use cell apne proteins banane mein karta hai. Yeh parents se bachchon tak jaata hai, isiliye bachche apne parents jaise dikhte hain, aur yahi tay karta hai ki cell kya banega aur kaise kaam karega. Kisi building ke liye architect ke plan ki tarah, ise aksar life ka blueprint kaha jaata hai. Ebright ka question tha ki cell asal mein us plan ko padhta kaise hai.

Dono dost, Ebright aur unke room-mate James R. Wong, ne poori raat is idea par bitaayi, diagrams banaate hue aur plastic molecule models jodte hue jo step by step dikhate the ki cell yeh kaise kar sakta hai. Unka joint paper baad mein aaya: yeh wahi paper hai jiska zikr story ki shuruaati lines mein hai. Fig. 6.4 pupa se cell tak poori chain dikhata hai.

6.2.5 Part V: Scientist se bhi badhkar

Harvard mein unke results shaandaar the: woh sabse oonche honours ke saath graduate hue, 1,510 students ki class mein second. Phir woh graduate researcher ke roop mein Harvard Medical School gaye aur yeh check karne ke liye experiments shuru kiye ki theory sahi hai ya nahi. Daav bahut bada tha. Sahi theory se humari samajh gehri hoti ki living things kaise kaam karte hain, aur writer ko ummeed hai ki ek din isse kuch cancers aur doosri bimaariyon ko rokne ke raaste mil sakte hain. Writer zor dekar kehta hai ki yeh sab butterfly spots par ek school project se nikla.

Butterflies kabhi unki akeli dilchaspi nahi thi. School mein top marks (straight A's) itni aasaani se aate the ki unke paas bachi hui energy hoti thi, aur woh use Debating aur Model United Nations clubs mein lagaate the. Woh champion debater aur zabardast public speaker bane. Kitaabon se door woh canoe chalaate the, unhe outdoors bahut pasand tha aur woh expert photographer bane, khaas kar nature aur science exhibits ke.

Un clubs mein unhe ek mentor mile: Richard A. Weiherer, unke social studies teacher, jo dono clubs ko guide karte the. Ebright kehte hain ki is teacher ne “opened my mind to new ideas”. Weiherer bhi ek aise student ko yaad karte hain jo hamesha zaroorat se zyaada mehnat karta tha, apni butterfly research ke upar har raat teen-chaar ghante debates ki taiyaari mein lagata tha. Woh Richard ko competitive kehte hain, “but not in a bad sense”. Prizes aur jeet unke liye kabhi asli baat nahi thi; asli baat thi kaam ko jitna accha ho sake utna accha karna.

Writer ek teen ingredients wali recipe ke saath khatam karta hai: ek behtareen dimaag, ek curious swabhaav, aur jeetne ki aisi chaah jo sahi wajahon se aaye. Ebright mein teenon the, aur jis din monarchs par ek book ne unhe pehli baar science ki taraf kheencha, us din se unki curiosity kabhi kam nahi hui.

6.3 Story par sochna

Is story par board answers mein evidence ke marks milte hain. Jab bhi tum koi quality batao, Ebright ke kiye kisi kaam ya unke baare mein kahi kisi baat ki taraf ishaara karo.

6.3.1 Ebright aur woh log jinhone unhe banaya

Ebright ka talent unka apna tha, lekin woh akele bade nahi hue. Chaar log khaas taur par saamne aate hain, aur har ek ne unhe kuch alag diya, jaisa Fig. 6.5 dikhata hai.

Kisi bhi answer mein unki mother ke liye ek alag sentence banta hai. Bete ke chhote hote hi woh vidhwa ho gayi thi; woh unki shaamein ghar ke kaamon se bhar sakti thi, lekin uski jagah unhone woh shaamein unki curiosity ko badhane mein lagayi. Aur unhone hi woh letter likha jisne Pennsylvania ke ek chhote ladke ko Toronto ke ek scientist se joda.

6.3.2 Scientist kaise banta hai?

Kya sirf kitaabein kisi ko expert bana sakti hain? Ebright ki story batati hai ki padhna shuruaat hai, manzil nahi. Ek book ne chingaari jalaayi, lekin woh scientist bane observe karke (gold spots), questions poochh kar, tests design karke (starling, wing cells), failure ko accept karke aur dobara try karke. Doosri jagah bhi yahi sach hai. Ek economist asli prices, jobs aur data study karke seekhta hai; ek historian purane sources ki jaanch karke aur yeh poochh kar ki unhe kisne aur kyun likha. Har field ko wahi aadatein chahiye: curiosity, dhyaan se observation, imaandaar testing aur sabr.

Dhyaan do ki kaun sa ingredient sabse zyaada kaam karta hai. Tez students bahut hote hain; unmein se kai kabhi researcher nahi bante. Ebright ke liye farak laayi woh curiosity jo kindergarten se Harvard tak bani rahi, aur jeetne ki woh chaah jo trophies jama karne ke liye nahi balki behtareen kaam karne ke liye thi. Writer ka phrase “a first-rate mind” sirf starting point hai; unke teacher ka “for the right reasons” poori story ki chaabi hai.

6.3.3 Themes, title aur message

• Curiosity hi engine hai. Har stage ek question se shuru hoti hai: monarchs kahan jaati hain, kya birds sach mein unse bachte hain, gold spots kis kaam ke hain, cell DNA kaise padhta hai?
• Failure success se zyaada sikha sakta hai. Grade 7 ki haari hui science fair ne unke kaam karne ka tareeka badal diya.
• Support zaroori hai. Ek parent, ek scientist, ek teacher aur ek dost, har ek ne ek darwaaza khola.
• Healthy competition. Jeetne ki chaah acchi hai jab goal excellence ho, trophy nahi.
• Chhote questions, bade answers. Butterfly pupa par ek school project har living cell ke baare mein ek theory tak le gaya.
• Ek balanced life. Woh debate karte the, canoe chalaate the aur photos lete the; science ne unhe sankuchit nahi banaya.

Title. Key word hai making. Scientists pehle se bane-banaaye paida nahi hote; woh saalon mein curiosity, mehnat, jhatkon aur madad se bante hain. Story yahi banna stage by stage dikhati hai, isiliye yeh top se shuru hoti hai aur phir neeche se waapas upar chadhti hai.

Yeh kaise likhi gayi hai. Yeh ek profile hai, isliye writer apni narration ko Ebright, unki mother aur unke teacher ke quotations ke saath milata hai, aur hum Ebright ko kai pehluon se dekhte hain. Shuru mein ek sports comparison aur end mein ek cooking recipe ek scientist ki life ko imagine karna aasaan bana dete hain.

6.4 Iske baare mein baat karo: bachchon ke poochhe questions

Har scientist ek aise bachche ke roop mein shuru karta hai jo poochhta hai kyun. Tumhari textbook teen questions deti hai jo Indian bachchon ne kabhi Professor Yash Pal aur Dr Rahul Pal se unki book Discovered Questions (NCERT, 2006) ke liye poochhe the: ek DNA fingerprinting ke baare mein, ek is baare mein ki honeybees apna ghar kaise pehchaanti hain, aur ek is baare mein ki baarish boondon mein kyun girti hai. Hamare chhote answers padhne se pehle har ek ka answer khud dene ki koshish karo; tumhari textbook authors ke apne answers book mein aage chhaapti hai.

6.4.1 Teen questions, chhote answers

DNA fingerprinting: yeh kya hai, aur kis kaam ka hai? Identical twins ko chhod kar, kisi bhi do logon ka DNA bilkul ek jaisa nahi hota. DNA ke kuch hisse ek insaan se doosre insaan mein bahut alag hote hain, isliye scientists khoon, laar ya baal ki jad ke ek chhote se sample mein un hisson ko compare karke aisa pattern pa sakte hain jo lagbhag sirf ek insaan ka hota hai: ek DNA fingerprint. Isse police ko criminals pehchaanne aur begunaah logon ko bari karne mein madad milti hai, yeh tay hota hai ki kisi bachche ke parents kaun hain, aur disasters ke victims ki pehchaan hoti hai. Alec Jeffreys ne yeh method 1984 mein Britain mein invent kiya; India mein, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad mein Lalji Singh ki leadership wali team ne ise 1980s ke end mein develop kiya.

Honeybee apna hive kaise pehchaanti hai? Zyaadatar smell aur memory se. Har colony ki apni khushboo hoti hai, jo uske wax, store kiye khaane aur bees ke chhode chemicals se aati hai. Entrance par guard bees har aane wali ko apne antennae se check karti hain aur ajnabiyon ko bhaga deti hain. Ghar ka raasta dhoondhne ke liye nayi bees pehle hive ke aas-paas chhoti practice flights karti hain aur landmarks yaad karti hain, aur lambi trips par bees sooraj ki position se bhi raasta tay karti hain.

Baarish boondon ke roop mein kyun girti hai? Clouds bahut hi chhoti droplets se bane hote hain jo tab banti hain jab water vapour dhool, namak ya dhuein ke kanon par condense hota hai. Yeh girne ke liye bahut zyaada chhoti hoti hain. Jab yeh aapas mein takraati hain to jud jaati hain, aur ek raindrop banane mein lagbhag das laakh droplets lagti hain. Paani ka khud par khinchaav (surface tension) har hisse ko ek compact, gol boond mein jode rakhta hai, isliye baarish ek chaadar ki tarah nahi balki alag-alag boondon mein girti hai. Agar koi boond lagbhag 5 mm se zyaada chaudi ho jaaye, to tez hawa use chapta karke chhoti boondon mein tod deti hai, jaise Fig. 6.7 mein.

6.4.2 Tumhare apne questions

Doosra task kehta hai ki tum apne khud ke questions jama karo aur share karo. Yaad rakho ki Ebright ka sabse accha project ek aise question se shuru hua jise zyaadatar log poochhna chhod chuke the. Apne aas-paas usi nazar se dekho.

6.5 Board exam practice

CBSE papers is reader par aam taur par lagbhag 40–50 words ke short answers aur lagbhag 100–120 words ke long answers poochhte hain. Neeche diye extract-based questions dhyaan se padhne ki extra practice hain. Apne shabdon mein answer do, aur har baat ko story ke kisi event se support karo.